Anatomy
A First Look
Ch 1
Anatomy
12
ties diff btw anatomy andphysiology
3 tianya.mne ndrii kdisisdtscipcines
naffm_y
A study of structure to cut apart Greek derivative
AFE
Often
Ef.EE
EsyyaTatomy
e relationshipsamong partsof body
anatomy of body part suggests function
This b.is iniititonaniniitIiniieogyn
structure Function are interrelated
2 General categories
1 microscopic anatomy
fi E won
a n iie iieini
b
im i EE
iii Kai.tteitiisi ript ictiEne iaYn I iii ask.ie
2 Gross Anatomy
aka macroscopic anatomy investigates the structure relationships of larg
bodypartsthat are visible to unaided eye
ex Intestines heart stomach brain kidney
Includes dissections preserved specimen cut open
Several approaches
a Comparative anatomy examines the similarities diff in anatomy
differentspecies
b Developmental
anatomy investigates the changes in structure w in
from conception thru maturity
an individual
C Embryology specificallystudies developmental changes priorto
birth Embryon young one
d Regional anatomy examines all structures in one region
as I complete unit ie the skin connectivetissue fat bones must
nerves and bloodvessels of the neck
e surface
anatomy examines bothsuperficialanatomicmarkings and
internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them
Health care professionals use thisto locate specificbonyprocess
identify
Joints or to obtain purse bloodsample
f Systemic anatomy studies theGrossanatomy ofeachsystem inbody ex
y y
formed
yw y y y n e
along organ of urine transport ureters urethra storage
Several specialized branchesfocus on diagnosis of medical conditions or
advancement of basic scientific research
a Pathologic examines all anatomic changes resultingfrom
b graphs nations studies relationships among interna
visualized by specific medical imagin
structures that
may be
c Big Y 4 49 1 ME omic landmarks used before
This YY.ie it ifeng.is hissing
13
É Ésystems ofthebody their major organs
ii E
releptors synthesizes vitamin D prevents H2O loss
i
Ekin t associated Gland
2 Skeletal system provides support protection site of hemopoiesis blood cell
production stoves calcium phosphorous providessites for muscleattachments
cartilage ioin
pkt limb none ftp.rum
vertebrae YMimb.fm
31Muscular system produces body movement generates heat when
muskes contract
orbicularisoculi muscle pectoralis major muscle Aponeurosis
Tendons Sartorius muscle
41 Nervous system Reg systemthatlontrove body movement responds to sensorystim
and helps control All othersystems ofbody Also responsible for consciousness
intelligence t memory
CNS Brain spinalcord Sense organ eye
5 Endocrine sys I consists of Glandsand cellclusters thatsecrete hormones some 0
which Regulate body t cellulargrowth chemical levels in body t Reproductive functions
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thymus Tests
Pineal Gland Thyroid gland Adrenalgland
6 Cardiovascularsystem consists of theheart blood bloodvessels heart moves blood
thru vessels todistributehormonesnutrients andgases f pickupwaste
Heart
Blood vessels
7 LymphaticsystemtransportsandfiltersLymph interstitialfluidtransportedthrulymphvessels t
initia response whennecessary
figure duct
yes
nodes Hilary cympnnodes.IT YEaiYihf
8 respliratorysystem
responsible
forexchange of gases oat con be bloodand air
intrasilarity tititicdiaphragm
thing
9 Digestivesystem mechanically chemically digests foodmaterials absorbsNutrients
andexpelswaste products
SalivaryGlands
oralcavity Isp L Iiiman 5minintestine
10urinarysystem Filter theblood removes wark productsfrom blood concentrates wasteprodu
in the formof urine andexpelsurinefromthebody
K1 Urinarybladder
1 kept
Testes
system orovaries producesexcells spermor oocytes andsexhormones eg androgens
estrogen progesterone
Men Ductus deferens prostateGland Epididymis
sum
Seminalvesicle urethra Penis
women
mamonoryacands.IEhetube
ovary YIi c Genitalia clitoris Labial
1 A
on individualstands upright w feetparallelt Flat onthefloor
