S.

GOPAL REDDY A
v.
STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

JULY 11, 1996

[DR. AS. ANAND AND M.K. MUKHERJEE, JJ.] B

Criminal Law :

Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 :

Sections 2 and 4-Scope of-Held: Covers the demand of dow1y as a C

11
consideration for a proposed 1naniage-- 'Maniage includes proposed n1ar-
1

1iage which has still to take place-Ihe peculiar definition of dow1y in the Act
specifically covers the "demand" made "before" maniage.

Sections 3 and 4-Scope of-Held: 17ie court should deal wilh a case
under the Act in a realistic manner so as to fwther the object of the D
legfrlation-17te Act being a penal statute, cowt should be watchful to see
that suspicion or sunnise or conjectures are not allowed to influence its
ju dg1nent-At the same tin1e it cannot acquit an accused 1nerely on the basis
of technicalities or niinor discrepancies in evidence-Interpretation of
Statutes.
E
Constitution of India 1950: Article 136.

Climinal appeal-Findings of foci-Recorded by courts below-Inter-

ference with-By Supreme Cowt--Held : Supreme Court does not nonnally
inte1fere with such findings of fact unless there is a gross miscaniage of justice.
F
Evidence Act, 1872:

Section 114 lll. (g}-Non-production of vital lette1-By the Prosecu-

tion-Held adverse presunzption is to be drawn fro1n such non-production.

Section 45-Expert evidence-Nature of-Held: Is a weak type of G

evidence and cannot be relied upon in the absence of independent and
reliable corroboration.

Sections 45, 67 and 73-Document-Execution-Proof of-Modes of

Opinion of witnesses and handw1iting expert in sudz circ1unstances-Relevan-
cy of-Explained. H
439
 440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Inte1pretation of Statutes :

Extemal aid;-Dictionade;-He/d: ft'here definition of a w01d is given

in a statute itself it is neither proper nor desirable to look to the dictiona1y
n1eaning.

B Purposive construction-Held : The carat nutst look to the object,

which the statute seeks to achieFe while intc1preting any provision of the Act.

f.Vords and Phrases : ''Dovv1y'~ "En.de!' and "Bn"degroon1 '-A1eaning

1

of-In the co/l/exr of Sections 2 and 4 of the Dow1y Prohibition Act, 1961.

c The appellant along "ith his brother was convicted for offences
under Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 read with Section 4 of
the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. In appeal, the Additional Metropolitan
Sessions Judge held that no offence under Section 420 IPC was made out
and set aside their conviction and sentence for the said offence \\'hile
D confirming their conviction and !'ientence for the offence under Section 4
of the Act. Both the convicts unsuccessfully invoked the revisional juris~
diction of the High Court. This Court dismissed the Special Leave Petition
filed by the appellant's brother. The appellant, against the High Court
order pertaining to him, tiled the present appeal.

E According to the prosecution during the negotiation of the marriage

proposal of the appellant-first accused, an JPS Officer, "1th V, daughter
of PW-1, a lawyer, the appellant's elder brother, the second accused, had
demanded a house, jewels, cash and clothes worth about Rs. 1 lakh and a
sum of Rs. 50,000 in cash for purchase of a car. However, the second
F accused, on being approached by PW-1 for fixing the date of marriage,
demanded Rs. 1 lakh instead for Rs. 50,000 for purchase of the car and
also insisted that the said amount be paid before marriage. While the
dowry talks remained inconclusive; the date of marriage \Vas fixed. In the
meantime it was alleged that the appellant had written a letter to V asking
her to cancel the marriage or to fullil the demands made by his elders.
G PW-1 told the first accused about the additional dernand made by his elder
brother for purchase of the car. The appellant told PW-1 that he would
consult his brother and inform him about it and left for his native village,
it was alleged that on his return from the village, the first accused asked
PW-1 to give Rs. 75,000 instead of Rs. 50,11011 as agreed upon earlier as
H against Rs. 1 lakh as demanded by the second accused. According to the
 S.G. REDDY v. STA1TI 441

prosecution case this talk took place in presence of one N (\\·ho was not A
examined) the First accused suggested that PW-1 should b>ive Rs. 50,000
immediately towards the purchase of the car and the balance of Rs. 25,000
should be paid with one year aftet· the marriage hut PW-1 did not accept
the suggestion. 'Varapuja' was performed hy PW-1 and his other relatives
at the house of the second accused. At that time PW-1 allegedly handed
B
over to the first accused, a document purporting to settle a single~stnrcyed
house in the name of his t~aughter V along with a bank pass book sho\.ving
a cash balance of Rs. 50,881 in the name of\'. It was alleged that on this
the appellant flared UJJ sayini; that the settlement was for a douhle-
storeyed house and threatened to get the marriage cancelled. The efforts
of PW-1 to persuade the first accused not to cancel the marriage did not C
yield any results and ultimately the marriage did not take place. The first
accused then returned all the articles that had been given to him at the
time of 'Varapuja'. Aggrieved by the failure of the marriage negotiations,
PW-1 sent a complaint to the Director of National Police Academy where
the first accused was then undergoing training and later filed a report in D
the police station. During the investigation various letters purported to
have been written by the appellant to V were sent to the handwriting expert
PW~3, who gave his opinion regarding the existence of similarities between
the specimen writing of the first accused and the disputed writings but also
11
110 definite opinion can be given on the basis of the present standard"i.

Extensive admitted w1itings are required for offering definite opinion". E

On behalf of the appellant it was contended that for "demand" of

dowry to become an offence under Section 4 of the Act, it must be made at
the time of marriage and not during the negotiations for marriage, that
the expression "bride" and "bridegroom" in Section 4 of the Act did nr~t F
apply at the stage of pre marriage negotiations since the boy and the girl
were not "bridegroo1n'1 and "briden and, therefore, the demand made at that
stage could not be construed as a "demand" of dowry; that the appellant
had denied the authorship of various letters purporting to have been
written by him; that the non~examination of V and N was a serious lacuna
in the prosecution case; that the evidence of the handwriting expert was G
"inconclusive" and uncorroborated; that the evidence of PW-1, the com-
plainant had not received any corroboration at all and, therefore, the
conviction of the appellant was unjustified.

