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 MICROGRIDS
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, K. Nithiyananthan,
S. Prabhakar Karthikeyan
and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
Microgrids
 Microgrids

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,
K. Nithiyananthan, S. Prabhakar
Karthikeyan, and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with
permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text
or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB®
software or related products does not constitute endorsement or
sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach
or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book
may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written
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copyright holders of all content reproduced in this publication and
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ISBN: 978-0-367-41718-5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-61261-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-81592-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Palatino
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... vii
Contributors............................................................................................................ix

1. Introduction to Microgrids ...........................................................................1

1. Introduction .............................................................................................1
2. Technical Challenges in Microgrids ....................................................3
3. Basic Components of a Microgrid .......................................................5
References ........................................................................................................ 13

2. Renewable Energy Sources ........................................................................15

1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 15
2. Hybrid PV-Wind System .................................................................... 19
3. FC System .............................................................................................. 20
4. Back-Up Components .......................................................................... 21
5. System Optimization............................................................................ 23
6. Need for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems ................................ 24
7. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable..................... 26
8. Location and Load Data...................................................................... 31
9. HOMER Modeling ............................................................................... 34
10. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 37
References .......................................................................................................... 37
3. AC/DC Microgrids........................................................................................41
1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 42
2. Power Supply Types of Microgrids .................................................. 44
3. Distributed Generation Sources-Based Microgrids ........................ 49
4. Scenario-Based Microgrids ................................................................. 50
5. Size of the Microgrids ......................................................................... 54
6. Comparison of AC and DC Microgrid............................................. 56
References .......................................................................................................... 57
4. Microgrid Modeling and Simulations .....................................................59
1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 60
2. Loads....................................................................................................... 60
3. Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell ........................................................... 61
4. Maximum Power Point Tracking ...................................................... 65

v
vi Contents

5. Wind Power Productions.................................................................... 66

6. Energy Storage System........................................................................ 70
7. Simulation Results................................................................................ 76

5. Conclusion and Future Scope..................................................................81

Future Scope ................................................................................................82

References ..............................................................................................................83
Index .......................................................................................................................91
Preface

Microgrids is a long-awaited, practical book, which provides an all-

encompassing description with fundamental concepts on advanced micro-
grid technology. Chapter 1 covers the design and architectural features of
microgrids, the key components, and the key standards that guide deve-
lopment. Control techniques are also discussed in this chapter. In Chapter 2,
renewable sources are presented along with a case study from an actual
hybrid system in India. Chapter 3 deals with aspects of AC/DC microgrids,
based on the mode of operations, power supply ratings and size require-
ments. Chapter 4 provides modeling and simulations approaches for PV
panels, wind turbines, and energy storage devices, including batteries, micro-
turbines, flywheels, fuel cells, and electric vehicles.
I congratulate the authors for making this a scientific book that is both
educational and enjoyable to read.
Prof. Michael Pecht, Fellow IEEE
Director, Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE)
University of Maryland, USA

vii
Contributors

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban received a bachelor’s degree

in electrical engineering from the University of Madras,
Chennai, India, in 2002, a master’s degree (Hons.) in
electrical engineering from Pondicherry University,
Puducherry, India, in 2006, and a PhD degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
in 2012. Since 2018, he has been a faculty member with the
Department of Energy Technology at Aalborg University in
Esbjerg, Denmark. He has authored more than 350 plus scientific papers and
received best paper awards from IET, IEEE, and Springer sponsored
conferences. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, India; the
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India; and the
Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK. Dr. Padmanaban is an editor/
associate editor/editorial board for refereed journals, in particular the IEEE
Systems Journal, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, IEEE Access, IET Power
Electronics, IET Electronics Letters, and International Transaction on Electrical
Energy Systems, Wiley Publications, and the subject editor for the IET Renewable
Power Generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, and FACETS
Journal (Canada).
K. Nithiyananthan is currently working as a professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh branch,
KSA. He has 20 years of teaching/research experience. He
had completed his BE (Electrical and Electronics
Engineering) and ME in power system engineering from
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai
University, India. He completed his PhD in the area of
power system engineering from College of Engineering Guindy Campus,
Anna University, India. He served as a lecturer in the College of Engineering
Guindy Campus, Anna University; associate professor in BITS Pilani Dubai
Campus, UAE; and senior associate professor and dean in AIMST University,
Malaysia. He also served as a senior professor at Karpagam College of
Engineering in Coimbatore, India. During this period he completed two
research projects from AIMST University and FRGS grant, MOHE, Malaysia,
in the area of power systems engineering. He is an active member of IET (UK),
and he received Charted Engineer title in 2016 from Engineering Council, the
UK. He also holds membership in ISTE, IAENG. He had published books in
the area of Electrical electrical and electronics engineering. His area of interest
is computer applications to online power system analysis, modeling of

ix
x Contributors

power systems. He published more than 70 research papers in the reputed

international journals. Dr. Nithiyananthan received a national academic
award – Adarsh Vidya Saraswati Rashtriya Puraskar – from Global
Management Council, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India in 2018.
S. Prabhakar Karthikeyan has earned his BE (EEE) from
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu (1997), ME (Electrical
Power Engineering) from the M.S. University of Baroda,
Vadodara, Gujarat (1999), and his PhD from VIT, Vellore,
Tamil Nadu, India (2013), under the guidance of Professor
D. P. Kothari. He has also completed his Post-Doctoral
fellowship from Central Power Research Institute
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. He is currently with VIT as
Associate Professor (Senior). He is a senior member-IEEE.
He has published 31 peer-reviewed journals, which includes include Elsevier,
IET, Springer publications, and attended 77 National and International
conferences. Dr. Karthikeyan area of interest comprises deregulation and
restructured power systems under the smart-grid environment, issues in
distribution systems and scheduling of electric vehicles.
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen received his MSc in agricultural
systems, crops and soil science from KVL, Royal
Veterinary & Agricultural University in Copenhagen,
Denmark, in 1980, and his PhD in process analytical
technologies for biogas systems from Aalborg University
in Esbjerg, Denmark, in 2008. He is currently with the
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,
Esbjerg, Denmark, and hold the position of the head of
the Esbjerg Energy Section. He is the head of the research
group at the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering, and responsible
initiative research leader to established in 2009. He has vast experience in
the field of biorefinery projects and biogas production by anaerobic
digestion processes. He has implemented large-scale projects of bioenergy
systems in Denmark and other European states. He was the technical
advisor for many industries in this field. He has executed many large-scale
European Union and United Nations projects in research aspects of
bioenergy, biorefinery processes, and the full chain of biogas and green
engineering. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers. His current
research interests include renewable energy, sustainability, and green jobs
for all. Dr Holm-Nielsen was a member by invitation with various capacities
on the committee committees for over 500 various international conferences,
and organizer of international conferences, workshops, and training
programs in Europe, Central Asia, and China.
1
Introduction to Microgrids

S. Prabhakar Karthikeyan
VIT, Vellore, 632014, India.

1 Introduction
An exact technical definition is not available to describe what the word
microgrid means – however, any small-scale electrical setup that is locally
established. Comprises distributed generation and loads, can be monitored
and controlled by a centralized control system and can be sustained on its
own can be considered to be a microgrid. Besides being self-sustaining in
nature, a microgrid can work in tandem with other localized microgrids,
and with the primary grid. A microgrid meets its power requirements
through the generators that are connected to its setup or through renewable
energy sources (RES) [1].

