NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

MANDATORY CONTINUING
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

(MCPE)

COURSE MATERIAL ON

MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

AUTHOR: Engr. Prof. L. O. Adekoya: 2020 Reviewer: Engr. Promise Jumbo MNSE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - 1
1.1 What is Maintenance - - - - - - - 1
1.2 What is Maintenance Engineering - - - - - 1
1.3 Importance of Maintenance Production Capacity - - - 1
1.4 Objectives of Maintenance - - - - - - 2

2.0 MAINTENANCE TERMINOLOGIES - - - - 3

3.0 TYPESOFMAINTENANCE - - - - - - 5
3.1 Preventive Maintenance - - - - - - 6
3.2 Periodic Preventive Maintenance - - - - - 6
3.3 Predictive Preventive Maintenance - - - - - 7
3.4 Corrective Maintenance - - - - - - 7
3.5 Improvement Maintenance - - - - - - 8

4.0 CONSEQUENCIES OF POOR OR NO MAINTENANCE - 9

4.1 Causes of Poor Maintenance - - - - - - 9

5.0 RESOURCES NEEDED FOR MAINTENANCE - - - 12

5.1 Human Resources (Personnel) - - - - - - 12
5.2 Financial Resources (Money) - - - - - - 12
5.3 Material Resources (Equipment) - - - - - 12
5.4 Time Resources - - - - - - - - 12
5.5 Storage of Spare Parts - - - - - - - 12

6.0 CONTROL OF MAINTENANCE COSTS - - - - 13

6.1 Costs of Spare Parts - - - - - - - 13
6.2 Labour Cost - - - - - - - - 13
6.3 Delays, Administrative Bottle-necks, Etc - - - - 13
6.4 Improper Use of the Equipment - - - - - 13
6.5 Maintainability of the Equipment - - - - - 13
7.0 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING BREAKOUT SESSIONS - 14
7.1 Electrical Engineering: Electrical Transformer - - - 14
7.1.1 Repairs - - - - - - - - - 16
7.2 Civil Engineering - - - - - - -- - 16
7.2.1 Maintenance of Highways - - - - - - 16
7.2.2 Maintenance of Concrete Mixer - - - - - 16
7.3 Properly Maintained Infrastructures - - - - - 17

8.0 SUMMARY - - - - - - - - 18
8.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 18
References - - - - - - - - - 19
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 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING
Engr. Promise Jumbo MNSE
NSE Hq., NEC, Abuja
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Maintenance
Maintenance is the work that is carried out to preserve an asset (car, infrastructure, oil
and gas facility, etc), in order to enable its continued use and function, above a minimum
acceptable level of performance, over its design service life, without unforeseen renewal
or major repair activities.

1.2 What is Maintenance Engineering

Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying Engineering
concept to the optimization of equipment procedures and departmental budgets to
achieve better maintainability of equipment.

Maintenance and hence Maintenance Engineering is increasing in importance due to

rising amount of equipment, system, devices and infrastructure. Since the Industrial
revolution, devices, equipment, machinery, and structures have grown increasingly
complex, requiring a host of personnel, vocations and related systems needed to maintain
them.

1.3 Importance of MaintenanceProduction capacity:

Machines idled by breakdowns cannot produce, thus the capacity of the system is
reduced.

Production costs:
Labor costs per unit rise because of idle labor due to machine breakdowns. When
machine malfunctions result in scrap, unit labor and material costs increase. Besides, cost
of maintenance which includes such costs as costs of providing repair facilities, repair
crews, preventive maintenance inspections, spare parts and stand by machines will
increase as machines break down frequently.

Product and service quality:

Poorly maintained equipments produce low quality products. Equipments that have not
been properly maintained have frequent break downs and cannot provide adequate
service to customers. For example, air craft fleets of the airline, railway and road
transport services not maintained well can result in poor service to customers.

