Prachi Tavse
22BCE10014
Class Tutorial
Assembly Language Commands-
1. Data Movement Instructions
These are used to transfer data between registers, memory, and I/O.
1. MOV - Move data from source to destination.
2. PUSH - Push data onto the stack.
3. POP - Pop data from the stack.
4. LEA - Load effective address of a variable into a register.
5. XCHG - Exchange data between two registers or memory locations.
6. IN - Input data from a port.
7. OUT - Output data to a port.
8. LDS - Load pointer using segment descriptor.
9. LES - Load pointer using extra segment descriptor.
10. MOVSX - Move with sign extension.
2. Arithmetic Instructions
Perform arithmetic operations on data.
11. ADD - Add two values.
12. SUB - Subtract two values.
13. MUL - Multiply two unsigned integers.
14. IMUL - Multiply two signed integers.
15. DIV - Divide unsigned integers.
16. IDIV - Divide signed integers.
17. INC - Increment by one.
18. DEC - Decrement by one.
19. ADC - Add with carry.
20. SBB - Subtract with borrow.
3. Logical Instructions
Perform logical operations on data.
21. AND - Perform logical AND operation.
22. OR - Perform logical OR operation.
23. XOR - Perform logical XOR operation.
24. NOT - Perform logical NOT operation.
25. TEST - Perform AND operation without storing the result.
4. Bit Manipulation Instructions
Operate on individual bits.
26. SHL - Shift bits left (logical).
27. SHR - Shift bits right (logical).
28. SAR - Shift bits right (arithmetic).
29. ROL - Rotate bits left.
30. ROR - Rotate bits right.
5. Control Transfer Instructions
Control the flow of program execution.
31. JMP - Jump to a specified address.
32. CALL - Call a procedure.
33. RET - Return from a procedure.
34. JE/JZ - Jump if equal/zero.
35. JNE/JNZ - Jump if not equal/non-zero.
36. JG/JNLE - Jump if greater.
37. JL/JNGE - Jump if less.
38. JGE/JNL - Jump if greater or equal.
39. JLE/JNG - Jump if less or equal.
40. LOOP - Decrement CX register and jump if CX ≠ 0.
6. String Instructions
Operate on strings.
41. MOVS - Move string data.
42. CMPS - Compare string data.
43. SCAS - Scan string for a value.
44. LODS - Load string data into the accumulator.
45. STOS - Store accumulator data into string.
7. Flag Manipulation Instructions
Modify or check the flag register.
46. CLC - Clear carry flag.
47. STC - Set carry flag.
48. CMC - Complement carry flag.
49. CLI - Clear interrupt flag.
50. STI - Set interrupt flag.
C Language Commands-
1. Input/Output Commands
Used for reading and writing data.
1. printf - Print formatted output to the standard output.
2. scanf - Read formatted input from the standard input.
3. getchar - Read a single character from the standard input.
4. putchar - Write a single character to the standard output.
5. gets - Read a string from standard input (deprecated, use fgets instead).
6. puts - Write a string to the standard output.
7. fopen - Open a file.
8. fclose - Close an open file.
2. Data Type and Variable Declaration
Define and declare variables or constants.
9. int - Declare an integer variable.
10. float - Declare a floating-point variable.
11. char - Declare a character variable.
12. double - Declare a double-precision floating-point variable.
13. const - Define a constant variable.
14. #define - Define a macro.
3. Control Flow Statements
Control the flow of execution in a program.
15. if - Execute a block of code if the condition is true.
16. else - Execute a block of code if the condition in if is false.
17. else if - Chain multiple conditions.
18. switch - Select a block of code to execute based on a value.
19. case - A branch in a switch statement.
20. break - Exit a loop or switch statement.
21. continue - Skip the current iteration of a loop.
22. default - Specify the default block in a switch statement.
4. Looping Constructs
Execute blocks of code repeatedly.
23. for - Loop with initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.
24. while - Loop while a condition is true.
25. do...while - Loop at least once and then while a condition is true.
26. goto - Jump to a specific label in the program.
27. return - Exit from a function and return a value.
28. exit - Exit the program entirely.
5. Function Definition and Prototypes
Used for modular programming.
29. void - Declare a function that does not return a value.
30. main - Define the entry point of a C program.
31. return - Specify the value to return from a function.
32. typedef - Define a new name for a data type.
6. Memory Management
Manage dynamic memory.
33. malloc - Allocate memory dynamically.
34. calloc - Allocate and initialize memory dynamically.
35. realloc - Resize previously allocated memory.
36. free - Free allocated memory.
7. Preprocessor Directives
Commands processed before compilation.
37. #include - Include a header file.
38. #define - Define a macro.
39. #ifdef - Check if a macro is defined.
40. #endif - End conditional preprocessor directive.