1.1 Features of a Microgrid

• Geographically limited
• Point of Common Coupling (PCC) connects a microgrid to the
primary grid
• Uses one single substation
• Transitions from and to island mode automatically
• Operates in a synchronized mode when the utility is interconnect
• The protective devices are reliable

A microgrid can work in two distinct ways. One way is to wire the mi-
crogrid to a power network that is distributed, meaning that the microgrid
operates in a grid-connected mode. Another way is island mode; in this
mode, the microgrid is powered by its units and loads. The islanded mode
is preferred because the microgrid can continue to function even in adverse

1
2 Microgrids

situations, such as a failure in the mainstream infrastructure, remote areas,

and high-power costs during a particular period [1–2].

1.2 Microgrid Standards

Microgrids exist in multiple locations for multiple applications, with the
ultimate aim of interoperability. Various technical standards, which have
been accepted globally, lay down the rules that are needed to plan, design,
and develop microgrids. Such recommendations result in minimized
system failures; however, local circumstances also have to be taken into
consideration. IEEE and IEC standards assist in defining the distinctive
features of a microgrid and explain how the microgrid operates in real-
time. The following criteria are a collection of test processes designed to
satisfy the minimum requirements for the effective functioning of any
microgrid [3–7].

• IEEE 1547–2003: Standard for Interconnecting Distributed

Resources with Electric Power Systems
• IEEE 1547.1–2005: Standard Conformance Test Procedures for
Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems
• IEEE 1547.2–2008: Standard for Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems
• IEEE 1547.3–2007: Standard Guide for Monitoring, Information
Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected
with Electric Power Systems
• IEEE 1547.4–2011: Standard Guide for Design, Operation, and
Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric
Power Systems
• IEEE 1547.6–2011: Standard Recommended Practice for Interconnecting
Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems Distribution
Secondary Network
• IEEE P2030.7–2013: Specification of Microgrid Controllers
• IEEE P2030.8–2014: Testing of Microgrid Controllers
• IEEE P2030.9–2015: Recommended Practice for the Planning and
Design of the Microgrid
• IEEE P2030.10–2016: Standard for DC Microgrids for Rural and
Remote Electricity Access Applications
• IEC TS 62898-1-2017: Guidelines for Microgrid Projects Planning
and Specification
• IEC TS 62898-2-2018: Microgrids Guidelines for Operation
Introduction to Microgrids 3

• IEC TS 62898-3-1-2019: Microgrids – Technical Requirements –

Protection and Dynamic Control
• IEC 62257: General Considerations on Rural Electrification

1.3 Architecture of a Microgrid

The US Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solution (CERTS)
defines a microgrid as a low-power system that includes a load unit, a
charging unit, and various Distributed Generators (DGs). We can look at a
microgrid as a smaller portion of the primary grid because it composed of
all the components. Examples of components include power sources such as
solar energy, wind power, and a fuel cell; various storage systems (SS) such
as batteries and supercapacitors; Alternating Current (AC) and Direct
Current (DC) loads; AC/DC, DC/DC, or DC/AC converters; and electric
vehicles. The architecture for a specific place relies on a variety of geo-
graphical, economic, and technical variables. These factors are critical in
determining which renewables are easily accessible in any location. Any
microgrid can be a DC type, an AC type, a High-Frequency Alternating
Current (HFAC), or a combination of these three. Figure 1.1 shows the
detailed architecture of a microgrid.

2 Technical Challenges in Microgrids

During installation, microgrids face a severe strain while providing electricity
to consumers at a reasonable price. Even though microgrids are becoming
more popular, with a broad spectrum of advantages [9–11], a few challenges
that affect the overall reliability still exist, such as the dual-mode feature of
switching between the grid and the island mode. In the event of any failure in
a microgrid, it should disconnect itself from the grid, operate in island mode,
and as soon as the fault is “cleared”, it should reconnect with the primary
grid on its own.
Following are a few other challenges:

• Generating electricity using RES like solar and wind depends en-
tirely on the climate, making them intermittent.
• Because microgrids are small, they cannot balance any accidental
changes in power generation and load demand.
• A need for more microgrid security, reliability, and integrity.
• Establishing a hybrid system will make the entire system more
complicated, with chances of an increase in the power genera-
tion cost.
4 Microgrids

FIGURE 1.1
The architecture of a microgrid [8]

2.1 Prerequisites to Efficiently Operate a Microgrid

• Strategic use of DGs to meet the requirements in terms of magnitude,

place, and infrastructure.
• Use storage devices.
Introduction to Microgrids 5

FIGURE 1.2
Classification of microgrids [17]

• Distribution protection system.

• Secured network access.
• Effective network expenses allocations.
• Data traffic congestion management.
• Proper switch closing time.
• Stable voltages and frequency tested during the island mode.

2.2 Classification of Microgrid [12]

Figure 1.2 illustrates the typical microgrid classifications; each of them has
its characteristics on control, protection, and power losses. Because a mi-
crogrid exists in a small area, it has to use the distributed energy resources
(DERs) efficiently. DERs is bifurcated into two different categories, namely,
DGs and Storage Systems (SSs) [13–16].
Figure 1.3 shows a general connection scheme within a hybrid microgrid
system. We can further identify a microgrid based on where and how it can be
located. See Table 1.1 for a list of microgrid classifications based on location.

3 Basic Components of a Microgrid

As discussed previously, a microgrid is a group of DERs well-connected within
itself and with the loads within a defined electrical boundary that acts as a single
controllable electrical entity concerning the primary grid. It can be powered
either by the main grid or by the DERs. Thus, the essential components are:
6 Microgrids

FIGURE 1.3
A hybrid AC/DC microgrid system [18]

• Distribution Generations (DGs) System

• Loads
• Storage devices
• Control
• PCC

3.1 Distribution Generations (DGs) Power System

Natural gas, biogas, solar, windmill, fuel-cell, diesel generators, and
micro-turbines are various sources of DGs. The highlight of renewable-
and non-renewable based distributive generators are summarized in
Table 1.2. Microgrid loads close to generation centers can deliver high-
quality energy, fewer blackouts, and more consistent voltage [16].
Accuracy and security are enhanced with a microgrid as compared
to a centralized model. Because of the availability of various power-
generation sources in a microgrid, the system is less prone to a complete
power outage.

3.2 Storage Devices

The use of Storage Systems (SSs) can improve the reliability, power quality,
stability, and overall performance of a microgrid. Table 1.3 summarizes the
key points of the energy storage technologies for microgrid application.
Figure 1.4 shows the placement of the various energy SS within a microgrid
to support the entire system.
TABLE 1.1
Introduction to Microgrids

Microgrid classification based on location [15]

Level of Effect of Mode of Coverage Power
Classification Integration Utility center Operation Range Quality Application Remarks
Remote Low level No impact of Planned or 48 km Low Remote areas Independent system so
microgrid the utility unplanned limited power
control island mode consumption
center
Community Medium Less impact Island mode 3.5 km Moderate Industry and Need renewable energy
microgrid level institutional areas source support
Utility microgrid High level Huge impact On grid- 24 km High All areas where the It provides maximum
connected renewable sources comfort to power systems
mode are integrated for power quality,
reliability and stability
7
 8
TABLE 1.2
Highlights of both renewable- and non-renewable-based DGs [15]
Technology Energy Output Power Overall
Type Resources Type (kW) Efficiency (%) Advantages Disadvantages
Diesel or gas Non-renewable AC 3–6,000 ~80–85 Low-cost High-efficiency Ability Carbon emissions
engines to use various
Gas turbine AC 0.5–30,000 ~80–90 High efficiencies when using with Too big for small consumers
CHP Environmentally friendly
Cost-effective
Micro-turbine AC 30–1,000 ~80–85 Small size and lightweight Easy Expensive technology Cost-
start-up and shutdown Low effectiveness sensitive to the
maintenance costs price of fuel Low maintenance
costs Environmentally unfriendly
emissions
Fuel cell DC 1–20,000 ~80–90 One of the most environmentally Extracting hydrogen is costly
friendly generators Extremely
quiet Useful for combined heat
and electricity application
Wind renewable AC 0.2–3,000 ~50−80 Available 24 hours of the most Expensive Storage mechanism
developed renewable energy required
technologies
Solar DC 0.02–1,000 ~40–45 Emission-free Useful in a variety Storage mechanisms required High
of applications up-front cost
Biomass A 100–20,000 ~60–75 Minimal environmental impact Still expensive A net loss of energy
Available throughout the world on a small scale
Alcohols and other fuels
produced by biomass is
efficient, viable, and relatively
clean-burning
(Continued )
Microgrids
TABLE 1.2 Continued