Employee or customer safety:

Worn-out equipment is likely to fail at any moment and these failures can cause injuries
to the workers, working on those equipments. Products such as two wheelers and
automobiles, if not serviced periodically, can break down suddenly and cause injuries to
the stress.
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Customer satisfaction:
When production equipments break own, products often cannot be produced according to
the master production schedules, due to work stoppages. This will lead to delayed
deliveries of products to the customers.

1.4 Objectives of Maintenance:

(i) To extend the useful life of the system. This is particularly important in
developing countries where there is a scarcity of capital funds for replacement.
(ii) Assure the optimum availability of the system for service or production and
obtain maximum possible return on investment.
(iii) Ensure the safety of personnel using the facility or equipment.
(iv) Ensure that equipment and infrastructure are always in good condition
(v) Carry out prompt emergency repair of equipment and infrastructure so as to secure
the best possible availability for production
(vi) Enhance, through modifications, extensions, or new low-cost items, the
productivity of existing equipment or production capacity
(vii) Ensure the operation of equipment for production and for the distribution of
energy and fluids
(viii) Improve operational safety
(ix) Advise on the acquisition, installation and operation of machinery
(x) Minimizing the loss of productive time because of equipment failure (i.e.
minimizing idle time of equipment due to break down).

(xi) Minimizing the repair time and repair cost.

(xii) Minimizing the loss due to production stoppages.

(xiii) Efficient use of maintenance personnel and equipments.

(xiv) Prolonging the life of capital assets by minimizing the rate of wear and tear.

(xv) Keep all productive assets in good working conditions.

(xvi) Maximize efficiency and economy in production through optimum use of

facilities.

(xvii) Minimize accidents through regular inspection and repair of safety devices.

(xviii) Minimize the total maintenance cost which includes the cost of repair, cost of
preventive maintenance and inventory carrying costs, due to spare parts inventory.

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2.0 MAINTENANCE TAXOMONY

Downtime is the amount of time a piece of equipment is not in operation (either planned
or unplanned).

Uptime is the amount of time a piece of equipment is continuously operating in its

intended manner (opposite of downtime).

Proactive Maintenance is the process of taking proactive measures before a piece of

equipment malfunctions in hopes to eliminate a future breakdown (opposite of reactive
maintenance).

Reactive Maintenance is the process of responding to unplanned equipment failures with

actions taken to repair the defect that caused the breakdown.

Preventive Maintenance (PM) consists of periodic tasks aimed to keep assets in working
order and prevent unscheduled downtime (a form of proactive maintenance).

Corrective Maintenance (CM) consists of actions taken to correct a problem with an

asset and return it to normal operating condition (opposite of preventive maintenance).

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) is a type of maintenance strategy that utilizes the

condition of assets to predict when maintenance is needed.

Condition-Based Maintenance consists of tasks performed as a result of quantitative data

pertaining to the condition of an asset (vibration, pressure, etc.) in real time, commonly
obtained through the use of sensors.

Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) is the type of strategy used to optimize

reliability for a particular asset by maximizing all facets of performance at the least cost
possible.

Total Productive Maintenance (Tpm) increases equipment effectiveness to its highest

potential and to maintain it at that level

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) consists of a systematic series of tasks aimed to identify the
fundamental reason why a failure occurred.

Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) refers to a software suite of

components that help staff identify maintenance procedures, maintain critical parts
inventory, and provide a mechanism for work to be requested. The goal is to preserve the
functionality and production capacity of equipment and prevent unexpected breakdowns.

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Enterprise Asset Management System (EAM) refers to a software suite that identifies
every asset within the enterprise and tracks each dimension of its financial and operational
impact, all throughout its entire lifecycle.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) consist of a collection of reports and metrics used to
provide a high-level overview of the performance of a business, process or asset. KPIs are
usually presented in a dashboard fashion and widely distributed throughout an
organization, so all stakeholders can get an instant snapshot of their progress towards
performance goals.

Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) is used to understand how long an asset runs, on
average, before it has an unexpected breakdown. It’s calculated by taking the sum of time
between all breakdowns and dividing it by the number of unexpected breakdowns. MTBF
is among the earliest attempts to anticipate future failures.

Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) is used to understand how long (duration), on average, it
takes to repair an asset. In simplest terms, MTTR is equal to the sum of repair times of an
asset divided by the number of times it’s been repaired. There are many variations of the
calculation based on when the repair is initiated (reported, all parts and tools gathered,
mechanic start time, etc.) and when the repair is considered complete (mechanic finished,
calibrated, tested, test run, back in full production and speed).

Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) refers to a designation of what work and
expenses are included to keep a plant or facility operating. It does not typically include
any expense or time associated with the cost of goods or services sold.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a calculation designed to demonstrate

performance and utilization of a given asset or system. It is the product of the availability
of the asset (total run time divided by total scheduled time) multiplied by its throughput
efficiency (actual production time divided by the fastest throughput possible by design)
multiplied by its quality (total net salable units divided by total units made). A perfect
OEE is equal to 100 percent, meaning that the system operated every minute it was
scheduled to run, the system operated at its projected throughput every minute it was on,
and all of the product units it produced had zero defects.

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3.0 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
 Planned
(Work organized and carried with forethought, control and record)
 Unplanned
(Emergency maintenance work caused by unforeseen damage and accidents)
 Preventive maintenance
(Work intended to preserve an asset, to prevent failure and to delete incipient faults)
 Corrective maintenance
(Work intended to restore an asset, to the acceptable standard)
 Running maintenance
(Asset is in operation)
 Shutdown maintenance
(Asset is out of service)
 Breakdown maintenance
(Work implemented after failure but based on advance planning)
 Scheduled Maintenance
 Reliability-based Maintenance
 Repair
 Replacement
 Overhaul
 Conditioned-based Maintenance

Maintenance can be broadly divided into three major types: Corrective Maintenance
Improvement Maintenance, and Preventive Maintenance. See Figure 1 below.

MAINTENANCE

PREVENTIVE CORRECTIVE IMPROVEMENT

PERIODIC PREDICTIVE

ROUTINE SCHEDULED

Figure1: Types of Maintenance

Condition Monitoring On–Condition Monitor
(Condition Monitor)
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8
3.1 Preventive Maintenance
These are actions performed in an attempt to keep a machine in a specified operating
condition, by means of systematic inspection, detection and prevention of incident
failures.

Preventive maintenance is advantageous because it prevents failure at very inopportune

times, injury to personnel, and costs less than repair. On the otherhand, many
organizations do far too much scheduled maintenance and therebyinduce problems and
incur excessively high costs.

Preventive maintenance could be subdivided into:

Periodic Maintenance

Predictive Maintenance

These sub–groups can be further respectively subdivided into:

Routine Maintenance
Periodic Preventive
Maintenance Scheduled Maintenance

Condition Monitoring (or Condition Monitor)

Predictive Preventive
Maintenance On–Condition Maintenance

3.2 Periodic Preventive Maintenance

i. Routine Preventive Maintenance
These are maintenance operations, not involving disassembly or replacement of
components and comprising mainly of cleaning and adjustments that are carried out
regularly such as every hour or every day or every week.

ii. Scheduled Maintenance

This is maintenance in which preventive activities are scheduled for fixed intervals that
are much longer than routine intervals. Moreover, these activities include oiling,
greasing, adjustments, replacement of parts, etc. This type of maintenance may be due to
government regulations, scheduling of downtime around production operations,
availability of special personnel or simply the need for a finite standard that can be
understood by everyone involved e.g. oil changes.

9
There are advantages in scheduling a fixed time for preventive maintenance. All the
necessary personnel, parts, tools, and information may be scheduled and made available
so that there are no delays. Coordination with production and other organizations maybe
accomplished. A typical scheduled maintenance is turnaround maintenance of refineries.