Itis
from
on lfbfo bitterling forward and thumbs pointingaway
body
seisfg.IEhEiaEit'sEe'fixpose
internal anatomy
flatsurface passing thru body
3 in y
fisttiorhsatiiptayt.to ftp.t.gg
that dividesbody into anterior frontand
2 Transverse crosssectional horizontal cuts perpendicularalong long axe
of body or organ
Body organseparated into both superior interior
ComputedTomography CTscans providetransverse sectional images
3 Mid sagittal median extends thru body or organ vertically and divides
structure into Right Lefthalves Sagittow Arrow
0
1 7 Eitna istpia iiet assist better to vector
gr
Numerous minorplanes called OBhave planes
pass thru angle
AnatomicDirectional Terms
Anterior infrontof toward frontsurface
Posterior inbackof towardback surface
Dorsal Toward backside ofbody
ventral Toward belly side ofbody
interior closer to thefeet
cieshoulders vi feet
cranial cephalic Attheheadend
end ie abdomencaudaltohead
caudal At rearor tail
mouth lie frontal
rostral towardthenose or regigital
medial Towardmidline ofbody
Lateral Away frommidline
Ipsilateral onsame side ie rightarmries
contralateral onopposite sides ie right foot leftfoot
Deep ontheinside
superficial on theoutside
Proximal closestto pointofattachment to trunk
Distal furthestfrompointofattachment totrunk
3 Medial Lateral
1
Anterior Posterior
Proximal Distal
Superior inferior
2 4
Directional terms describe LOCATION Relative relationships ofbody part
Regional Anatomy
Thehumanbodyis partitionedinto 2mainregions
AxialRegion head Neck trunk main verticalaxis ofbody
Appendicularregion Limbs appendage thatattach to axis
KeyBody Regions
cephalic head cervical neck
Orbital eye Abdominal abdomen
Pelvic
iii init's coxal hip
oral mouth Inguinal Groin
mental chin vertebral spinalcolumn
Cranial surroundingbrain
Lumbar lowerback
Okipital back ofhead sacral rightabove butt
Gluteal buttock
thorticular ear
Axillary armpit Intellxtremity
mammary breast femoral thigh
pectoral Chest patellar knee
Sternal Sternum Popliteal postenor ofknee
Lower Extremity Crural leg
Deltoid shoulder Sural Calf
Brachial arm Tarsal ankle
Antecubital frontelbow Calcamon heel
Olecranon elbow Plantar surface sole
Antebrachial forearm Dorsum offoot
pes foot
Surfumtofhand 71g 1 e
Manus hand
Palmer PALM
Digital finger
Body cavities and membranes
Axial regiondivided into 2 mar
Posterioraspecthas two enclosed cavities
cranial cavity endocranium
2 Ventral canal
encasedTEON sthusare physically developmentally diff fromventralcavity
Ventralcavity Larger anteriorlyplaced cavity in body
1 THORACIC Superior Right Left sides containLungs
2
Ednoc intonor by thediaphragm
8 tt iiiamaicriiiyiiimiamoriiiiiii iiiii.im iiiiiiiiiiaiimmen
p h can E w moist potentialspace bow parietal 7 visceral layer
RIGHT
Étes
is EEE
serouswid
n n
Divided by
DeLVIfrim
rÑkammm Pelvic cavity
distalpartof large intestine unnary bladderureth
organs ordigestive system kidneys ureters repro organs
Peritoneal cavity potential space b w serous membrane layer
some healthcare professionals partirow the abdomen into 4 Quad
1 Right Upper Quad RUQ
2 Left upper wad LUO
3 Right Lower Quad CRLQ
4 Left Lower Quad LIQ
ᵈRA
d MEDICAL IMAGING Procedures
É biography radius
clinical image of body
ray grapho to work primary method of obtain
Beam of X rays penetrate solid structures when body they can
pass thru tissue but are absorbed by dense loe teeth bonesa
Film images leave the film lighter in areas where xray is absorbed
Hollow organs can be visualized if filled w radiopaquesubstanc
oud
I 1 ab
4
Disadvantages trace amounts
of radiation sometimes overcapp
Fffges images oforgans confusing
unable to reveal diff in tissue
density Not super high res Quick Dirty
UTRAround most widely used imaging method aka
sonus sound sonography
ounan Technician slowly moves aroundhandhelddevice called Transducer
Ultrasound waves receives signals that are reflected
produces high freq
Ound Advantages No radiation inexpensive portable