Technology Energy Output Power Overall

Type Resources Type (kW) Efficiency (%) Advantages Disadvantages
Hydro AC 5–100,000 ~90–98 Economical and environmentally Suitable site characteristics
friendly, relatively low up-front required Environmental impact
investment costs and Difficult energy expansion
maintenance Useful for
providing peak power and
spinning reserves
Introduction to Microgrids

Ocean AC 10–1,000 No data High powerdensity More Lack of commercial projects

available predictable than solar or wind Unknown operations and
maintenance costs
Geothermal AC 5,000–100,000 ~35–50 Extremely environmentally Non-availability of geothermal
friendly Low running costs spots in the land of interest
9
10 Microgrids

TABLE 1.3
Summary of energy storage technologies implemented in microgrid applications [19]
Capacity Lifetime
S. No Technology Type Efficiency (%) (MW) (Years) Remarks
1 Thermal Energy 30–60 0–300 5–40 Less cost
Storage (TES)
2 Hydro Storage (HS) 75–85 100–5.000 40–60 High cost
3 Lead-Acid Battery (LAB) 70–90 0–40 5–15 Less cost
4 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) 85–90 0–1 5–15 High cost
5 Fuel-Cells (FCs) 20–50 0–50 5–15 Moderate
6 Super-Capacitors (SCs) 90–95 0–0.3 >20 Less cost
7 Superconducting Magnetic 95–98 0.1–10 >20 Less cost
Energy Storage (SMES)

3.3 Control Techniques

3.3.1 Grid-Connected Mode
In the grid-connected mode (Figure 1.5), depending on the load demand
and generation, a microgrid either receives energy from the utility grid, or it
supplies energy to the utility grid. During this mode, the utility grid is in an

FIGURE 1.4
Placement of energy SS in a hybrid microgrid [12]
Introduction to Microgrids 11

FIGURE 1.5
Microgrid during the grid-connected mode [20]

operating condition, and the static switch is “closed”; therefore, all the
critical and non-critical loads that make up the microgrid get their power
from the primary grid. The DGs of the microgrid act in parallel with the
primary grid to meet the power requirement of these loads.

3.3.2 Microgrid Island Mode [21,22]

Whenever a fault happens on the grid side, the microgrid should disconnect
itself from the primary grid. During this time, the static switch is opened,
and the microgrid works independently. The primary function of the mi-
crogrid includes the operation mode to meet the load demand on its own
with the help of its DGs. The critical control strategies used in this island
mode (Figure 1.6) include master-slave and droop control.

3.3.3 Microgrid Central Control Method

Microgrid Central Control (MGCC) is essential for coordinating the DGs,
and also for the microgrid's integrity. When implementing the control
functions, the global information compilation is required so that the
MGCC is implemented. It must collect many data, processed simulta-
neously and quickly provided it for unfamiliar processes. Therefore, the
communication links between the DGs and the MGCC are essential
to reduce network complexity, while the communication type and
bandwidth should be designed according to control requirements. The
communication techniques used in the existing microgrids are Power
Line Carrier (PLC), broadband network over power line, global system
12 Microgrids

FIGURE 1.6
Island mode of a microgrid [23]

for mobile GSM, Internet (TCP/IP), optical fibers, Wi-Fi, WiMAX,

and ZigBee.

3.3.4 Point of Common Coupling

A PCC usually exists where the microgrid is connected to the primary or
main grid. The power electronic converters (PECs) are the interfaces be-
tween the microgrid and the distributive generator. Inturn PECs has three
significant benefits: excellent controllability, bidirectional power flow con-
trol, and frequency isolation.
The synchronization process is done between the primary grid and mi-
crogrid at the PCC, in terms of voltage, frequency, and phase angle. A
provision of exporting power to the grid is also available in a microgrid, and
it is done at the PCC when the power generation by the DGs is higher than
the demand by the loads within a specific microgrid.
Introduction to Microgrids 13

References
1. G. Wolf, “A Short History: The Microgrid,” Digital Innovations, T&D World,
(Last accessed on 25.09.2019), 2019, pp. 1–6.
2. W. Bower, D. Ton, R. Guttromson, S. Glover, J. Stamp, D. Bhatnagar, and
J. Reilly, The Advanced Microgrid Integration and Interoperability". Sandia National
Laboratories, 2014, pp. 1–56.
3. B. Kroposki, T. S. Basso, and R. Deblasio, “Microgrid Standards and Technologies,”
In 2008 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting – Conversion and Delivery of
Electrical Energy in the 21st Century 2008, pp. 1–4.
4. B. Kroposki, T. S. Basso, C. Pink, and R. Deblasio, “Microgrid Standards
and Technology Development,”In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, 2007, pp. 1–4.
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Grid-Connected Distributed Generation with Energy Storage System. Thesis
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142737 (Last accessed on 13.03.2020).
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Technology Review and Research Needs,” Nat. Renew. Energy Lab., Golden, CO,
NREL/SR-560-32459, pp. 1–5, 2002.
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Future Trends,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 64, pp. 477–489, 2016.
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and Ongoing Developments of AC/DC Microgrids,” InTech, Chapter 1. /doi:
10.5772/intechopen.69400, 2017.
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14 Microgrids

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2
Renewable Energy Sources

K. Balachander
Department of EEE, Karpagam
Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore, India

A. Amudha
Department of EEE, Karpagam
Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore, India

and Senthil Prabu Ramalingam

School of Electrical Engineering, VIT,
Vellore, 632014, India

1 Introduction
A country’s economic growth is significantly met by relying tremendously
on its energy resources. However, there is a massive demand-supply im-
balance that requires great efforts by any country to strengthen its energy
supplies. With oil prices soaring throughout the world daily, serious issues
related to energy security are inevitable. As the reliance on imported coal
goes up for energy production, the supply of high-quality coal will take a
hit in the upcoming years because of constraints imposed by production
and logistics.
Economic growth alongside urbanization and an increase in per capita
consumption are some vital triggering factors that account for this ever-
increasing electricity demand. This chapter discusses various renewable
energy sources and a combination of photovoltaic (PV)–wind and diesel
generator as a hybrid system with a storage element. We also include

15
16 Microgrids

a case study to illustrate the optimal configuration of renewable energy at

Pichanur village, India.

1.1 Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are one of the most affordable methods for electricity gen-
eration from a renewable source. We can categorize them into two types
based on the orientation of the rotor: horizontal axis wind turbine (HA-WT)
and vertical axis wind turbine (VA-WT). VA-WTs have a significant ad-
vantage in having gearbox and transmission systems at the ground level for
easy maintenance. Also, they capture wind from any angle without re-
directing the turbines based on the wind direction. They also have draw-
backs, like requiring a large area for installation and less efficiency because
rotors are near to the ground where wind level is limited. Likewise, poor
self-starting capabilities require additional support at the top of the turbine
rotor and periodic maintenance. Hence VA-WTs are not commercially
successful on a large scale. Whereas the HA-WTs are self-starting, highly
efficient, and cost less, with drawbacks like issues in a redirection of wind
blades when the wind direction changes. Therefore, nowadays, the HA-
WTs are widely used. Having one or more blades and the placement of the
rotor on top of the tower help HA-WTs to generate more wind energy.
Figure 2.1 shows the HA-WTs and VA-WTs configuration [1–4].

