CPTED
SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlEoFz2MJjA
1. CPTED Origins: In 1971, Professor C. Ray Jeffrey introduced the term "Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design" (CPTED), influenced by the works of Elizabeth Wood and Jane Jacobs. He emphasized
the importance of understanding how the environment affects behavior rather than just focusing on the
offender's background.
2. Oscar Newman’s Theory: Around the same time, architect Oscar Newman developed the "Defensible
Space" theory, which highlights three principles to reduce crime:
o Territoriality: Creating a sense of ownership over spaces.
o Natural Surveillance: Designing spaces so that people can easily see and monitor their
surroundings.
o Image and Milieu: Ensuring the environment looks well-maintained and inviting.
3. Situational Crime Prevention:At the same time Ronald Clark was also developing ideas on
situational crime prevention, which focuses on reducing opportunities for crime in specific places and times.
By 2003, he identified 25 techniques to deter crime
From which 5 are listed below:
o Increasing the risk of being caught
o Increasing the effort they need to put in, in order to pull it off
o Reducing potential rewards.
o Reducing the stuff which may provoke the criminal
o By eliminating excuses for deviant behavior
4. Problem-Oriented Policing: In 1979, Herman Goldstein developed the concept of problem-oriented
policing (POP), which focuses on addressing the root causes of problems in communities.
First Success: By 1987, the first successful implementation of this approach in a police agency was shared.
Practical Approach: POP is a practical method for policing and management, emphasizing the need to identify and
solve specific issues rather than just responding to incidents.
Tools for Analysis: Police agencies learned to use tools like the routine activity-based problem analysis triangle and
the SERUM model to:
o Scan the Environment: Look for existing problems in the community.
o Analyze Causes: Understand why these problems are occurring.
o Respond: Develop effective strategies to address the issues.
o Assess Outcomes: Evaluate the results of their interventions and share findings to improve practices.
5. Crime Pattern Theory: In 1981, Paul and Patricia Brantingham presented Crime Pattern Theory,
explaining how the movement of people in urban areas can lead to victimization when the paths of
offenders and non-offenders intersect.
6. Conditions for Committing Crimes: Joseph Sheyley highlighted four conditions that must be met
for someone to commit a crime:
o Motivation
o Lack of social constraints
o Necessary skills
o Opportunity.
Controlling opportunity is crucial ,as much of the crime can be prevented by reducing opportunities .
for the criminals.
7. Timothy Crowe’s 3D Approach: In 1991, Tim Crow combined various theories into a practical guide
called "DECEPT." He introduced the 3D approach, emphasizing:
o Natural Surveillance
o Natural Access Control
o Territorial Reinforcement
8. Generations of CPTED:
o The first generation ( Newman and Moffat) focused on physical design and security measures.
And making tangible changes to the built environment as a means of reducing crime, laying the
foundation for later developments that would incorporate more social and community aspects into
crime prevention strategies.
o The second generation (Gerard Cleveland and Gregory Saville) preventing crime from growing
within an area
o The third generation (Mateja Mahinjac and Gregory Saville) focuses on designing a green
environment based on both security and physical measures to ensure that urban spave is safe.
9. Multi-Disciplinary Approach: Successful crime prevention requires collaboration across different
fields and a focus on practical applications of these theories in real-life settings.