Allowing the appeal, this Court H

 442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A HELD : 1.1. Any "demand" of "dowry" made before, at or after the

marriage, where such demand is made as a consideration for nianiage
would attract the provisions of Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961. [456-G]

1.2. The Dowry Prohihition Act is a piece of social legislation which

B aims to check the grm•ing menace of the social evil of dowry and it makes
punishable not only the actual receiving of dowry but also the very demand
of dowry made before or at the time or after the maniage where such demand
11
is referable to the consideration of 111a111"age. Thus, any demand" of money,
property or valuable security made from the bride or her parents or other
C relatives by the bridegroom or his parents or other relatives or vice-versa
would fall within the mischief of 'dowry' under the Act where such demand
is not properly refemble to any legally recognised claim and is re/atable
only to the consideration of maniage. Marriage in this context would include
a proposed marriage also more particularly where the non-fulfillment of
the "demand of dowry'' leads to the ugly consequence of the marriage not
D taking place at all. The expression 'dowry' under the Act must be inter-
preted in the sense, which the statute wishes to attribute to it. It is not
possible to agree with the contention of the appellant that it is only the
property or valuable security given at the time of marriage which would
bring the same within the definition of 'dowry' punishable under the Act,
E and as such an interpretation would be defeating the very object for which
the Act was enacted. Keeping in view the object of the Act, "demand of
dowry" as a consideration for maniage would also come within the expres-
sion of 'dowry' under the Act. [452-H, 453-A-C-D, F-G]

1.3. [tis a well-known rule of interpretation of statutes that the text

F and the context of the entire Act must be looked into while interpreting any
of the expressions used in a statute. The courts must look to the object,
which the statute seeks to achieve while interpreting any of the provisions of
the Act. A purposive approach for interpreting the Act is necessary. (453-F]

1.4. The definition of the expression 'dowry' contained in Section 2

G
of the Act cannot be confined merely to the 'demand' of money, property
or valuable security made at or after the performance of marriage on the
basis of the dictionary meaning of the expression 'dowry'. [452-F]

L. V. Jadhav v. Shankar Rao Abasaheb Pawar, (1983] 4 SCC 231,

H followed.
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE 443

Resc1ve Bank of India v. Peerless General Finance and lnvest111ent Co. A

Ltd., [19K7] l SCC 424 andN.K Jain v. C.K Shah, (1991] 2 SCC 495, relied
on.

Seaford Cowl Estates Ltd. v. Asher, [1949] 2 All ER 155 (C.A.),

referred to.
B
2.1. Dowry as a quid pro quo for marriage is prohibited and not the
giving of traditional presents to the bride or the bridegroom by Friends
and relatives. Thus, voluntary presents given at or before or after the
1naniage to the bride or the bridegroom, as the case may be, of a traditional
nature, \'t'hich are given not as a consideration for marriage but out of love, C
affection or regard, would not fall within the mischief of the expression
'dowry' made punishable under the Act. [453-D-E]

2.2. The alarming increase in cases relating to harassment, torture,

abetted suicides and dowry deaths of young innocent brides has always sent
shock waves to the civilized society but unfortunately the evil has continued D
unabated. Awakening of the collective consciousness is the need of the day.
For this a wider social movement is necessary. The role of the courts, under
the circumstances, assumes a great importance. The courts are expected to
deal with such cases in a realistic manner so as to further the object of the
legislation. However, the courts must not lose sight of the fact that the Act,
E
though a piece of social legislation, is a Penal statute. One of the cardinal
rules of interpretation in such cases is that a penal statute must be strictly
construed. The courts have, thus, to be watchful to see that emotions or
sentiments are not allowed to influence their judgment, one way or the other
and that they do not ignore the golden thread passing through criminal
jurisprudence that an accused is presumed to be innocent till proved guilty F
and that the guilt of an accused must be established beyond a reasonable
doubt. They must carefully assess the evidence and not allow either
suspicion or surmise or conjectures to take the place of proof in their zeal
to stamp out the evil from the society while at the same time not adopting
the easy course of letting technicalities or minor discrepancies in the G
evidence result in acquitting the accused. They must critically analyse the
evidence and decide the case in a realistic manner. [ 456-H, 457-A-D]

3.1. This Court, generally speaking, does not interfere with the
finding recorded on appreciation of eviden~e by the courts below except
where there appears to have occurred gross miscarriage of justice or there H
 444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A exist suflicient reasons which justify the examination of some of the

relevant evidence by the Court itself. [457-F)

3.2. In the instant case at the time of initial demand of dowry as a

consideration fo:- 1narriage of the appellant it was only the brother of the
appellant, the second accused, who was present and it was the second
B accused alone with whom the negotiations took place in presence of PW-2.
'fhere is no n1ention of the additional demand either in the complaint or
in the FIR. This story, therefore, appears to be an after thought made with
a view to implicate the appellant \Vith the commission of an offence under
Section 4 of the Act. Therefore, this part of the evidence of PW-1 is rather
C difTicult to accept without any independent corroboration. Further, the
holding of 'Varapuja appears to be highly improbable. No corroboration
of any nature to support this part of the evidence of PW-1 is forthcoming
on the record., [459-D, G, 460-B]

D 3.3. There is no satisfactory evidence on the record to show that the

appellant cancelled marriage on account of non- fulfillment of dowry
demand allegedly made by him. The letter, which PW-1 claims to have
himself received from the appellant regarding cancellation of marriage
prior to 'Varapuja' ceremony has not been produced. Reliance instead has
been placed by the prosecution on letter allegedly written by the appellant
E to V cancelling the marriage. The failure of PW-1 to produce the letter
allegedly received by him from the first accused invites an adverse
presumption against him that had he produced the letter, the same would
have belied his evidence. PW-1 does not appear to be a wholly reliable
witness. [461-C-D]
F
4.1. The evidence of an expert is a rather weak type of evidence and
the courts do not generally consider it as offering 'conclusive' proof and
therefore safe to rely upon the same without seeking independent and
reliable corroboration. Moreover, Section 67 of the Evidence Act, 1872
enjoins that before a document can be looked into, it has to be proved.
G Section 67, of course, does not prescribe any particular mode of proof,
Section 47 of the Evidence Act, which occurs in the chapter relating to
'relevancy of facts', provides that the opinion ofa person who is acquainted
with the handwriting of a particular person is a relevant fact. Similarly,
opinion of a handwriting expert is also a relevant fact for indentifying any
H handwriting. The ordinary method of proving a document is by calling as
 S.G.REDDY v. STATE OF AP. 445

a witness the person who had executed the document or saw it being A
executed or signed or is otherwise qualified and competent to express his
opinion as to the handwriting. There are some other modes of proof of
documents also as by comparison of the handwriting as envisaged under
Section 73 of the Evidence Act or through the evidence of a handwriting
expert under Section 45 of the Act, besides by the admission of the person
B
against whom the document is intended to be used. The receiver of the
document, on establishing his acquaintance with the hand"riting of the
person and competence to identify the "riling with which he is familiar,
may also prove a document. These modes are legitimate methods of
proving documents but before they can be accepted they must bear sulTI-
cient strength to carry conviction. [463-B, 464-C-F] C

4.2. Keeping in view the inconclusive and indefinite nature of the

evidence of the handwriting expert PW-3 and the lack of competence on
the part of PW-1 to be familiar with the handwriting of the appellant, the
approach adopted by the courts below to arrive at the conclusion that the D
disputed letters were written by the appellant to V on the basis of the
evidence of PW- 1 could neither offer any corroboration to the inconclusive
and indefinite opinion of the handwriting expert PW-3 nor could it received
any corroboration from the opinion of PW-3. The court below appear to
have taken a rather superficial view of a matter while relying upon the
evidence of PW-1 and PW-3 to hold the appellant guilty. [464-G-H, 465-A] E·
Magan Bihari Lal v. State of Punjab, AIR (1977) SC 1091, relied on.

Ram Chandra v. State of U.P., AIR (1957) SC 381; Ishwari Prasad· v.