FIGURE 2.1
(a) Horizontal axis wind turbines; (b) vertical axis wind turbines
Renewable Energy Sources 17

FIGURE 2.2
The basic construction of photovoltaic cell

1.2 PV Cells
A solar cell, or PV cell, transforms the energy received from sunlight into
direct current (DC) by using the photovoltaic phenomenon, which is a si-
multaneous physical and chemical process. In the past, commercial solar cells
were fabricated using silicon, and that is how the types of PV are identified.
Monocrystalline (mono c-Si), polycrystalline (poly c-Si), and amorphous
silicon structure-based PV cells belong to the first generation of PV cells. The
second generation of PV cells is amorphous silicon cells, cadmium telluride,
copper indium selenide, and copper indium gallium diselenide. Finally, the
third generation is dye sensitized, perovskite, and organic PVs. Second-
generation solar cells differ from the first generation. The most notable dif-
ference being the semiconductor material used to fabricate a PV cell. A typical
PV cell has two layers: a positive layer (p-type) and a negative layer (n-type)
[5–8]. These PV cells require a DC to alternating current (AC) inverter that
converts the DC electricity generated by the PV array into the AC typically
required for loads (home appliances), which are illustrate in Figure 2.2.
18 Microgrids

FIGURE 2.3
Microturbine

1.3 Microturbines
A microturbine is being developed to bring economic, environmental, and
convenience benefits and advancements in the generation of electricity.
The microturbine is an excellent example of micro electro mechanical
systems, which is efficiently used to generate power on a small scale.
Microturbines are small combustion turbines that can generate up to
500 kW. They can operate in two modes: non-cogeneration mode and co-
generation mode. Microturbines are identical with the conventional gas
turbines because both the categories have a compressor, a combustion
chamber, and a power turbine that make up their key components; see
Figure 2.3 [9,10].

1.4 Fuel Cells

Fuel cells (FCs) rely on an electrochemical reaction in which oxygen and
hydrogen chemically combine to produce water and electricity. Unlike the
internal combustion engines where the fuel is burned, here the energy is
released electrocatalytically. This makes FCs incredibly energy efficient,
mainly if the heat generated by the reaction is utilized further for appli-
cations such as a room heater, water heater, or to drive refrigeration cycles.
A FC consumes chemical energy from outside and can run indefinitely,
given that a source continues to supply hydrogen and oxygen to the FC.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Covenant." Now has not Paul distinctly described what the Saints
shall come to. O but, say you, we have already come. No, no, friend,
you are too fast. Paul will explain: "Mount Zion the City the Heavenly
Jerusalem to the innumerable company of Angels (or Cherubims) to
the Church of the first born and to God, and to Jesus." xii: 22, 24.
Now where? See 25, 28, when he speaketh from heaven. His voice
once shook the earth, but now he is about to speak and shake
heaven also, wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be
moved, (this is after every thing else is moved,) therefore wait until
God shall speak in the language of Joel, and "Roar out of Zion and
utter his voice from Jerusalem." Paul shows the Corinthians how it is
finished. Hear him: "What agreement hath the temple of God with
idols? for ye are the Temple of the living God, as God hath said I will
dwell in them, and walk in them, and I will be their God and they
shall be my people." Then God and Christ and immortal Saints,
constitute the Temple in this glorious City of Zion.
I have been thus particular in quoting the Scriptures, in answer to
the questions proposed, to endeavor if possible to dispel some of the
thick darkness and mist of Shakerism, Quakerism,
Swedenborgianism, and all the Spiritualisms that now seem to be
settling down all over the moral world, and shutting out even the
very light from the horizon. To my mind this spiritualizing system,
when God's word admits of a literal interpretation, and—according to
rule—the literal first; is, to use a sailor phrase, like a ship groping
her way into Boston Bay in the night, in a thick snow with the moon
at full. Nothing could be more deceptive to the mariner; the flying
clouds at one moment light up the firmament by the thinness of its
vapor, (encouraging the mariner to believe that he shall now see the
light house) the next moment it grows darker, and so it continues to
deceive them, until of a sudden the breakers are roaring all around
them—the ship is dashed upon the rocks—one general cry goes aloft
for mercy! and all hope is forever gone—ship and mariners strewed
all over the beach! Good God! help us to steer clear of these spiritual
interpretations of Thy word, where it is made so clear that the
second coming and kingdom of Christ will be as literal and real, as
the events that transpired at the first Advent, now recorded in
history.
When the Saviour comes the second time, it will be with the City,
(the Capital of his kingdom) seated upon his throne. Hear him:
"When the son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy
angels with him, then shall he be seated upon the throne of his
glory." Matt. xxv. 31. "And the city had no need of the sun—for the
glory of God did lighten it, and the lamb is the light thereof." "But
the throne of God and the Lamb shall be in it." Rev. xxi: 23, and xxii:
3. This glory is none other than the golden City. When "one like the
son of man came before the Ancient of days," in Daniel, he received
"Dominion, and Glory, and a Kingdom." Glory, signifies worldly
splendor, and magnificence. What, I ask, will be more splendid and
glorious than this City of Gold poised fifteen hundred miles into the
Heavens. The Psalmist cries out in view of it, in this sublime
language, "Let thy Glory be above all the earth!" and so it will be;
and as his dominion is from sea to sea, and from the rivers unto the
ends of the earth, so I believe his glory will be seen from the
uttermost border. Other views of the glory of God and Christ do not
destroy this. Saint John has connected in one, the "Holy City, New
Jerusalem, Tabernacle of God, Bride the Lambs Wife, coming down
from God, out of Heaven to dwell with his people." Proof—"And God
shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more
death, neither sorrow nor crying, neither shall there be any more
pain." "And he that sit upon the throne said, behold I make all things
new, and he said unto me write, for these words are true and
faithful." Rev. xxi: 4, 5. Is it not clear that the City, and the King, and
Saints, are here distinctly described. Why, then, all this shouting
about a figurative fulfillment, while yourselves and the world are
groping through the "snow storm."
 THE HEAVENLY JERUSALEM.