3.3 Predictive Preventive Maintenance

i. Condition Monitoring (or Condition Monitor) Maintenance
This is a self–scheduled, machine–cued predictive maintenance that is based on the
periodic, and sometimes continuous, measurement of one or several parameters of
condition in an equipment such that a significant change is indicative of a developing
failure.

Examples are:
Measurement of the viscosity of engine oil in a working machine and theamplitude of
vibration of rotating machinery.

The evolutions of these parameters are considered to be representative of the actual

condition of the machine. Nevertheless, a deviation from a reference value (e.g.
temperature, viscosity, or vibration amplitude) must occur to identify impending
damages. In failure detection, the emphasis is on inspection and test, since that is the best
way to determine if warning signs of impending failure are occurring.

In order for condition monitoring to be effective, the failure must not be catastrophic.
The pay-off from inspection is best with a slow wear-out situation.

ii. On–Condition Maintenance

On–condition maintenance is a type of maintenance based on previous database of
failures of the system to predict when increasing failures of certain types may be
alleviated by preventive maintenance. It is necessary to establish targets and run
frequency ratios on failure rates and parts usage that may indicate problem areas.

The Weibull distribution is particularly useful for projecting the point at which
maintenance should be done in order to head off future failures. With sophisticated data
processing systems, it is possible to evaluate a specific machine’s performance and
potential failures based on the machine’s use, environment, operator skill, and other
influencing conditions.

3.4 Corrective Maintenance

These are operations carried out to restore a machine to operative condition after a
breakdown, accident, wear, etc. Since these activities are generally not known in advance,
and therefore cannot be scheduled, they are often referred to as Unscheduled, Emergency
or Repair maintenance.

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3.5 Improvement Maintenance
These are modifications, retrofits or redesigns in order to achieve better maintenance. The
objective is the same as that of reliability, that is, to reduce, or even eliminate the need for
maintenance. For example, air flow can be diverted so that components are more
adequately cooled and (therefore) subjected to less environmental contamination or
overheating. This results in less frequent maintenance.

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 4.0 IMPLICATIONS OF POOR OR NO MAINTENANCE
Poor maintenance or non-maintenance could lead from minor to serious injuries to the
operator or user of equipment. It could also lead to expensive repairs. As shown in
Table 1 below, preventive maintenance is definitely better than corrective maintenance.

Table 1: Implications of poor or no maintenance of a car:

S/N Maintenance task Cost of Probable Cost of

preventive consequences consequence
Maintenance of not carrying
N out task N

1 Checking of engine oil 500.00 Knocking of 25 000.00 +

level engine

2 Changing of engine oil 1 500.00 Knocking of 25 000.00 +

engine
3 Checking of coolant 500.00 Knocking of 25 000.00 +
level engine
4 Checking of braking 500.00 Brake failure Writing-off
system Injuries/Death
5 Checking of brake 500.00 Brake failure Writing-off
fluid level Injuries/Death

4.1 Causes Of Poor Maintenance

Corruption: Is an effort to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gain
at public expense; corruption has found its way into Engineering, as those saddled with
the responsibility of maintaining our public infrastructures see Engineering as a viable
avenue to enrich themselves

Leadership: Everything rises and fall at Leadership, John Maxwell. Good and effective
leadership is essential to national development. Ability to formulate policy, transform
potential to reality and proper leadership to subordinate are the major features of a sound
leader. Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what
needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective
efforts to accomplish shared objective

Attitudinal problem: More worrisome is Nigerians attitude towards government property

as well as their private properties. Public office holders, hardly rehabilitate their official
buildings or facilities until when such assets stand the danger of risking the life of the
users. It is common knowledge in Nigeria that most incoming governments make little or
no efforts in keeping existing facilities in a proper shape through maintenance and
12
rehabilitation rather they would abandon the inherited facilities and embark on new ones
with a view to draining the little resources of the state. Nonchalant attitude of individuals
towards their health, building, cars amongst other had made them to spend huge amount of
money on things that ought to have been prevented or rehabilitated through the act of
maintenance program.