Md. Isa, AIR (1963) SC 1728; Shashi Kumar v. Subodh Kumar, AIR (1964)
SC 529 and Fakhrnddin v. State of M.P., AIR (1967) SC 1326, cited. F
5. It appears that the demand dowry in connection with and as a·
consideration for the marriage of the appellant with V was made by the
second accused, the elder brother of the appellant and that no such
demand is established to have been directly made by the appellant. The G
High Court rightly found the second accused guilty of an offence under
Section 4 of the Act against which S.L.P. was filed and it was dismissed by
the Court on 15.2.1991. The evidence on the record does not establish
beyond a reasonable doubt that any demand of dowry within the meaning
of Section 2 read with Section 4 of the Act was made by the appellant. May
be the appellant was in agreement with his elder brother regarding H
 446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A 'demand' of 'dowry' but convictions cannot be based on such assumptions

without the offence being proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The courts
below appear to have allowed emotions and sentiments, rather than iegally
admissible and trustworthy evidence, to influence their judgment. TI1e
evidence on the record does not establish the case against the appellant
B beyond a reasonable doubt. He is, therefore, entitled to the benefit of
doubt. (465-C-E]

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.

231 of 1994.

C From the J u<lgment and Order date<l 16.10.90 of the An<lhra Pradesh
High Court in Cr!. R.C. No. 446 of 1990.

P.P. Rao, A. Sudarshan Reddy, B. Rajeshwar Rao, Ramkrishna

Reddy and Vimal Dave for the Appellant.

D Guntur Prabhakar for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by :

DR. ANAND, J. The appellant alongwith his brother was tried for
E offences under Section 420 !PC read with section 4 Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961. The trial court convicted them both and sentenced them to undergo
9 months R.I. and to a fine of Rs. 500 each and in default to undergo S.I.
for months for the offence under Section 420 !PC and to R.I. for 6 months
and a fine of Rs. 1000 each and in default S.I. for six months for the offence
under Section 4 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (hereinafter the· Act.) In an
F appeal against their sentence and conviction, the Additional Metropolitan
Sessions Judge held that no offence under Section 420 IPC was made out
and set aside their conviction and sentence for the said offence while
confirming their conviction and sentence for the offence under Section 4
of the Act. Both the convicts unsuccessfully invoked the revisional jurisdic-
G tion of the High Court.

This appeal by special leave filed by the appellant is directed against

the order of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh dated 16.10.1990 dismiss-
ing the Criminal Revision Petition filed by the convicts. The brother of the
appellant filed SLP (Cr!.) 2336 of 1990 against the revisional order of the
H High Court but that S.L.P. was dismissed by this Court on 15.2.1991.
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR.ANAND, J.] 447

The prosecution case is as follows : A

The appellant (hereinafter the first accused) is the younger brother

of the petitioner (hereinafter the second accused) in S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 2336
of 1990, which as already noticed was dismissed on 15.2.1991 by this Court.
The first accused had been selected for Indian Police Service and was B
undergoing training in the year 1985 and on completion of the training was
posted as an Assistant Superintendent of Police in Jammu & Kashmir
Police force. His brother, the second accused, was at the relevant time
working with the Osmania University at Hyderabad. P.W. 1, Shri G.
Narayana Reddy, the complaintant, was practising as a lawyer at C
Hyderabad. PWl has four daughters, Ms. Vani is the eldest among the four
daughters. She was working as a cashier with the State Bank of India at
Hyderabad. PW 1 was looking for marriage alliance for his daughcer Ms.
Vani. A proposal to get Ms. Vani married to the first accused was made
by P.W.2, Shri Lakshma Reddy, a common friend of the appellant and
PWl. Later on P.W.2 introduced the second accused to P.W.l, who later D
on also met Ms. Vani and approved of the match. After some time, the
first accused also met Ms. Vani at the Institute of Public Enterprises and
both of them approved each other for marriage. It is alleged that on
6.5.1985, the second accused accompanied by P.W. 2 and some others went
to the house of P.W.1 to pursue the talks regarding marriage. There were E
some talks regarding giving of dowry and the terms were finally agreed
between them on 7.5.1985 at the house of the second accused. The first
accused was not present either on 6.5.1985 or on 7.5.1985. It is alleged that
as per the terms settled between the parties, P.W. 1 agreed to give to his
daughter (1) house at Hyderabad (2) jewels, cash and clothes worth about F
at rupees one lakh and (3) a sum of Rs. 50,000 in cash for purchase of a
car. The date of marriage, however, was to be fixed after consulting the fist
accused. PWl, however, later on insisted on having an engagement
ceremony and contacted the first accused but the first accused persuaded
P.W. 1 not to rush through the same as it was not possible for him to
intimate the date to his friends at a short notice. The first accused came G
to Hyderabad from Dehradun, where he was undergoing training, on
6.8.1985 and stayed at Hyderabad till 15.8.1985. The first accused attended
the birthday party of the youngest sister of Ms. Vani on 15.8.1985 and later
on sent a bank draft of Rs. 100 as the birthday gift for her to Ms. Vani. In
the letter Ex.Pl which accompanied the bank draft, some reference w.s H
•
 448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A allegedly made regarding the settlement of dowry. It is alleged that the first
accused later on wrote several letters including exhibits P6, P7, P9 and PlO
lo Ms. Vani. It is the prosecution case that the second accused, on being
approached by PWl for fixing the date of marriage, demanded Rs. 1 lakh
instead of Rs. 50,000 for purchase of car. The second accused also insisted
B that the said amount should be paid before marriage. The 'dowry' talks
bet\vcen the second accused and PWl, however) remained inconclusive,
Lateran the date of marriage was fixed as 2.11.1985. On 1.10.1985, the first
accused allegedly wrote letter, exhibit P6, tu Ms. Vani asking her to cancel
the date of marriage or to fulfil the demands made by his elders. The first
accused came to hyderabad on 20.10.1985 when P.W.l told him about the
C demand of additional payment of Rs. 50,000 made by the second accused
for the purchase of car. The first accused told P.W. 1 that he would consult
his brother and inform him about it and left for his native place. It is alleged
that on his return from the village, the first accused asked P.W.l to give
Rs. 75,000 instead of Rs. 50,000 as agreed upon earlier instead of Rs. 1
D lakh as demanded by the second accused. According to the prosecution
case this talk took place in the presence of Shri Narasinga Rao (not
examined). The first accused suggested that P.W.l should give Rs. 50,000
immediately towards the purchase of the car and the balance of Rs. 25,000
should be paid within one year after the marriage but PWl did not accept
E the suggestion. According to the prosecution case 'Varapuja' was per-
formed by PWl and his other relatives at the house of the second accused
on 31.10.1985. At that time P.W.l allegedly handed over to the first
accused, a document Exhibit P-13 dated 12.10.1985, purporting to settle a
house in the name of his daughter Mr. Vani alongwith a bank pass book,
F Exhibit P-12 shO\ving a cash balance of Rs. 50,881 in the name of Ms. Vani.
The first accused is reported to have, after examining the document Exhibit
P-13, flared up saying that the settlement was for a Double Storeyed House
and the document Exhibit P-13 purporting to settle the house in the name
of Ms. Vani was only a single storey building. He threatened to get the
marriage cancelled if P .W. 1 failed to comply with the settlement as arrived
G at on the earlier occasions. The efforts of P.W. 1 to persuade the first
accused not to cancel the marriage did not yield any results and ultimately
the marriage did not take place. The first accused then returned all the
articles that had been given to him at the time of 'Varapuja'. Aggrieved,
by the failure of the marriage negotiations, P.W. 1 on 22.1.1986 sent a
H complaint to the Director of National Police Academy where the first
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR. ANAND.].] 449