The old Prophets looking down through the vista of time to the
coming of this heavenly city, break forth in language like the
following: "And it shall come to pass that he that is left in Zion and
he that remaineth in Jerusalem shall be called holy, even every one
that is written among the living in Jerusalem." "Then the Moon shall
be confounded and the Sun ashamed when the Lord of hosts shall
reign in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem—(why? because John says
they will 'have no need of the sun nor the moon,') and before his
ancients gloriously." Who are they? Noah, Abraham and the
Prophets. Again: "Look upon Zion the City of our solemnities; thine
eye shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a Tabernacle that shall
not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be
removed." "Break forth into joy, sing together ye waste places of
Jerusalem for the Lord hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed
Jerusalem." "Give no rest till he establish and till he make Jerusalem
a praise in the earth." Do they mean old Jerusalem? The Saviour's
prediction is against it, "left desolate," its inhabitants "carried away
captive and trodden down by the Gentiles, until the times of the
Gentiles be fulfilled." Luke xxi. Further: "But be ye glad and rejoice
forever in that which I create, behold I create Jerusalem a rejoicing
and her people a joy, and I will rejoice in Jerusalem and joy in my
people, and the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor
the voice of crying." Isa. iv: 3; xxiv: 23; xxxiii: 20; lii: 9; lxii: 7; lxv:
18, 19. Also read xl: 1; lii: 1; lx: 14, and xxxv: 10. "At that time they
shall call Jerusalem the throne of the Lord, and all the nations shall
be gathered into it—neither shall they walk any more after the
imagination of their evil heart." "In those days shall Juda be saved
and Jerusalem shall dwell safely and this is the name wherewith she
shall be called, The Lord our Righteousness. For thus saith the Lord,
David shall never want a man to set upon the throne of the house of
Israel." Jer. iii: 17; xxxiii: 16, 17. "The Lord also shall roar out of Zion
and utter his voice from Jerusalem, then shall Jerusalem be holy,
and there shall be no stranger pass through her any more." Joel iii:
16, 17.
Here then, in every instance save one or two, the people of God are
connected with the "Zion of God," "City of God," "Jerusalem which is
to be in the last days." The Psalmist says, "Glorious things are
spoken of thee, O City of God." lxxxvii: 3. John's record is, "Him that
overcometh will I make a pillar in the Temple of my God, and he
shall go no more out, and I will write upon him the name of my God
and the name of the City of my God, (what union, and yet, how
distinct!) which is new Jerusalem which cometh down out of heaven
from my God, and I will write upon him my new name." How could
the Saviour have been more explicit and plain. "Him that
overcometh." Who? Why, the Saint; not the City, the new Jerusalem.
Again: "Blessed are they that do his commandments that they may
have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into
the city." If the city is the Saints, what is this that enters into and
have right to the tree of life? Can the City go into the City? If so,
then we acknowledge the City is the Saints. But it reads, the Saints
go in there.
In Rev. xxi: 16, the City is said to be four square, twelve thousand
furlongs; the length, and the breadth, and the height of it are equal.
Then, according to arithmetical computation, it is fifteen hundred
miles square. Now, if the City spiritually means the Saints of God,
then, to carry out the figure, the Saints must stand over, or upon
each other (according to the common stature) one million and four
hundred thousand deep; or will it be asserted that they are fifteen
hundred miles tall!
 SANCTUARY.

