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Foundations of Mathematical Analysis 1st Edition S.
Ponnusamy (Auth.) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): S. Ponnusamy (auth.)
ISBN(s): 9780817682910, 0817682910
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.95 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
S. Ponnusamy

Foundations of
Mathematical Analysis
S. Ponnusamy
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600 036
India
[email protected]

ISBN 978-0-8176-8291-0 e-ISBN 978-0-8176-8292-7

DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-8292-7
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941616

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 26-01, 26Axx

c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY
10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection
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 To my parents

Saminathan Pillai and Valliammai

Preface

Mathematical analysis is central to mathematics curricula not only because

it is a stepping-stone to the study of advanced analysis, but also because of
its applications to other branches of mathematics, physics, and engineering at
both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Although there are many texts on
this subject under various titles such as “Analysis,” “Advanced Calculus,” and
“Real Analysis,” there seems to be a need for a text that explains fundamental
concepts with motivating examples and with a geometric flavor wherever it
is appropriate. It is hoped that this book will serve that need. This book
provides an introduction to mathematical analysis for students who have some
familiarity with the real number system. Many ideas are explained in more
than one way with accompanying figures in order to help students to think
about concepts and ideas in several ways. It is hoped that through this book,
both student and teacher will enjoy the beauty of some of the arguments that
are often used to prove key theorems—regardless of whether the proofs are
short or long.
The distinguishing features of the book are as follows. It gives a largely
self-contained and rigorous introduction to mathematical analysis that pre-
pares the student for more advanced courses by making the subject matter
interesting and meaningful. The exposition of standard material has been
done with extra care and abundant motivation. Unlike many standard texts,
the emphasis in the present book is on teaching these topics rather than
merely presenting the standard material. The book is developed through pa-
tient explanations, motivating examples, and pictorial illustrations conveying
geometric intuition in a pleasant and informal style to help the reader grasp
difficult concepts easily.
Each section ends with a carefully selected set of “Questions” and “Ex-
ercises.” The questions are intended to stimulate the reader to think, for
example, about the nature of a definition or the fate of a theorem without one
or more of its hypotheses. The exercises cover a broad spectrum of difficulty
and are intended not only for routine problem solving, but also to deepen

VII
VIII Preface

understanding of concepts and techniques of proof. As a whole, the questions

and exercises provide enough material for oral discussions and written assign-
ments, and working through them should lead to a mature knowledge of the
subject presented.
Some of the exercises are routine in nature, while others are interesting,
instructive, and challenging. Hints are provided for selected questions and
exercises. Students are strongly encouraged to work on these questions and
exercises and to discuss them with fellow students and teachers. They are also
urged to prepare short synopses of various proofs that they encounter.

Content and Organization: The book consists of eleven chapters, which are
further divided into sections that have a number of subsections. Each section
includes a careful selection of special topics covered in subsections that will
serve to illustrate the scope and power of various methods in real analysis.
Proofs of even the most elementary facts are detailed with a careful presenta-
tion. Some of the subsections may be ignored based on syllabus requirements,
although keen readers may certainly browse through them to broaden their
horizons and see how this material fits in the general scheme of things. The
main thrust of the book is on convergence of sequences and series, continu-
ity, differentiability, the Riemann integral, power series, uniform convergence
of sequences and series of functions, Fourier series, and various important
applications.
Chapter 1 provides a gentle introduction to the real number system, which
should be more or less familiar to the reader. Chapter 2 begins with the con-
cept of the limit of a sequence and examines various properties of convergent
sequences. We demonstrate the bounded monotone convergence theorem and
continue the discussion with Cauchy sequences. In Chapter 3, we define the
concept of the limit of a function through sequences. We then continue to
define continuity and differentiability of functions and establish properties of
these classes of functions, and briefly explain the uniformly continuity of func-
tions. In Chapter 4, we prove Rolle’s theorem and the mean value theorem
and apply continuity and differentiability in finding maxima and minima. In
Chapter 5, we establish a number of tests for determining whether a given
series is convergent or divergent. Here we introduce the base of the natu-
ral logarithm e and prove that it is irrational. We present Riemann’s rear-
rangement theorem for conditionally convergent series. We end this chapter
with applications of Dirichlet’s test and summability of series. There are two
well-known approaches to Riemann integration, namely Riemann’s approach
through the convergence of arbitrary Riemann sums, and Darboux’s approach
via upper and lower sums. In Chapter 6, we give both of these approaches and
show their equivalence, along with a number of motivating examples. After
presenting standard properties of Riemann integrals, we use them in evaluat-
ing the limits of certain sequences. In this chapter, we meet the fundamental
theorem of calculus, which “connects the integral of a function and its an-
 Preface IX