accused was undergoing training. Subsequen:ly, PW! also wenl lo the A

Academy to meet the Director when he learnt from the personal assistant
to the Director of the Academy that Lhe firsl accused was getting married
Lo another girl on 30th of March, 1986 al Bolaram and showed to him the
wedding invitation card. P.W.1, thereupon, gave another complaint to the
director on 26.3.1986, who, however, advised him to approach the con- B
cerned police for necessary action. P.W.l filed a report Ex.P20 at Chik-
kadapalli Police Station on 28.3.1986. The Inspector of Police P.W. 7,
registered the complaint as Crime Case No. 109/1986 and took up the
investigation. During the investigation, various letters purported to have
been written by the first accused to Ms. Vani were sent to the handwriting
expert P.W. 3 who gave his opinion regarding the existence of similarities c
between the specimen writings of the first accused and the disputed
writings. Both the first accused and his brother, the second accused, were
thereafter chargesheeted and tried for offences punishable under Scclion
420 I.P.C. read with an offence punishable under Section 4 of the Act and
convicted and sentenced as noticed above. D

Mr. P.P. Rao the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant
submitted that the courts below had committed an error in not correctly
interpreting the ambit and scope of section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961 read with the definition of 'dowry' under section 2 of the said Acl. E
According to the learned counsel for "demand" of dov>'ry to become an
offence under Section 4 of the Act, it must be made at the time of marriage
and not during the negotiations for marriage. Reliance in this behalf is
placed on the use of the expressions 'bride' and 'bride[,'fOom' in Section 4
to emphasise that at the stage of pre-marriage negotiations; the boy and
1
the girl are not 'bridegroom' and bride' and therefore, the 'demand' 1nade
F
at that stage cannot be construed as a 'demand' or dowry punishable under
Section 4 of the Act. On merits, counsel argued that reliance placed by the
trial court as well as the appellate and the revisional court on various letters
purporting to have been written by the first accused \Vas erroneous since
the appellant had denied their authorship and there was no satisfactory G
evidence on the record to connect the appellant with those letters except
11
the inconclusive" an<l uncorroborated evidence of the handwriting expert.
Mr. Rao further argued that in the present case there was no unimpeach-
able evidence available on the record to bring home the guilt of the
appellant and the failure of the prosecution to examine Ms. Vani and Shri H
 450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Narasinga Rao was a serious lacuna in the prosecution ~ase.

Argued Mr.
Rao that the evidence of PWl, the complaint had not received any cor-
roboration at all and since the evidence of PW 1 was not wholly reliable,
conviction of the appellant without any corroboration of the evidence of
PW 1 was not justified. Mr. Rao urged that the complainant had exag-
B gerated the case and roped in the appellant, whose cider brother alone had
made the demand for dowry, out of anger and frustration and that let alone
'demanding dowry', the first accused was not even a privy to the demand
of dowry as made by the second accused, his elder brother.

C Learned counsel for the respondent-State, however, supported the

judgment of the trial court and the High Court and argued that the case
against the appellant had been established beyond a reasonable doubt and
that this court need not interfere in exercise of its jurisdiction under
Article 136 of the Constitution of India \vith findings of fact arrived at after
appreciation of evidence by the courts below. According to Mr. Prabhakar,
0 the interpretation sought to be placed by Mr. Rao on Section 4 of the Act
would defeat the very object of the Act, which was enacted to curb the
1
practice of ndemandTT or acceptance and receipt of dowri and that the
definition of 'dowry' as contained in Section 2 of the Act included the
demand of dowry 'at or before or after the marriage'.
E
The curse of dowry has been raising its ugly head every now and then
but the evil has been flourishing beyond imaginable proportions. It was to
curb this evil, that led the Parliament to enact the Dowry Prohibition Act
in 1961. The Act is entended to prohibit the giving or taking of dowry and
makes its 'demand' by itself also an offence under Section 4 of the Act.
F Even the abetment of giving, taking or demanding dowry has been made
an offence. Further, the Act provides that any agreement for giving or
taking of dowry shall be void and the offences under the Act have also
been made non-compoundable vide Section 8 of the Act. Keeping in view
the object which is sought to be achieved by the Act and the evil it attempts
G to stamp out, a three Judges Bench of this court in L. V. Jadhav v. Shankar
Rao Abasaheb Pawer & Others, [1983] 4 SCC 231 opined that the expression
"Dowry" wherever used in the Act must be liberally construed.

Before proceeding further, we consider it desirable to notice some

H of the relevant provisions of the Dowry prohibition Act, 1961.
 S.G. REDDY v. STAIB OF AP. [DR. ANAND, J.] 451

"Section 2-'dowiy' means any property or valuable security given or A

agreed to be given either directly or indirectly -

(a) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage;

or

(b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other B

person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person;

at or before or after the marriage as consideration for the marriage

of the said parties, but does not include dower or mahr in case of
person to whom the Muslim Personal Law (shariat) applies.
c

Section 3-Penalty for giving or taking dowry - If any person, after D

the commencement of this Act, gives or takes or abets the giving
or taking of do\vry, he shall be punishable with i1nprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than five years, and with fine which
shall not be less than fifteen thousand rupees or the amount of the
value of such dowry, whichever is more.
E
Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons
to be recorded in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprison-
ment for a term of less than five years (Substituted for the words
"six months" w.e.f. 19th November, 1986).

Section-4: penalty for demanding dow1y - if any person demands F

directly or indirectly, from the parents or other relatives or guar-
dian of a bride or bridegroom as the case may be, any dowry, he
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not
be less than six months but which may extend to two years and
with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees. G
Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons
to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprison-
ment for a term of less than six months."

The definition of the terms 'dowry' under Section 2 of the Act shows H
 452 SUPREME COURT REP OR TS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A that any property or valuable security given or "agreed to be given" either

directly or indirectly by one party to the marriage to the other party to the
marriage 11at or before or after the 111aniage 11 as a 11consideration for the
maniage of the said parties" would become 'dowry' punishable under the
Act. Property or valuable security so as to constitute 'dowry' within the
meaning of the Act must therefore be given or demanded "as consideration
B
for the marriage 11:

Section 4 of the Act aims at discouraging the very "demand" of

\lowry 11 as a 'consideration for the marriage' between the parties thereto
1

and lays down that if any person after the commencement of the Act,
C "demands", directly or indirectly, from the parents or guardians of a 'bride'
or 'bridegroom', as the case may be, any 'dowry', he shall be punishable
with imprisonment which may, extend to six months or with fine which may
extend to Rs. 5,000 or with both. Thus, it would be seen that section 4
makes punishable the very demand of property or valuable security as a
D consideration for maniage, which demand, if satisfied, would constitute the
graver offence under section 3 of the Act punishable with imprisonment
for a term which shall not be less than five years and with fine which shall
not be Jess than fifteen thousand rupees or the amount of the value of such
do\vry whichever is more.