Lack of policy: Another reason why most of our public and private facilities are in total
state of mess is non-existence of maintenance policy. Policy is a law, regulation,
procedure, administrative action, incentive or voluntary practice of governments and other
institutions. There is no single blue print, program or scheme is it federal or state level on
how public facilities should be maintained. Our elected legislators, both at the federal and
state levels, are yet to take concrete steps in promulgating effective laws that would take
cognisance of major maintenance problems encountered in the administration of public
facilities. On their own part, executive arms are busy inaugurating ad-hoc committees or
agencies on how to sustain, maintain and rehabilitate the nation’s facilities in order to
handle the national development.

EFFECTS OF POOR MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC INFRACSTRUCTURE

Figure 2: EFFECTS OF POOR MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC INFRACSTRUCTURE

13
Figure 3: Another Poorly Maintained Road

Figure 4: Bad Road Maintenance

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5.0 RESOURCES NEEDED FOR MAINTENANCE

The resources needed for equipment maintenance are Hu man; Financial; Material and
Time. To obtain effective plant maintenance the resources have to be provided in the right
mix.

5.1 Human Resources (Personnel)

Personnel include Engineers; Technicians; Craftsmen and Artisans. They need regular
capacity–building through self–study; On–the–job training; External Training and re–
training on some relevant technical/engineering procedures.

5.2 Financial Resources (Money)

Effective equipment maintenance is more cost–effective than non–maintenance. Funds are

needed to set up a workshop; recruit and maintain the personnel; purchase the necessary
maintenance tools; buy the needed spare parts and maintenance consumables such as
solvents and lubricants.

5.3 Material Resources (Equipment)

For a typical business organization with a production plant, where much equipment has to
be maintained, a Maintenance Department (with a standard Workshop) is the ideal. Such a
workshop needs a full complement of test (or diagnostic) and repair tools. The
maintenance Department may also need supportive equipment such as vehicles to reach
locations and/or to move personnel and maintenance tools around.

5.4 Time Resources

Time is needed to inspect equipment, source for spare parts, disassemble, replace/repair,
reassemble, and test equipment.

5.5 Storage of Spare Parts

For ease of identification and retrieval, it is recommended that spare parts be stored in
properly labelled open shelves or bins.

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6.0 CONTROL OF MAINTENANCE COSTS

Control of maintenance Costs is geared towards optimizing maintenance costs rather

than holding them to a minimum. The interplay of the following factors controls
maintenance costs.

6.1 Costs of Spare Parts

High cost of spare parts will increase maintenance cost while low spare parts cost will
reduce maintenance costs. The cost of spare parts can be controlled by bulk-purchasing
(when feasible), checking pilfering and proper inventory control.

6.2 Labour Cost

The cost of labour depends on whether Work is done by staff members or by external
contractors, the competence of the maintenance crew, etc. The cost of labour can be
controlled by proper personnel training, adequate supervision of personnel and assigning
work to competent personnel.

6.3 Delays, Administrative Bottle-necks, Etc

Delays and administrative bottle-necks result in increased downtime. These could be
due to waiting for funds to be released or waiting for spare parts. Delays, administrative
bottle- necks, etc. can be controlled by proper inventory control to reduce downtime due
to “waiting for repair,” and proper planning of maintenance.

6.4 Improper Use of the Equipment

Improper use of the equipment will lead to frequent malfunctions and breakdowns. It is
therefore necessary to properly train equipment operators in order to control
maintenance costs.