Well, says one, are you going to call this City the Sanctuary too? If
you will allow the Bible testimony you will have to believe it is, or
search more diligently for it in this planet than any one else ever has
that I have heard of. But it has been proved by most able men, and
learned men, that it is the Earth, or the Land of Canaan. Well, let us
look at it again. But allow me first to recommend to your particular
notice, O. R. L. Grosier's article in the Day Star Extra, for the 7th of
February, 1846, from the 37th to the 44th page. Read it again. In
my humble opinion it is superior to any thing of the kind extant.
"Sanctuary was the first name the Lord gave the Tabernacle, which
name covers not only the Tabernacle with the two apartments, but
also the court with all its hangings, and all the vessels of the
ministry." Exo. xxv: 8, 9, and 38, 21; Num. i: 53. This, then, was a
dwelling place, and a true pattern of the heavenly, embracing within
its "jaspar" walls "the Paradise of God," with the "pure river of the
water of life," and the "tree of life," and the "Golden City in the
midst," all to come down from heaven and be located in old
Jerusalem. Za. 14th chapter. That's too absurd to believe, says one.
Is it any more so, than to believe the Apostle John's testimony? Does
he not show us that the tree of life is inside of the gates, in xxii: 14.
Read also the two first verses. Do not the waters issue out from the
throne? and is not the tree of life on either side of it? and is not the
promise—to him that overcometh I will give to eat of the tree of life
which is in the midst of the Paradise of God? Well, continues the
objector, I don't know but that I could have believed your Scripture
testimony concerning the city, but I can't believe that God has such
a place in the third heavens, and that it will descend to this earth
with a river of water in, or on it. How can you believe then, what
you are experiencing every day of your life, on the planet in which
we live? While she is flying in her orbit around the Sun at the rate of
fifty-eight thousand miles per hour, she is at the same time whirling
over like a ball from East to West, at the rate of six hundred miles
per hour, in her diurnal or daily motion, bottom upwards, as it would
appear, every twenty-four hours, and yet, by an unseen power,
(readily accounted for by Astronomers,) not only the rivers and the
lakes, but the mighty ocean, remains unmoved.
As we have before quoted, Moses says that a river went out of Eden
to water the Garden, and became into four heads. Gen. ii: 10, 14.
Now let us turn to Ezekiel's prophecy for a corresponding view, as
"in the mouth of two or three witnesses, shall every word be
established." In chapter 43, 1st and 7th verses, he testifies that this
accords with the vision he had by the river Chebar twenty years
before, (previously quoted.) Here he sees the Glory of God on the
east side of the Sanctuary, (where Moses said the flaming sword and
Cherubims were,) and his "voice like the noise of many waters
saying to him that the house of Israel shall no more defile God's
name." Afterwards, in 47th chapter, 1st and 5th verse: "He brought
me again unto the door of the house, and behold waters issued out
from under the threshold of the house eastward—(observe how
particular to mention the "east side")—for the fore front of the house
stood towards the east, and the waters came down from under,
from the right side of the house." His guide then measured the
waters one thousand cubits (more than one-fourth of a mile) "the
waters were to the ankles," but when he had measured four
thousand cubits, they had become waters to swim in, that could not
be passed over. In 12th verse he describes the tree of life yielding its
monthly fruit, for meat, and its unfading leaves for medicine. Why all
this? "Because the waters issued out of the Sanctuary." Now read
again in Rev. xxii: 1, 2; does not John tell the same story: the waters
issuing from out the throne, the tree of life, the monthly fruit, the
leaves for healing, the nations. Is not this after the city comes
down? In 48th chapter, 8th verse: "And the sanctuary shall be in the
midst of it." Once more the measuring rod is run over it, showing
the four sides just like the old pattern in the wilderness, and then
says the Sanctuary shall be in the midst thereof. From 30th to 35th
verse, he describes the wall and the gates as John does in Rev. xxi:
13, and closes up his prophecy in these words, "And the name of the
city from that day shall be, the Lord is there." Now let the old
prophet Isaiah testify to what he saw: "Look upon Zion the City of
our solemnities, thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a
Tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes
thereof shall ever be removed, neither shall any of the cords thereof
be broken. But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of
broad rivers and streams, wherein shall go no galley with oars,
neither shall gallant ships pass thereby." xxxiii: 20, 21.
The Psalmist says, "there is a river; the streams whereof make glad
the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacle of the Most High.
God is in the midst of her"—46: 4, 5. Jeremiah says, "A glorious high
throne from the beginning is the place of our sanctuary." xvii: 12.
The Psalmist replies, "For he hath looked down from the height of
his sanctuary; from heaven did the Lord behold the earth." cii: 19.
(If he had said sanctuary instead of earth, we should not have been
easily moved from our former exposition.) "The Lord is in his holy
temple, the Lord's throne is in heaven." xi: 4. Paul says to the
Hebrews, "We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand
of the throne of the majesty, in the heavens; a minister of the
sanctuary and of the true Tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and
not man." Heb. viii: 1, 2. "For the invisible things of Him from the
creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the
things that are made." Rom. i: 20. Paul tells the Hebrews how they
may understand these invisible things, which he says are clearly
seen. See viii. c., 5 v. "Shadow of heavenly things." For see, (saith
he) "that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to
thee in the mount." Now then, whenever we want to understand
about the heavenly sanctuary, we must turn to Moses's description
of the sanctuary in the wilderness, which he made after the pattern
God gave him; which Paul says were shadows of heavenly things.
How will a man dare (in the face of all this inspired testimony) to
stand here on God's earth, and assert that the heavenly sanctuary
with all that pertains to it is a FIGURE, and spiritualize it away. It
would be ten thousand times easier for him to spiritualize the old
Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple, seeing the one that is to come as
far exceeds the temple of Solomon or Nehemiah, (although, it is
allowed, that nothing on earth ever exceeded them) as the most
splendid palace of the king does the sentry box of his guard. Much
safer would it be for him to teach that the rocks had never been
rent, or as he passed the streets in the afternoon and saw the
shadow of the buildings, should insist upon it that the shadows were
real, but the buildings, which cast the shadows, were spiritual. Such
doctrine should be ranked with Mahometanism and Jesuitism, save
their demoniac spirit; it comes from the "bottomless pit and will go
into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth will wonder." Rev.
xvii: 8. But I wish to present further evidence of the real (not
spiritual) coming of this heavenly sanctuary. Ezekiel says in his 37th
chapter, where God has promised his spirit and life to the whole
house of Israel, "Moreover, I will make a covenant of peace with
them; it shall be an everlasting covenant with them, and I will place
them and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of
them forevermore; my tabernacle also shall be with them: aye, I will
be their God, and they shall be my people. And the heathen shall
know that I the Lord do sanctify Israel, when my sanctuary shall be
in the midst of them forevermore." 26-28 v. Now here is God's
sacred promise that his sanctuary shall be in the midst of his people;
and I have already quoted his 48th chap. 10 v. where he says when
the angel had "measured the land twenty-five thousand reeds in
length and ten thousand in breadth," said, "and the sanctuary of the
Lord shall be in the midst thereof." Now will it be insisted upon that
the land, or his people, is the sanctuary; rather let us submit to the
Scripture testimony. On the last night of our Saviour's ministry here
on earth, in company with his disciples, when everything else had
failed to arouse them, he to quicken their drooping spirits says, "Let
not your hearts be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. In
my father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would
have told you; and if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come
again and receive you unto myself, that where I am, there ye may
be also." John xiv: 1, 3. I think I have now proved by
unquestionable authority, that this heavenly sanctuary is the very
place with mansions which he has been preparing, and according to
his promise is now coming to receive his saints. But may there not
after all be a failure here. "Heaven and earth shall pass away, but
my word shall not pass away." Having such testimony as this, we
rejoice in "hope of the glory that is to be revealed."
"Unto two thousand three hundred days then shall the sanctuary be
cleansed." Dan. viii: 14.
This, then, I understand, is the selfsame "heavenly Sanctuary, the
New Jerusalem, the Paradise of God." Well, says the reader, this
cannot be; how can Paradise, which Paul said was in the "third
heavens," and where you say Jesus our High Priest is, be defiled?
Where was the first sin that ever cursed this world committed? O,
say you, that was six thousand years ago. Admit that it was, has
God ever pardoned that sin? Turn to Gen. iii: 17, 19. The ground is
still cursed, and man gets his living by the sweat of his brow. Why?
Because the extent of this great sin could never be known, until God
had put the last seal upon his saints, "and the dead be judged." But
say you, the curse was upon the earth and its inhabitants. Yes; but
was not Paradise polluted by this sin? But how can it be that
anything in heaven is polluted, or unclean? Have I not proved by the
astronomer's conclusive arguments, that this earthly ball which we
inhabit is continually flying through the regions of unlimited space, in
the same direction with all other planets, seen or known in the solar
system? Think you that this little speck of earth is the only thing that
is defiled, among the millions and myriads of worlds which stud the
diadem of space? We are told that the "stars are not pure in his
sight." "Yea, the heavens are not clean in his sight." Job xv: 15; xxv:
5. Was not the sanctuary on earth which the high priest cleansed the
tenth day of the seventh month every year, a pattern of the true?
Does not Paul tell us that Jesus our high priest has entered into the
true sanctuary, into heaven itself. See Heb. ix: 12, 24; and viii: 1, 2.