tiderivative.” In Chapter 7, we discuss the convergence and the divergence

of improper integrals and give interesting examples of improper integrals,
namely, the gamma function and the beta function. Our particular applica-
tion emphasizes the integral test, the convergence of harmonic p-series, and
the Abel–Pringsheim divergence test. We deal with a number of applications
of the Riemann integral, e.g., in finding areas of regions bounded by curves
and arc lengths of plane curves.
Chapter 8 begins with the theory of power series, their convergence prop-
erties, and Abel’s theorem and its relation to the Cauchy product. Finally,
we present some methods of computing the interval of convergence of a given
power series. Chapter 9 contains a systematic discussion of pointwise and uni-
form convergence of sequence of functions. Students generally find it difficult
to understand the difference between pointwise and uniform convergence. We
illustrate this difference with numerous examples. We examine the close re-
lationship between uniform convergence and integration—on the interchange
of the order of integration and summation in the limit process—followed by
a similar relationship between uniform convergence and differentiation. In
Chapter 10, we introduce Fourier series with their convergence properties. In
addition, we present a number of examples to demonstrate the use of Fourier
series, such as how a given function can be represented in terms of a series of
sine and cosine functions. The reader is encouraged to make use of computer
packages such as Mathematica and MapleTM where appropriate. Finally, in
Chapter 11, we introduce a special class of functions, namely functions of
bounded variation, and give a careful exposition of the Riemann–Stieltjes in-
tegral.

Numbering: The various theorems, corollaries, lemmas, propositions, remarks,

examples, questions, and exercises are numbered consecutively within a chap-
ter, without regard to label, and always carry the number of the chapter in
which they reside. The end of the proof of a theorem, corollary, lemma, or
proposition is indicated by a solid square and the end of a worked-out ex-
ample or remark by a bullet •.

Acknowledgments: Special thanks are due to my friend G.P. Youvaraj, who

read the entire first draft of the manuscript with care and made many valu-
able suggestions. It is a great pleasure in offering my warmest thanks to Herb
Silverman, who read the final manuscript and assisted me with numerous
helpful suggestions. My Ph.D. students, especially, S.K. Sahoo, Allu Vasude-
varao, and P. Vasundhra, helped me with the preparation of the LATEX files on
different occasions. Figures were created mainly by S.K. Sahoo. I thank them
all for their help. I am grateful to my wife, Geetha, daughter, Abirami, and
son, Ashwin, for their support and encouragement; their constant reminders
helped me in completing this project on time.
X Preface

The book was written with support from the Golden Jubilee Book Writ-
ing Scheme of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. I thank
IIT Madras for this support. It gives me immense pleasure in thanking the
publisher and the editor, Tom Grasso, for his efficient responses during the
preparation of the manuscript.

IIT Madras, India S. Ponnusamy

Contents

1 The Real Number System 1

1.1 Sets and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Review of Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 The Rational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 The Irrational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4 Algebraic Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 The Field of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.6 An Ordered Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Supremum and Infimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.1 Least Upper Bounds and Greatest Lower Bounds . . . . . . 11
1.2.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.3 Equivalent and Countable Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.4 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Sequences: Convergence and Divergence 23

2.1 Sequences and Their Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Limits of Sequences of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2 Operations on Convergent Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.3 The Squeeze/Sandwich Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.4 Bounded Monotone Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.5 Subsequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.6 Bounded Monotone Convergence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.7 The Bolzano–Weierstrass Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1.8 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2 Limit Inferior, Limit Superior, and Cauchy Sequences . . . . . . . . 53
2.2.1 Cauchy Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2.2 Summability of Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.3 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

XI
XII Contents

3 Limits, Continuity, and Differentiability 71

3.1 Limit of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.1 Limit Point of a Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.2 Sequential Characterization of Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.1.3 Properties of Limits of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.1.4 One-Sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.5 Infinite Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.6 Limits at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.1.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.1 Basic Properties of Continuous Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.2 Squeeze Rule and Examples of Continuous Functions . . 88
3.2.3 Uniform Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.4 Piecewise Continuous Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3 Differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.1 Basic Properties of Differentiable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.2 Smooth and Piecewise Smooth Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.3 L’Hôpital’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.4 Limit of a Sequence from a Continuous Function . . . . . . 108
3.3.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4 Applications of Differentiability 115

4.1 Basic Concepts of Injectivity and Inverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.1.1 Basic Issues about Inverses on R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.1.2 Further Understanding of Inverse Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.1.3 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2 Differentiability from the Geometric View Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.1 Local Extremum Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.2 Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem . . . . . . . . 127
4.2.3 L’Hôpital’s Rule: Another Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2.4 Second-Derivative Test and Concavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5 Series: Convergence and Divergence 147

5.1 Infinite Series of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.1.1 Geometric Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.1.2 Decimal Representation of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.1.3 The Irrationality of e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.1.4 Telescoping Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.1.5 Operations and Convergence Criteria in Series . . . . . . . . 159
5.1.6 Absolutely and Conditionally Convergent Series . . . . . . . 161
5.1.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.2 Convergence and Divergence Tests for Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.2.1 Basic Divergence Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
 Contents XIII