6.5 Maintainability of the Equipment

The maintainability of equipment is the inherent characteristic of a design or installation

that determines the ease, economy, safety, and accuracy with which maintenance actions
can be performed. It determines the ability to restore a product to service or to perform
preventive maintenance within required limits. Maintainability is not within the control
of the end-user of the equipment. However, the effects of maintainability could be
controlled by proper equipment selection.

7.0 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING BREAKOUT SESSIONS

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7.1 Electrical Engineering: Electrical Transformer
Preventive maintenance strategies that identify and cure potential problems before they
affect operation or longevity have been developed such as oil sampling; electrical test;
safety maintenance and visual inspection. Together, these methods provide the
information to analyze the condition of transformers and switchgear and to determine the
steps needed to assure reliability and top performance.

Electrical Testing

Electrical tests accurately measure these important values:

Insulating value of insulation (DC Megger) Resistive and Capacitive loss (DC Hipot)

Power Factor (tests of transformers & bushings)

Relationship of primary and secondary voltages (TTR)

Trip levels and accuracy of relays and low, medium and high voltage circuit breakers

Test results are compared to manufacturers’ specifications and/or performance standards

set by NETA, IEEE and NEMA, and establish a baseline for comparison with future tests.

Repairs or calibration needed to bring equipment into specification can be easily

identified, and post repair testing assures that proper corrective action has been taken.

In many cases, testing identifies the need for simple repairs and adjustments that preclude
costly repairs and downtime in the future.

Figure 2: A Well Maintained Transformer

Tests Performed
The suite of tests includes the following:
Dielectric Absorption
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Insulation resistance test, winding-to-winding and winding-to-ground.

Turn to Turn Ratio Test: to determine actual vs. calculated voltage

Power Factor Test: to assess condition of electrical insulation in high voltage apparatus

Breaker and Relay Maintenance Unit (RMU) tests of contact resistance, conductivity,
insulation resistance, current and /or voltage trip levels – correct load inbalance and
disconnections.

Figure 3: Result of a Poorly maintained Transformer

Equipment Used

Microprocessor based circuit breaker test sets for high current injection
5KV Insulation Resistance testers Automated Insulation Power Factor
Test Set
Protective Relay Test Set

Digital Low Resistance Ohmmeters 10KV automated power factor test set
Turn to Turn Ratio Test Set

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7.1.1 Repairs
Breakers and relay test processes compares the performance of the transformer to
manufacturer’s maintenance specifications. In addition to testing, technicians perform on–
the– spot repairs such as:

Cleaning cubicles
Burnishing and adjusting contacts
Lubricating moving parts
Retrofitting trip units
Repairing faulty subassemblies

7.2 Civil Engineering:

7.2.1 Maintenance of Highways
Maintenance of Highways is preserving and keeping each type of roadway, roadside,
structures as nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed or as subsequently
improved and the operation of highway facilities and services to provide satisfactory and
safe transportation.
The various maintenance functions include:
1. Surface maintenance
2. Roadside and drainage maintenance
3. Shoulder and approaches maintenance
4. Bridges Maintenance
5. Traffic Maintenance
(i) Highway maintenance is closely related to the quality of construction of
originalroad
(ii) Insufficient pavement or base thickness or improper construction of these elements
soon results in expensive patching or surface repair.
(iii) Shoulder care becomes a serious problem where narrow lanes force heavy vehicle
to travel with one set of wheels off the pavement.
(iv) Improperly designed drainage facilities give rise to erosion or deposition of material
and costly cleaning operation or other corrective measures.
(v) Sharp ditches and steep slopes require manual maintenance as compare to cheap
maintenance of flatter ditch and soil by machine.