E The definition of the expression 'dowry' contained in Section 2 of the

Act cannot be confined merely to the 'demand' of money, property or
valuable security 'made at or after the performance of marriage' as is urged
by Mr. Rao. The legislature has in its wisdom while providing for the
definition of 'dowry' emphasised that any money, property or valuable
F security given, as a consideration for n1an·iage 'before, at or after' the
1

marriage would be covered by the expression 'dowry' and this definition as

contained in Section 2 has to be read wherever the expression 'dowry'
occurs in the Act. Meaning of the expression 'dowry' as commonly used
and understood is different than the peculiar definition therefore under the
Act. Under Section 4 of the Act, mere demand of 'dowry' is sufficient to
G bring home the offence to an accused. Thus, any demandn of money,
11

property or valuable security made from the bride or her parents or other
relatives by the bridegroom or his parents or other relatives or vice-versa
would fall within the mischief of 'dowry' under the Act where such demand
is not properly referable to any legally recognis~d claim and is re/atable
H only to the consideration of maniage. Marriage in this context would include
 S.G.REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR.ANAND,.!.] 453

a proposed marriage also more particularly where the non-fulfilment of the A

"demand of dowry" leads to the ugly consequence of the marriage not
taking place at all. The expression 'dowry' under the Act must be inter-
preted in the sense which the statute wishes to attribute to it. Mr. P.P. Rao,
learned senior counsel referred to various dictionaries for the meaning of
'dowry', 'bride' and 'bridegroom' and on the basis of those meanings
B
submitted that 'dowry' must be construed only as such property, goods or
valuable security which is given to a husband by and on behalf of the wife
at marriage and any demand made p1ior to marriage would not amount to
dowry. We cannot agree. Where definition has been given in a statute itself,
it is neither proper nor desirable to look to the dictionaries etc. to find out
the meaning of the expression. The definition given in the statute is the c
determinative factor. The Act is a piece of social legislation which aims to
check the growing menace of the social evil of dowry and it makes punish-
able not only the actual receiving of dowry but also the very demand of
dowry made before or at the time or after the ma11iage where such demand
is rejemb/e to the consideration of ma11iage. Dowry as quid pro quo for D
marriage is prohibited and not the giving of tradi.tional presents to the bride
or the bridegroon1 by friends and relatives. Thus, voluntary presents given
at or before or after the maniage to the bride or the bridegroom, as the
case may be, of a traditional nature, which are given not as a consideration
for marriage but out of love, affection or regard, would not fall within the
mischief of the expression 'dowry' made punishable under the Act. · E

It is a well known rule of· interpretation of statutes that the text and
the context of the entire Act must be looked into while interpreting any of
• the expressions used in a statute. The courts must look to the object which
the statute seeks to achieve while interpreting any of the provisions of the F
Act. A purposive approach for interpreting the Act is necessary. We are
unable to persuade ourselves to agree with Mr. Rao that it is only the
property or valuable security given at the time of marriage which would
bring the same within the definition of 'dowry' punishable under the Act,
as such an interpretation would be defeating the very object for which the G
Act was enacted. Keeping in view the object of the Act, "demand of dowry"

... as a consideration for a proposed maniage would also come within the
meaning of the expression dowry under the Act, If we were to agree with
Mr. Rao that it is only the 'demand' made at or after marriage which is
punishable under Section 4 of the Act, some serious con.sequences, which
the legislature wanted to avoid, are bound to follow. Take for example a H
 454 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3S.C.R.

A case where the bridegroom or his parents or other relatives make a

'demand' of dowry during marriage negotiations and lateron 'after bringing
the bridal party to the bride's house find that the bride or her parents or
relatives have not met the earlier 'demand' and call off the marriage and
leave the brides house should they escape the punishment under the Act.
B The answer has to be an emphatic 'no'. It would be adding insult to injury
if we were to countenance that their action would not attract the provisions
of Section 4 of the Act, Such an interpretation would frustrate the very
object of the Act and would also run contrary to the accepted principles
relating to the interpretation of statutes.

C Jn Rese1ve Bank of India Etc. Etc. v. Pearless General Finance and

Investment Co. Ltd. & 010" Etc. Etc., [1987] 1 SCC 424 while dealing with
the question of interpretation of a statute, this court observed :

"Interpretation must depend on the text and the context. They are
the bases of interpretation. One may well say if the text is the
D
texture, context is what gives the colour. Neither can be ignored.
Both are important. That interpretation is best which makes the
textual interpretation match the contextual. A statute is best inter-
preted when we know why it was enacted. With this knowledge,
the statute must be read, first as a whole and then section by
E section, clause by clause, phrase by phrase and word by word. If
a statute is looked at, in the context of its enactment, with the
glasses of the statute-maker, provided by such context, its scheme,
the sections, clauses, phrases and words may take colour and
appear different than when the statute is looked at without the
F glasses provided by the context. With these glasses we must look
at the Act as a whole and discover what each section, each clause,
each phrase and each word is meant and designed to say as to fit
into the scheme of the entire Act. No part of a statute and no word
of a statute can be construed in isolation. Statutes have to be
construed so that every word has a place and everything is in its
G place. 11

Again, in N.K Jain & Others v. C.K Shah & Others, [1991] 2 SCC 495
it was observed that in gathering the meaning of a word used in the statute,
the context in which that word has been used has significance and the
H legislative purpose must be noted by reading the statute as a whole and
.
I
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR. ANAND, J.] 455

bearing in mind the context in which the word has been used in the statiite. A
In Seaford Cowt Estates Ltd. v.Asher, [1949] 2 All ER 155(CA), Lord
Denning advised a purposive approach to the interpretation of a word used
in a statute and observed :

"The English lani,'llage is not an instrument of mathematical B

precision. Our literature would be much the poorer if it were. This
is where the draftsmen of Acts of Parliament have often been
unfairly criticised. A judge, believing himself to be fettered by the
supposed rule that he must look to the language and nothing else,
laments that the draftsmen have not provided for this or that, or C
have been guilty of some or other ambiguity. It would certainly
save the judges trouble if Acts of Parliament were drafted with
divine prescience and perfect clarity. In the absence of it, when a
defect appears, a judge cannot simply fold his hands and blame
the draftsman. He must set to work on the constntctive task of finding
the intention of Par/iamellt, and he must do this not only from the D
language of the stacute, but alsu front a consideration of the social
conditions lvhich gave rise to it and of the 111ischief which it 1vas
passed to remedy, and then he must supplement the written word
so "' to give 'force and life' to the intention of the legislature ...... .
A judge should ask himself the question how, if the makers of the E
Act had themselves come across this ruck in the texture of it, they
would have straightened it out? He must then do so as they would
have done. A judge must not alter the matetial of which the Act is
woven, but he can and should iron out the creases. n

(emphasis supplied) F
An argument, similar to the one as raised by Mr. Rao regarding the
use of the expressions 'bride' and 'bridegroom' occurring in Section 4 of
the Act to urge that "demand" of property or valuable security would not
be "dowry" if it is made during the negotiations for marriage until the boy G

- and the girl acquire the status of 'bridegroom' and 'bride', at or immediately
after the marriage, was raised and repelled by this court in L. V. Jadhav's
case (supra).