Then is not our high priest in the proper place to "cleanse the
sanctuary?" I cannot for the life of me see, how the pattern or type
can be made to appear in any other way. How then can the earth
(as one in the voice of truth, and many other writers say) be the
sanctuary; while spiritualizers are saying it is the saints. O Lord give
us the truth!
The strongest proof ever been adduced to prove that the earth or
Canaan was the sanctuary, is found in Exodus xv: 17. Now what
place is this which the Lord has made to dwell in? The answer is, "in
the sanctuary O Lord, which thy hands have established." Paul says
this sanctuary is in the heavens which the Lord pitched and not man.
Heb. viii: 1, 2. The only other passage for proof of the land is Psalms
lxxviii: 54, both of which go to strengthen the testimony before
adduced. "And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even
to this mountain which his right hand had purchased." Does he in
either text say that the mountain is the sanctuary? If I can
understand him, he says that the mountain is the border of his
sanctuary; just as Ezekiel has shown where his guide measured the
land, and then said that the sanctuary of the Lord should be in the
midst of it. Now the word sanctuary is mentioned more than seventy
times in the bible, and the whole of them,—with but a few
exceptions, represent it a dwelling place, a building. The Psalmist
says, that the "Lord looked down from his sanctuary from heaven to
the earth." Not to his sanctuary. But let us see what Daniel and the
angel Gabriel called a sanctuary. Dan. viii: 10-12. Is it not plain here
that Popery took away the daily (i. e. destroyed Paganism) by arms
or armies that stood on his (Popery's part, or side)—xi: 31. The
taking away his sanctuary or polluting it is the same; for it would be
absurd to say that the land was taken away, (11 v.) or that by this
transaction the land was now polluted—xi: 31. Now read ix: 17, 19.
Is not Daniel praying for the restoration of old Jerusalem, the city
and sanctuary (the temple where God's people worshipped) which
had been desolated, burnt up, by the king of Babylon's army, about
seventy years before? (see Jer. lii: 12, 14) and remained a burnt
district until the commandment by Cyrus to Ezra, and afterwards to
Nehemiah, to build the temple and city. Now in answer to this
prayer, God immediately despatched the angel Gabriel from the court
of heaven, to give Daniel "skill and understanding"—22d v. In the
26th verse he informs him that Messiah shall be cut off, (crucify the
Saviour) and the people of the prince that shall come, shall destroy
the city and the sanctuary. How was this accomplished? Josephus
who was an eye witness and historian, informs us that Titus the son
of Vespasian, the Emperor of Rome, about A. D. 70, (five hundred
and sixty years after the temple and city had been rebuilt by
Nehemiah) came with his mighty Roman army and took Jerusalem,
and burned up the city and temple (the sanctuary) and it was soon
after "ploughed as a field," (Micah iii: 12) "and not one stone left
upon another." This, then, was the very circumstance, Prince, and
people, alluded to by the angel Gabriel. I believe no one undertakes
to dispute this point.
Now we learn from this, that the angel Gabriel's instructions from
heaven in answer to Daniel's prayer was, that it was the Temple in
the city of old Jerusalem, which is the pattern or figure, or as Paul
says "answereth to the new, which is above, which is the mother of
us all." Can anything be more plain and explicit than that this is the
sanctuary to be cleansed, "unto two thousand three hundred days."
In the 11th verse he says, "the daily was taken away, (that is,
Paganism) and the place of his sanctuary cast down." How plain it is
that this wicked sanctuary (where idols and devils were worshipped)
was a building, cast down. How could they cast down the earth to
the earth? (12th v.) and it (this same Popery) cast down the truth to
the ground, so the ground was not destroyed; clear proof it was not
the sanctuary. Well, but we don't believe that God will ever cleanse
the wicked sanctuary of Paganism.
The sanctuary must be cleansed, (made holy) so must the saints; for
St. John says, "nothing unclean or unholy shall enter there." Then
before the saints can enter the sanctuary it will be cleansed, not by
fire, but by blood, (please follow the pattern.) Now will it still be said
that the earth is the sanctuary? Can any proof be adduced that the
earth is to be burned even, until after immortality is given to the
saints? Just look at Zach. xiv. chapter; here he shows us that the
wicked shall be punished after "Jerusalem (the sanctuary) shall be
safely inhabited," (11th and 12th verses and onward;) and before
this, in the 8th to 11th verse, he has shown us that the land shall be
turned into a plain; the 8th and 9th verses shows who does it, and
how it is accomplished; and then of the sanctuary, Jerusalem, as
though it was understood that this was done for the express purpose
of making a foundation for the building. Here I think any one may
see, that the border of this heavenly sanctuary will extend to the
"mountain of his inheritance," (Exo. xv: 17; Psl. lxxviii: 54) and this
plain for the location and walls of the sanctuary will be made clean
and pure. This is all the cleansing the earth will receive, until after
"the great battle of God Almighty." So then, if the earth is the
sanctuary, God's people need have no trouble here about its being
cleansed, for they will have that work to do in immortality; but we
believe that work is now being accomplished. Again, "how long shall
the sanctuary and the host be trodden under foot." Jesus said that
old "Jerusalem should be trodden down of the Gentiles until the
times of the Gentiles should be fulfilled." But how ridiculous to
believe that the heavenly sanctuary is "trodden under foot." Is it any
more so than to believe what St. Paul tells us, concerning the High
Priest of these "heavenly places" in the heavens. See Heb. x: 29. "Of
how much sorer punishment suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy
who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and counted the blood
of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing." So
we can see according to Paul's exposition, if they have trodden the
master under foot, how much more the building and the household,
("the sanctuary and host.") In the preceding verses it is explained;
just read 10th, 11th and 12th verses; the papal power of Rome, the
abomination which maketh desolate, casting down some of the host
and stars to the ground and stamping upon them; also casting down
the sanctuary and the truth to the ground, by satanic influence—this
is treading down, connected with which is all other ungodly
antichristian influences operating against it, which is to be purged
out: even as the high priest here on earth cleansed the pattern once
a year, which was never literally trodden down by any one but
himself while in the act of cleansing it.
The angel did not answer the question concerning the host in the
13th verse, but Gabriel at his second visit showed Daniel that
seventy weeks were determined upon his people, leaving 1810 years
more to be explained at his third and last visit to him. See x: 14;
"Now I am come (for what?) to make thee understand what shall
befall thy people in the latter days." Please read on to the end of the
twelfth chapter and see how faithfully he has described the host (the
holy people) and one clothed in linen, (the Lord Jesus; see x: 21,)
from above the waters of the river with his hands upraised to
heaven, swearing by him that liveth forever that all these wonders,
(including the resurrection in 2d verse) shall be finished when he,
(meaning the antichristian powers which are led on and urged
forward by the "prince of the power of the air,") shall have
accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, by the process
of purifying, being made white, and tried, and if they pass through
and withstand all this fiery ordeal and come to the 1335 days, they
shall be blessed, and then be delivered out of such a time of trouble
as never was since there was a nation. Thus, I think, the angel has
described the treading down the host, and it appears to me that all
this severe discipline is to prepare them to enter the holy city, for an
angel crying with a mighty voice has shown them that they have
been in company with devils, foul spirits, and every unclean and
hateful bird; and another voice says, come out of her my people, for
all nations have drank of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.
Rev. xviii: 2, 4. And the poison has operated to such an alarming
extent that it has baffled the skill of all the Doctors of Divinity in the
universe, and in spite of all their preaching, fasting and praying, with
the assistance of the principals of the flock, the famine prophecied of
by Amos the Prophet, has come upon them. How awfully be
describes it: "Wandering from sea to sea, and from the north to the
east, running to and fro to seek the word of the Lord and shall not
find it." God never called his people out from any other place than
the churches; if the whole truth, the meat in due season had been
given and received there, and Babylon's poisonous cup rejected,
then there would have been no severity in the discipline of its
members. The handling of God's word deceitfully, (for it would not
be admitted to say of learned men, ignorantly,) has led the
professed world into this labyrinth; and men are now being ridiculed
and laughed at, not only because they believe and are looking for
the Lord himself to descend from heaven because they are now
sending forth their epistles to (as they think) enlighten their brethren
and friends concerning the coming of Christ in the "clouds of
heaven," by subscribing themselves "yours, no longer gazing up into
heaven;" "yours, in the clouds of heaven—meeting the Lord in the
air;" while another one in the Shaker's camp in N. H., is shouting
and rejoicing that he has found the Mount Zion, (meaning, of
course, the holy city) and that the Germans from Europe are
gathering to it; while another, from another quarter, (as I understand
standing on the "broad platform") has attempted to prove that the
powers of the heavens have been shaken, and the sign of the Son of
man in heaven has been seen; and another one saying that "God is
as much in one place as another!" while another is shouting
Hallelujah, because he believes it to be so clear that the "saints are
the holy city;" and yet another subscribes himself "yours, in the
kingdom." O, says one, how alarming these things are! they look
just like the "perilous times" St. Paul described to Timothy for the
"last days." 2 Tim. iii: 4, 5. Jesus also, in Matt, xxiv: 24. I wish the
good ministers would teach them sound doctrine; the great trouble
would be to ascertain in what denomination to find them, for I have
lying before me the creed of a professed Orthodox church o£ 1844,
(right opinion, true belief) of this enlightened place, signed by its
two ministers and one hundred and forty-seven members, (one of
them a minister in New-Bedford with a similar flock) who say in their