7.2.2 Maintenance of Concrete Mixer

Maintenance of concrete mixer generally includes five (5) points:
1) Check and clean the concrete mixer;
2) Check the link status between the mixing arm and leaves;
3) Check reducer;
4) Check running condition of the concrete plant;
5) Lubricate the two ends of main shaft bearing and the discharging door;

19
The Technical staff should follow the following requirements during the maintenance of
the corresponding mixer:
1) Concretes and other dirt adhering inside and outside the concrete mixer should be
cleaned after each shift working, and then washing with saline water;
2) Weekly check the concrete bonding status inside concrete plant and the cement
adhesion condition on the spray pipe. Cut off the power to eradicate if necessary;
3) Check connecting screws and ensure no loosening and serious wear, otherwise, that
will cause accident;
4) Check temperature rise of the drive motor after each shift working, if the motor is
overheating, trouble shoot and uncover the reason before the mixer malfunctions.
5) When the concrete mixer works, it should be smooth without abnormal sound; the
discharging door should start or close easily, tight closing, no leakage.
6) Ensure you lubricate the machine after each shift working.

7.3 Properly Maintained Infrastructures

Statistics have it that Nigeria loses over N450bn Annually due to bad road network across
the country. This bad roads networks also account for several deaths annually, some of
which are unaccounted for because they occur that remote sites in the Country. Travelers
loss several man hours moving from one part of the Country to another, which negatively
impact on their health and businesses and in turn translate to low profit, which negatively
affect the Economy.

This huge amount of loss annually attributed to bad road maintenance can be channeled
into improving other sector of the economy.
Below is a some properly maintained roads which in turn saves valuable time for
commuters

Our road should be periodically maintained in order to extend its design life span and
mitigate accidents occassioned bt bad/poorly maintained roads.

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8.0 SUMMARY:

We have seen that Maintenance Engineering deals with decision making with regards to
preventive maintenance (PM) and corrective maintenance (CM) actions and the planning
and execution of the tasks involved. This presentation begins with a brief discussion of
maintenance in general. It then deals with the key issues of various maintenance, and
discusses maintenance types. A good maintenance Engineering provides clear roles and
responsibilities, an effective span of control, facilitation of good supervision, effective
reporting, and a continuous improvement culture. Next, we discussed various taxonomies
used in maintenance, namely reliability‐centred maintenance (RCM), Root cause Analysis
(RCA), total productive maintenance (TPM), and Computerizes Maintenance
Management System (CMMS). The ultimate goal of TPM, with respect to equipment, is to
increase its effectiveness to its highest potential and to maintain it at that level. Finally, we
focused on effects of poor maintenance vis a vis proper maintenance on public
infrastructures.

8.1 Conclusion
We have talk extensively about Maintenance and maintenance Engineering, Maintenance
Engineering should be integrated in all facets of Engineering activities, especially in
Equipment’s and infrastructures that required maintenance in order to enable it operate at
optimum capacity and serve out its life span.

Personnel should be properly trained and briefed on the need to need to keep to the
timeline of Equipment maintenance schedule.

Management should as a matter of priority see to adequate budgetary provisions for the
constant maintenance of all serviceable equipments.

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 REFERENCES

1. Bruel and Kjaer, Ref. Bulletin No. BO 0094 – 11 “Vibration measurement in

predictive maintenance” pages 3 –11.
2. John Deere, 1973. “Fundamentals of Machine operation.
Preventive Maintenance”. John Deere Publications.
3. Patton, J. D. J., 1980. Maintainability and Maintenance Management.
The Instrument Society of America, pages 8 – 19.

4. L.O. Adekoya and P.A. Otono, 1990. “Repair and Maintenance Costs of
Agricultural Tractors in Nigeria”. Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 67 (2): 119-122.

5 Patton, J.D., 1980. “Maintainability and Maintenance Management.”

The Instrument Society of America, pages 8-19.

6 Patton, J.D., 1980. “Maintainability and Maintenance Management.”

The Instrument Society of America, pages 8-19

7 John Deere, 1973. “Fundamentals of Machine Operation:

Preventive Maintenance”.John Deere Publications.

8 Lack of Maintenance Culture in Nigeria: The Bane of National

Development.Vol 8, No 8, 2016.

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