In L. V. Jadhav's case (supra) while interpreting the meaning of

'dowry' under Section 2 of the Act and co-relating it to the requirements H
 456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A of Section 4 of the Act, the Bench observed :

"................. Section 4 which lays down that "if any person after the
conunencement of this Act, demands, directly or indirectly from
the parents or guardian of a bride or bridegroom, as the case may
be, any dowry, he shall be punishable with imprisonment which
B may extend to six months or with fine which may extend to five
thousand rupees or with both". According to Webster's New World
Dictionary, 1962 edn. bride means a woman who has just been
married or is about to be married, and bridegroom means a man
who has just been married or is about to be married. If we give
c this sllict meaning of a bride or a bridegroom to the word bride
or bridegroom used in Section 4 of the Act, property or valuable
security demanded and consented to be given prior to the time
when the woman had become a bride or the man had become a
bridegroom, may not be "dowry" within the meaning of the Act.
We are of the opinion that having regard to the object of ilic Act a
D
liberal constntction has to be given to the word 11dow1y" used in
section 4 of the Act to mean that any property or valuable secwity
which if consented to be given on the demand being made would
become dowry within the meaning of Section 2 of the Act. We are
also of the opinion that the object of Section 4 of the Act is to
E discourage the very demand for property or valuable security as
consideration for a marriage between the parties thereto. Section
4 prohibits the demand for 'giving' property or valuable security
which demand, if satisfied, would constitute an offence under
Section 3 read with Section 2 of the Act. There is no warrant for
taking the view that the initial demand for giving of property or
F
valuable security would not constitute an offence ...................... "

Therefore, interpreting the expression 'dowry' and 'demand' in the

context of the scheme of the Act, we are of the opinion that any 'demand'
of 'dowry' made before at or after the marriage, where such demand is made
G as a consideration for marriage would attract the provisions of Section 4 of
the Act.

The alarming increase in cases relating to harassment, torture,

abetted suicides and dowry deaths of young innocent brides has always sent
H shock waves to the civilized society but unfortunately the evil has continued
 S.G.REDDY v. STATEOFAP.[DR.ANAND,J.] 457

unabated. Awakening of the collective consciousness is the need of the day. A

Change of heart and attitude is needed. A wider social movement not only
of educating women of their rights but also of the men folk to respect and
recognise the basic human values is essentially needed to bury this perni-
cious social evil. The role of the courts, under the circumstances, assumes
a great importance. The courts are expected to deal with such cases in a
B
realistic manner so as to further the object of the legislation. However, the
courts must not lose sight of the fact that the Act, though a piece of social
legislation, is a penal statute. One of the cardinal rules of interpretation in
such cases is that a penal statute must be strictly construed. The courts
have, thus, to be watchful to see that emotions or sentiments are not
allowed to influence their judgment, one way or the other and that they do c
not ignore the golden thread passing through criminal jurisprudence that
an accused is presumed to be innocent till proved guilty and that the guilt
of an accused must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. They must
carefully assess the evidence and not allow either suspicion or surmise or
conjectures to take the place of proof in their zeal to stamp out the evil D
from the society while at the same time not adopting the easy course of
letting technicalities or minor discrepancies in the evidence r'esult in ac-
quitting an accused. They must critically analyse the evidence and decide
the case in a realistic manner.

It is in the light of the scheme of the Act and the above principles E
that we shall now consider the merits of the present case. This Court,
generally speaking, does not interfere with the findings recorded on ap-
preciation of evidence by the courts below except where there appears to
have occurred gross miscarriage of justice or there exist sufficient reasons
which justify the examination of some of the relevant evidence by this court F
itself.

There is no dispute that the marriage of the appellant was settled

with Ms. Vani, daughter of PWl and ultimately it did not take place and
broke down. According to PWl, the reason for the brake down of the
marriage was his refusal and inability to comply with the "demand" for G
enhancing the 'dowry' as made by the appellant and his brother, the second
accused. The High Court considered the evidence on the record and
observed:

"From the evidence of PW 1 it is clear that it is only the 2nd H

 458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11996] SUPP.3S.C.R.

A petitioner that initially demanded the dowry in connection with the

marriage of his younger brother, the first petitioner. He alone was
present when PWJ agreed to give a cash of Rs. 50,000 for purchase
of car, a house, jewels, clothing and cash valued at rupees one lakh.
This took place in the month of June, 1985 when PW 1 approached
the second petitioner for fixation of date for marriage some time
B
in the month of September, 1985. According to PWJ, the second
petitioner demanded rupees one lakh for purchase of car. But,
however, PWl persuaded the second petitioner to fix the date
leaving that matter open to be decided in consultation with the
first petitioner. W7ien the fim petitioner came to Hyderabad in
c Octobe1; 1985 PW I complained to him about the demand for
additional dow1y and that the first petitioner would appear to have
told PW 1 that he would discuss with his brother and inf01111 him.
Then the first petitioner J1 ent to his native place and retuni to
1

Hyderabad and asked PWJ to give Rs. 75, 000 for purchase of car.
D The High Court further observed :

"77ius the demand for dmwy either initially or at later stage emanated
only from the second petitioner, the elder brother of the first petitioner.
From the evidence it would appear that the petitioners came from
E a lower middle class family and fortunately the first petitioner was
selected for l.P.S. and from the tone of letters written by the first
petitioner to Kum. Vani pmticularly from Ex. P-6 letter it would
appear that he was more interested in acting according to the wishes
of his elder brother who he probably felt was responsible for his
coming up in life. The recitals in Ex. P-6 would show that he did
F not like to hurt the feelings of the second petitioner and probably for
that reason he could not say anything when his elder brother
demanded for more dowry. We cannot say how the first petitioner
would have acted if only he had freedom to act according to his
wishes. But the first petitioner was obliged to act according to the
G wishes of his elder brother in asking for more dowry. However, I
feel that this cannot be a circumstances to exonerate him from his
liability from demand of dowry under Section 4 of the Dowry
Prohibition Act.
(Emphasis supplied)

H From the above noted observations, it appears that the High Court
 S.G.REDDY v. STA1EOFA.P. [DR.ANAND,J.] 459

felt that the appellant was perhaps acting as "His Master's Voice" of his A
elder brother. Tlie High Court accepted the evidence of PWl to hold that
the appellant had demanded enhanced dowry of Rs. 75000 for purchase of
car on his return from the native 'illage and had repeated his demand at
the time of "Varapuja" and later on did not marry Ms. Vani as PWl was
unable to meet the demands as projected by the appellant and his elder
B
brother. The High Court appears to have too readily accepted the version
of PWl without properly analysing and appreciating the same.