waves Disadvantage image is Not as sharp someorgansmay not be
easily evaluated in obese individuals
Dialtal Subtraction angiography EDSA modified 3D technique to view
bloodvessels by taking radiographprior to s after injecting dye
U procedure where physician directs CATHETER thrublood
my 90 11,1 blocked
9 in area
Disadvantage invasive procedure
computed TOMOGRAPHY CT tomos a section moresophisticated x ray pt is move
2hAM thru machine where lowintensity xrays are emitted on 1 sideof cylinder passe
detectors
thru body collected by thenprocessed bycomputer
YUY convinous thin slices areused to reconstruct 3 0
image multipleLagers
Advantages Littleoverlap sharp image
magnetic resonanceimaging MRI noninvasive technique to visualizesoft tiss
pt placed in supine position w in cylindricalchamberthat is surroundedbylargeelectromag
magnet generates strongmagnetic field that causes protons H atom
in thetissues to align comp analyzes emitted energy toproduce ima
Advantages Better than CT for distinguishing soft tissue ie graymatte
Disadvantage Dense structures do not show up well expensive
affects Positron Emission Tomography PET analyze metabolic state of tissue
paging given moment in time and to determine which tissues are mostactive
injection of Glucose which emits positrons to result in colorimage
Introduce radioactive substance into
body ex give sugar so Xray
can comeout
used to find tumors
Ch.l
Questions
1 Definition of anatomy study of structure to cutapart
2 2 Broad categories
1 Microscopic structures that cannotbe observed unaided
by eye
2 Macroscopic of Gross study ofbody structures w o magnification
anatomy that examines howgroups ofspecialized
of microscopic
3 Subdivision
cells function together HISTOLOGY
4 Systemic Anatomy the study of the Gross anatomy of each organ
system in body
5 Parnovouic Anatomy branch of anatomy that examines all anatomic
changes resulting from Disease
6 in which branch of anatomy are individual cells or thin slices of
somepart or body prepared for examination microscopic
7 Organs structure that contain 2 or more tissuetypes that work
together toperform specific complex functions
8 cytology refers to study of cells and internal structures
9 Studying the kidneys unnary bladder urethra components of urinary
system would be an example of sysemic anatomy
10 March ORGAN to Function
Integumentary synthesizes vitamin D prevents H2O loss
Digestive Responsible for nutrientabsorption
Urinary 1Filters Blood concentrateswaste products
Muscular Generates heat
CardiovascularDistributes hormones Nutrientsgases picks up waste
11 Plane imaginary thatsurface that passes thru body
12 Transverse superior inferior
13 Organsystemresponsible for initiation of immuneresponse Lymphane
14 Midsagittal median or vertical Plane that divides into right left halves
13 at the rear or tail end
16 Actual cut or slice that ex.pt
9nternal anatomy is a section
17 CommonmedicalImaging techniques include Positron Emission TomographyLP
and computed Tomography CT
Is at the head end cranial
19 closestto the pointof attachment to trunk Proximal
20 Match Term to its opposite
superfical v1 Deep
Cranial vs Caudal
Ventral vs Dorsal
Distal vs Proximal
21 at the bellyside ventral
27 The Anatomical term describing the Groin is the inguinal region
23 Identify body region in armpit Axillary
24 at the backside Dorsal
25 Wrist carpal
26 Pubic central most anterior region ofperus
27 Region that refers to visible surfacestructure of ear Auricular
back of elbow
decrande
29 Diamond shaped region b w thighs that contains anus selected external
repro organs Perineal
29 Anatomical name for great toe Hallux or Digit
30 Popliteal Aven posterior to knee
31 Anatomical term for Thumb Pollex
32 contents of mediastinuminclude
Heart
2 Esophagus
3 Trachea
33 contents of thoracic
cavity
1 Heart
Elaine
34MATCH Body cavity wcontents
Mediastinum Thymus esophagus trachea
Pericardial Heart
Abdominal spleen liver Pancreas
Pelvic urinary bladder urethra