fifth article, "I believe that Christ came to establish the kingdom of
heaven on earth, which is the visible church." Now all the proof they
offer from, the Scriptures is what follows: "And I say unto thee that
thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the
gates of hell shall not prevail against it." "And he shall reign over the
house of Jacob forever; and, of his, kingdom there shall be no end."
Matt. xvi: 18; Luke i: 33. Now if there is one particle of proof from
these two passages, that Christ has established his kingdom here,
and that kingdom is the church, then I confess I do not understand
English. In the second article the only proof adduced for "and
Almighty Saviour" is Hebrews xvii: 25. Their doors are wide open for
members, but they must assent to this creed. Why continue to pray
"THY KINGDOM COME?" I wish to be distinctly understood, that I do not
mean anything invidious. I am only stating the truth in behalf of
"God's word;" for I believe that all the nominal churches in this
place, (and they all profess to be right) are holding the same or
similar unscriptural errors that has led the world around them astray,
not because they are more ignorant than in other places, for I
believe for general intelligence they will compare with any place of
its numbers on the habitable globe. The ministers too, with one
exception, I believe, are all college bred. And this creed, be it
remembered, is the most modern and modest of any in the place,
for I believe it is the fashion now when the church is remoddled to
remoddle the creed also, no matter how orthodox it was before,
there are various ways to understand the scriptures, but when once
the creed is published, all the members, old and young, must assent
to the truth of it as their standard, until some one, more skilled in
this business, proposes an alteration. What a burlesque on the never
changing truth of the great eternal! Why follow in the footsteps of
Popery to trammel the mind? Why not as well require a rule to get
money? Then if we are destitute of the true light from the word of
God in this enlightened place, where in the name of the Lord, in any
other village or city, can it be found? God has said that "light is sown
for the righteous," and "unto the upright there ariseth light in the
darkness." Psalms. But I must pass on—I have dwelt much longer on
this lamentable picture than I intended, and yet I have hardly
begun.
I wish here to ask a few questions on one of the greatest errors that
the world ever embraced, first established by Pope Gregory, A. D.
603. I mean the changing of God's seventh day, Sabbath, (for it is
sheer sophistry to call it the Jews Sabbath, as Jesus our divine Lord
says "it was made for man,") to the first day of the week.
Paul says, "there therefore remaineth a keeping of the Sabbath to
the people of God." Isaiah shows us that in the New Heavens and
Earth all flesh shall keep the "Sabbath." Does any bible reader
believe that this will be on any other day than what God has
ordained. Let us look at the patterns and shadows of the true. Heb.
viii: 5; ix. and x: 1. Is not the true in the eternal state? Think you
that God will ever change the true to answer the pattern of Popery,
that has been foremost in desolating the world? Every candid mind
says no! What should we do then? God will tell us. "Six days shalt
thou labor and do all thy work, but the SEVENTH IS THE SABBATH of the
Lord thy God; (perhaps the minister will tell you he meant the
Jewish Sabbath—don't you believe him nor any one else; they can't
prove it by the Bible) in it thou shalt not do any work;" "wherefore
the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it." Exod. xx. Why all
this costly array in "building the Tabernacle and afterwards the
Temple?" Answer, it was to put the Ark in. 2 Sam. 2-7. Hear David 1
Chron. xvii: 2, 12. What was the Ark? A small chest in which was a
precious relic; the commandments of God; his testimony to man;
(see Exod. xxv: 10, 12) how it is guarded night and day by
Cherubims. What are these commandments to us? They that keep
them shall "enter in through the gates into the city." Rev. xxii: 14.
Will you say then that the fourth commandment is abolished? If so,
please cite us to the chapter and verse. I say it cannot be found
within the lids of the bible. Will you reply by saying that the first day
is the Sabbath, or that it was ever kept by Jesus or his apostles as a
day set apart for religious worship; if so, where is the text? I
challenge the world to produce it! If it cannot be found, why violate
still this sacred command of God and reject all the light that is
thrown in your pathway? God will have some to keep his
commandments, if it be but "one of a city and two of a family." Jer.
Some endeavor to clear their conscience by saying there is no
Sabbath to be kept. This, to me, looks like infidelity.
I have stated that one writer had asserted that the powers of
Heaven had been shaken and the sign of the Son of man been seen.
His argument on the twenty-fourth of Matthew, I like much, until he
begins to prove what none of us have yet seen or heard. If so, why
continue to say that "men's hearts fail them for fear and for looking
after the things that are coming on the earth." Jesus does not say
that they will be looking for him, but then they shall see the Son of
man coming in the clouds of heaven, when they have seen the
preceding signs. What arguments are there yet to be presented that
will so alarm the Laodicean church, and scoffer, to fulfil. Isa. lx: 14,
and Rev. iii: 9. It appears to me that nothing short of the voice of
God will do this. Then, I think, the wise will understand, and get
their blessing, as in Dan. xii: 12; then will they return and discern
between the righteous and the wicked; then will they be found with
the world, in the time of Daniel's trouble; they will then have passed
through the "fiery trial" and the Sealing Angel have done his last
work. This, as it looks to me will be the time when God will roar out
of Zion and utter his voice from Jerusalem—and the heavens and the
earth will shake; then shall Jerusalem be holy. Joel iii: 16, 17. It will
then be cleansed from every impurity. This, I think, will be the
shaking of the powers of heaven, for then will God's people know
that he dwells in Zion, (17th verse) not in the Shaker's camp, but in
his Heavenly Sanctuary, and then shall appear the "Sign of the Son
of Man in Heaven," the "Holy Jerusalem descending out of Heaven
from God, having the glory of God; And her light was like unto a
stone most precious, even like a jaspar stone clear as chrystal." I
have not the least particle of doubt but that it will be seen just as he
has described it. The glory and effulgence of that sight will so light
up the heavens in its majestic course down from the parted skies,
that we shall have no further need of the telescope; but in the
language of our adorable coming Lord, exclaim "I see heaven open
and the Angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of
Man"! This, I think, will be the Sign of the Son of Man in Heaven. A
telescopic view of the burning bright star Sirius, on the southeast of
the belt of Orion, in the southwestern heavens, early in the evening,
will give a faint view of the above description.
St. John saw this City suspended in the air, he therefore had a clear
view of its twelve foundations and the names of the twelve Apostles
of the Lamb, and the twelve gates, and the names written thereon,
which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel.
"And he measured the wall a hundred and forty and four cubits,"
two hundred and sixty-two and a half feet, and they were studded
with all kinds of precious stones, and diamonds from the bowels of
the earth, while the gates are adorned with the treasures of the
ocean. Now this beautiful description of the City is given in the
twenty-first chapter, from 16 to 18 and 21st verses. We must keep it
distinct from the walls. He says, it lieth four square, and measures
twelve thousand furlongs. This sum, divided by eight furlongs, which
make a mile, would stand thus: 8/12000—fifteen hundred miles
square or seven millions nine hundred and twenty thousand feet on
six sides (it being a cubical form.) When we look at the size of this
City of Gold, we are at once almost overwhelmed with the view of its
dimensions. Fifteen hundred miles high, long and wide! In the
seventeenth verse, he gives but one way to measure the wall, and
that is its height. If he had undertaken to have given the contents of
the City by the same rule, he would have measured the wall.
Then we have nothing more to do in making an arithmetical
calculation, but follow the Apostle's description. Jesus said, in my
Father's house are many mansions. Now, allowing twelve feet
between joints for a story, this seven millions nine hundred and
twenty thousand feet square would give six hundred and sixty
thousand stories, twelve feet high, (Ezekiel xl: 7,) and fifteen
hundred miles square, four hundred and forty stories to a mile:
which would amount to 990,000,000, nine hundred and ninety
millions of square miles on a level surface, twelve feet high—equal
to the square miles contained in five worlds like this, (which is only
one hundred and ninety-nine millions five hundred and twelve
thousand square miles,) and seventy times more extensive than the
Continent of America. Now six hundred and sixty thousand twelve
foot rooms in each story, would make in all 435,600,000,000—four
hundred and thirty-five thousand and six hundred millions of twelve
feet square "rooms,"—Ezekiel; "places,"—John; or "mansions,"—
Jesus. It is computed that there are 900,000,000—nine hundred
millions of inhabitants now on the Earth. The Bible informs us that
there was but one, six thousand years ago. Admit that there was
nine hundred millions at the commencement of creation, and this
number had passed away every thirty years for two hundred
generations, their whole number would only amount to
180,000,000,000—one hundred and eighty thousand millions, a little
more than one-third of the mansions in this building; four hundred
and eighty-four to every human being now on the earth. Surely, this
looks like an "abundant entrance" into the everlasting kingdom. O
yes, say many, I see there is abundance of room for every body! The
apostle tells us who they are. He says, "There shall in no wise enter
into it anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh
abomination or maketh a lie; but they which are written in the
Lamb's book of life." This then is the capacious and glorious "golden
City;" the "New Jerusalem;" the "heavenly Sanctuary;" the "Bride the
Lamb's Wife;" the "Mother of us all;" the "Paradise of God;" the
capital of our coming Lord's EVERLASTING kingdom, which is now about
to descend from the "third heaven" by the way of the open door,
down by the "flaming sword" of Orion. O let us see to it, that we are
all ready to enter into this celestial City.

Transcriber's Notes:
Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected.
Typographical errors were silently corrected.
Spelling and hyphenation were made consistent when a
predominant form was found in this book; otherwise it
was not changed.
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