Since, PWl is the sole witness, we have considered· it proper to

examine his evidence \vith caution.
c
From our critical analysis of the evidence of PWl, it emerges that at
the time of initial demand of dowry as a consideration for marriage of the
appellant it was only the brother of the appellant, the second accused, who
was present and it was the second accused alone with whom the negotia-
tions took place in presence of PW 2. According to PWl, the brother of D
the appellant later on demanded rupees one lakh for the purchase of car
as against the initial agreement of rupees fifty thousand for the said
purpose. Admittedly, the first accused was not present at either of the two
occasions. According to PWl when the appellant came to Hyderabad in
October, 1985 he (PWl) complained to him about the demand for addi- E
tional dowry made by his brother and the appellant told him that he would
discuss the matter with his brother and inform him. It was, thereafter,
according to PWl that when the appellant returned to Hyderabad from his
native place that he asked the complainant (PWl) to give Rs. 75,000 for
purchase of the car. Shri Narsingh Rao is stated to have been present at
that time, but he has not been examined at the trial. The above statement F
of PWl has, however, surfaced for the first time at the trial only. There is
no mention of it in the first information report, Ex. P-20 or even in the two
complaints which had been sent by PWl to the Director, National Police
Academy prior to the lodging of Ex. P-20. PWl admitted in his evidence
"I have not stated in Ex. P-20 and in my 161 statement that A-1 on renmt G
from his native place demanded ntpees seventy five thousand instead of
rnpees one lakh for purchase of car and that 1 said that what was the agreed
for purchase of car was only Rs. 50,000 and not Rs. 75,000. This story,
therefore, appears to be an after thought, made with a view to implicate
appellant with the commission of an offence under Section 4 of the Act.
Had this been the state of affairs, we see no reason as to why the fact would H
 460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A not have found mention at least in the complaints made to 'the Director
of the Academy where the appellant was under-going training. PWl, being
a lawyer, must be presumed to be aware of the importance and relevance
of the statement attributed to the appellant to incorporate it in the com-
plaints ai1d the FIR. We find this part of the evidence of PWl rather
B difficult to accept without any independent corroboration. There is no
corroboration available on the record as even Shri Narsingh Rao has not
been examined.

According to PW 1, the demand of dowry was repeated by the

appellant at the time of "Varapuja" which was performed on 31.10.1985 at
C the house of the second accused also. PW 1 stated that he handed over the
documents pertaining to the house, rupees fifty thousand in cash and pass
book showing the deposit of about rupees fifty thousand in the bank in the
name of Ms. Vani to the appellant alongwith other articles of 'varapuja'
and on seeing the documents the appellant flared up and said that since
the settlement was for a two storeyed house and not a single storey house,
D as reflected in Ex. P13, he would cancel the marriage unless the "demands'
made earlier were fulfilled. The story of "varapuja" which has been too
readily accepted by the courts below, again appears to us to be of a
doubtful nature and does not inspire confidence. The following admission
of PWl in his evidence, in the context of "varapuja" allegedly held on
E 31.10.1985 has significance :
"It is tme that Varapuja is puja of bridegroom according to my
understanding. I did not take any prohit for Varapuja. I did not take
any photograph 011 that occasion. I did not get any Lagna Patrika
prepared for the maniage. It is not true that I am deposing falsely
F that there was Varapuja and that I offered money on that occasion.

I started marriage preparation probably in the month of Sep-

tember, or October, I cannot say on what date I booked hall for
the marriage. Ex. P.8 is only cancellation receipt of the marriage
hall. I have not got invitation cards printed. I did not write any
G
letters to anybody informing them of the marriage or inviting them
to the marriage as I received letter from A-1 to cancel the maniage
in the month of October, itself cancellation of the date of maniage
was prior to Varapuja.

H (emphasis ours)
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR. ANAND,J.] 461

The above admission creates a lot of doubt about the performance A

of 'varapuja.' According to PWl, he had received. a letter from the appel-
lant to cancel the marriage in the month of October itself "prior to
1
i·arapuja Therefore, if the marriage had been cancelled p1ior to rrvarapuja 1,
11
•

it does not stand to reason as to why 'varapuja' should have taken place al
all. The holding of 'Varapuja' appears to be highly improbable. No cor- B
roboration of any nature to support this part of the evidence of PWl is
forthcoming on the record.

That the marriage between the parties did not take place is not in
dispute but there is no satisfactory evidence on the record to show that the
appellant cancelled the marriage on account of non- fulfilment of dowry c
demand allegedly made by him. The letter which PWl claims to have
himself received from the appellant regarding cancellation of marriage
prior to 'Varapuja' ceremony has not been produced. Reliance instead has
been placed by the prosecution on letter Ex. P-6 allegedly written by the
appellant to Ms. Vani cancelling the date of marriage. We shall refer to D
the documentary evidence in the latter part of the judgment. The failure
of PW 1 to produce the letter allegedly received by him from the first
accused invites an adverse presumption against him that had he produced
the letter, the same would have belied his evidence. The evidence of P\Vl,
who is the sole witness, suffers from serious inconsistencies and exaggera- I
tions. He admittedly is the most interested person to establish his case. He E.
is the complainant in the case. It was he who had made two complaints to
the Director of National Police Academy against the appellant before
lodging the FIR, Ex.P20. He is a lawyer by profession. He would be
presumed to know the importance of the 'demand' made by the appellant
on the two occasions. He, however, has offered no explanation as to why F
those facts are conspicuous by their absence from the FIR and the two
complaints made to the Director of the Academy. PWl, does not appear
to us to be a wholly reliable witness. He has made conscious improvements
at the trial lo implicate the appellant by indulging in exaggerations and that
detracts materially from his reliability. Prudence, therefore, requires that G
the. Court should look for corroboration of his evidence in material par-
ticulars before accepting the same. Neither Ms. Vani nor Shri Narsingh
Rao in whose presence the appellant is said to have demanded dowry have
been examined as, witnesses. The failure ·to examine them is a serious
lacuna in the prosecution case. It was Ms. Vani who could have deposed
about the circumstances which led to the breakdown of the matriiuonial H
 462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A negotiations, before its maturity. Various letters which PW 1 produced at

the trial were allegedly written by the appellant to Ms. Vani. None of them
had been addressed to PWl, yet he came forward to prove those letters
and the courts allowed him to do so. Since the appellant has denied the
authorship of those letters and claimed that the same have been fabricated,
B it was desirable for the prosecution to examine Ms. Vani in connection with
those letters. The appellant is alleged to be the author of the letters more
particularly letters Ex. P-1, P-6, P-7 and P-9. From the opinion of PW-3,
the handwriting expert prosecution has sought to corroborate the evidence
of PWl regarding the authorship of those letters. The opinion of PW 3,
the Assistant Director in the State Forensic & Science Laboratory,
C Hyderabad, in our view can not be said to be of a clinching type to attribute
the authorship of those letters to the appellant. PW 3 during his statement
deposed :

"In my opm10n (1) there are similarities indicating common

authorship between the red enclosed writings marked as S- 12 to
D S-23 and the red enclosed writings marked as Q.4 to Q.7. But 110
definite opinion can be give11 on the basis of the present sta11dards,
(2) No. opinion can be given on the authorship of the red e11c/osed
signatures and writi11gs marked as Q-1 to Q-3 and Q-8 to Q-15 011
the basis of present standards.
E
(emphasis supplied)

The expert further opined :

"When all the writing characteristics arc considered collectively,

F they led to the conclusion that there are similarities indicating
common authorship between the standard writings marked S-12 to
S-25 and the questioned writings marked Q-4 to Q-7. But 110
defi11ite opinion can be given on the basis of the present standards
Exte11sive admitted writings are required for offering definite opinion.
G
(emphasis supplied)

During his cross-examination PW3 admitted:

• "Q. From the available standards you cannot say that the signatures
H of Exs. P.7 and P.9 is the same person who wrote Exs. P.7 and P.9.
 S.G. REDDY v. STATE OF AP. [DR. ANAND, J.] 463

Ans : we can compare truely like live, signatures with signatures A

11
and writings with writings and not a signature with a writing.

Thus, the evidence of PW3, is not definite and cannot be said to be

of a clinching nature to connect the appellant with the disputed letters. The
evidence of an expert is a rather weak type of evidence and the courts do B
not generally consider it as offering 'conclusive' proof and therefore safe
to rely upon the same without seeking independent and reliable corrobora-
tion. In Magan Bihari Lal v. State of Punjab, AIR 1977 SC 1091, while
dealing with evidence of a handwriting expert, this Court opined :

"We think it would be extremely hazardous to condemn the appel- c

lant merely on the strength of opinion evidence of a hand\vriting
expert. It is now well settled that expert opinion must always be
received with great caution and perhaps none so with more caution
than the opinion of a handwriting expert. There is a profusion of
precedential authority which holds that it is unsafe to base a D
conviction solely on expert opinion without substantial corrobora-
tion. This rule has been universally acted upon and it has almo~t
become a rule of law. It was held by this Court in Ram Chandra
v. State of U.P., AIR (1957) SC 381 that it is unsafe to treat expert
handwriting opinion as sufficient basis for conviction, but it may
be relied upon when supported by other items of internal and E
external evidence. This Court again pointed out in Ishwari Prasad
v. Md. Isa, AIR (1963) SC 1728 that expert evidence of handwriting
can never be conclusive because it is, after al~ opinion evidence~
and this view was reiterated in Shashi Kumar v. Subodh Kumar,
·AIR (1964) SC 529 where it was pointed out by this Court that F
expert's evidence as to handwriting being opinion evidence can
rarely, if ever, take the place of substantive evidence and before
acting on such evidence, it would be desirable to consider whether
it is corroborated either by clear direct evidence or by circumstan-
tial evidence. This Court had again occasion to consider the G
evidentiary value of expert opinion in regard to handwriting in
Fakhruddin v. State of M.P., AIR (1967) SC 1326 and it uttered a
note of caution pointing out that it would be risky to -found a
conviction solely on the evidence of a h~ndwriting expert before
acting upon such evidence, .the court must a.lways try to see whether
_it is corroborated by other evidence, direct or circumstantial." H
 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A We arc unable to agree, in the established facts and circumstances

of this case, with the view expressed by the courts below that PWl is a
competent witness to speak about the handwriting of the appellant and that
the opinion of PW3 has received corroboration from the e\idence of PWJ.
PW 1 admittedly did not receive any of those letters. He had no occasion
B to be familiar with the handwriting of the appellant. He is not a handwriting
expert. The bald assertion of PW 1 that he was "familiar" \vith the hand-
writing of the appellant and fully "acquainted" with the contents of the
letters, admittedly not addressed to him, without disclosing how he was
familiar with the handwriting of the appellant, is difficult to accept. Section
67 of the Evidence Act enjoins that before a document can be looked into,
C it has lo be proved. Section 67, of course, does not prescribed any par-
ticular mode of proof. Section 47 of the Evidence Act which occurs in the
chapter relating to 'relevancy of facts' provides that the opinion of a person
who is acquainted with the handwriting of a particular person is a relevant
fact. Similarly opinion of a handwriting expert is also a relevant fact for
D identifying any handwriting. The ordinary method of proving a document
is by calling as a witness the person who had executed the document or
saw it being executed or signed or is otherwise qualified and competent
to express his opinion as to the handwriting. There arc some other modes
of proof of documents also as by comparison of the handwriting as en-
E "isaged under Section 73 of the Evidence Act or through the evidence of
a handwriting expert under Section 45 of the Act, besides by the admission
of the person against whom the document is intended to be used. The
receiver of the document, on establishing his acquaintance with the hand-
writing of the person and competence to identify the writing with which he
is familiar, may also prove a document. These modes are legitimate
F methods of proving documents but before they can be accepted they must
bear sufficient strength to carry conviction. Keeping in view the in-con-
clusive and indefinite nature of the evidence of the handwriting expert PW
3 and the lack of competence on the part of PWl to be familiar with the
handwriting of the appellant, the approach adopted by the courts below to
G arrive at the conclusion that the disputed letters were written by the
appellant to Ms. Vani on the basis of the evidence of PW 1 and PW 3 was
not proper. The doubtful evidence of PW 1 could neither offer any cor-
roboration to the inconclusive and indefinite opinion of the handwriting
expert PW3 nor could it receive any corroboration from the opinion of
H PW3. We are not satisfied, in the established facts and circumstances of
 S.G.REDDY v. STATEOFAP. [DR.ANAND,l] 465

this case, that the prosecution has established either the genuineness or the A
authorship of the disputed letters allegedly written by the appellant from
the evidence of PWl or PW3. The courts below appear to have taken a
rather superficial view of the matter while relying upon the evidence of
PWl and PW3 to hold the appellant guilty. We find it unsafe to base the
conviction of the appellant on the basi5 of the evidence of PWl or PW3 in B
the absence of substantial independent corroboration, internally or exter-
nally, of their evidence, which in this case is totally wanting.

To us it appears that the demand of dowry in connection with and

as consideration for the marriage of the appellant with Ms. Vani was made
by the .<econd accused, the elder brother of the appellant and that no such C
Mmand is established to have been directly made by the appellant. The
High Court rightly found the second accused, guilty of an offence under
Section 4 of the Act against which S.L.P. (Criminal) No_ 2336 of 1990, as
earlier noticed stands dismissed by this court on 15.2.1991. The evidence
on the record does not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that any D
demand of dowry within the meaning of Section 2 read with Section 4 of
the Act was made by the appellant. May be the appellant was in agreement
\vith his elder brother regarding 'demand' of 'dowry' but convictions cannot
be based on such assumptions without the offence being proved beyond a
reasonable doubt. The courts below appear to have allowed emotions and
sentiments, rather than legally admissible and trustworthy evidence, to E
influence their judgment. The evidence on the record does not establish
the case against the appellant beyond a reasonable doubt. He is, therefore,
entitled to the benefit of doubt. This appeal, thus, succeeds and is allowed.
The conviction and sentence of the appellant is hereby set aside. The
appellant is on bail. His bail bonds shall stand discharged.
F
v.s.s. Appeal allowed.