5.2.2 Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

5.2.3 Abel–Pringsheim Divergence Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.2.4 Direct Comparison Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2.5 Limit Comparison Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.2.6 Cauchy’s Condensation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.2.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.3 Alternating Series and Conditional Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.3.1 Alternating Series Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.3.2 Rearrangement of Terms in a Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.3.3 Riemann’s Theorem on Conditionally Convergent
Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.3.4 Dirichlet Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.3.5 Cauchy Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.3.6 (C, 1) Summability of Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

6 Definite and Indefinite Integrals 209

6.1 Definition and Basic Properties of Riemann Integrals . . . . . . . . . 209
6.1.1 Darboux Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.1.2 Basic Properties of Upper and Lower Sums . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.1.3 Criteria for Integrability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
6.1.4 Basic Examples of Integrable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.1.5 Integrability of Monotone/Continuous Functions . . . . . . 230
6.1.6 Basic Properties of Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.1.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.2 Fundamental Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.2.1 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.2.2 The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.2.3 Average Value of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.2.4 The Logarithmic and Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.2.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

7 Improper Integrals and Applications of Riemann

Integrals 271
7.1 Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.1.1 Improper Integrals over an Unbounded Interval . . . . . . . 272
7.1.2 Improper Integrals of Unbounded Functions . . . . . . . . . . 280
7.1.3 The Gamma and Beta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7.1.4 Wallis’s Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.1.5 The Integral Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.1.6 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
7.2 Applications of the Riemann Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.2.1 Area in Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.2.2 Arc Length of a Plane Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.3 Arc Length for Parameterized Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
XIV Contents

7.2.4 Arc Length of Polar Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

7.2.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

8 Power Series 331

8.1 The Ratio Test and the Root Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1.1 The Ratio Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1.2 The Root Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.1.3 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.2 Basic Issues around the Ratio and Root Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.2.1 Convergence of Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.2.2 Radius of Convergence of Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.2.3 Methods for Finding the Radius of Convergence . . . . . . . 347
8.2.4 Uniqueness Theorem for Power Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
8.2.5 Real Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.2.6 The Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
8.2.7 Taylor’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.2.8 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

9 Uniform Convergence of Sequences of Functions 371

9.1 Pointwise and Uniform Convergence of Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.1.1 Definitions and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9.1.2 Uniform Convergence and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
9.1.3 Interchange of Limit and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.1.4 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
9.2 Uniform Convergence of Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
9.2.1 Two Tests for Uniform Convergence of Series . . . . . . . . . 396
9.2.2 Interchange of Summation and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.2.3 Interchange of Limit and Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
9.2.4 The Weierstrass Approximation Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
9.2.5 Abel’s Limit Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
9.2.6 Abel’s Summability of Series and Tauber’s
First Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
9.2.7 (C, α) Summable Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
9.2.8 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

10 Fourier Series and Applications 429

10.1 A Basic Issue in Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
10.1.1 Periodic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
10.1.2 Trigonometric Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
10.1.3 The Space E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
10.1.4 Basic Results on Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
10.1.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
10.2 Convergence of Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
10.2.1 Statement of Dirichlet’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
10.2.2 Fourier Series of Functions with an Arbitrary Period . . . 448
 Contents XV

10.2.3 Change of Interval and Half-Range Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

10.2.4 Issues Concerning Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
10.2.5 Dirichlet’s Kernel and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
10.2.6 Two Versions of Dirichlet’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
10.2.7 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

11 Functions of Bounded Variation and Riemann–Stieltjes

Integrals 469
11.1 Functions of Bounded Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
11.1.1 Sufficient Conditions for Functions of Bounded
Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
11.1.2 Basic Properties of Functions of Bounded Variation . . . . 474
11.1.3 Characterization of Functions of Bounded Variation . . . 479
11.1.4 Bounded Variation and Absolute Continuity . . . . . . . . . . 483
11.1.5 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
11.2 Stieltjes Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
11.2.1 The Darboux–Stieltjes Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
11.2.2 The Riemann–Stieltjes Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
11.2.3 Questions and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

References for Further Reading 507

Index of Notation 509

Appendix A: Hints for Selected Questions and Exercises 513

Index 565
1
The Real Number System

This chapter consists of reference material with which the reader should be
familiar. We present it here both to refresh the reader’s memory and to have
them available for reference. In Section 1.1, we begin by recalling elementary
properties of sets, in particular the set of rational numbers and their deci-
mal representations. Then we proceed to introduce the irrational numbers. In
Section 1.2, we briefly discuss the notion of supremum and infimum and state
the completeness axiom for the set of real numbers. We introduce the concept
of one-to-one, onto, and bijective mappings, as well as that of equivalent sets.

1.1 Sets and Functions

1.1.1 Review of Sets

The notion of a set is one of the most basic concepts in all of mathemat-
ics. We begin our discussion with some set-theoretic terminology and a few
facts from the algebra of sets. A set is a collection of well-defined objects
(e.g., numbers, vectors, functions) and is usually designated by a capital let-
ter A, B, C, . . . , X, Y, Z. If A is a set, we write a ∈ A to express “a is an
element (or member) of A” or “a belongs to A.” Likewise, the expression
a∈ / A means “a is not an element of A” or “a does not belong to A.” For
instance, A = {a, b} means that A consists of a and b, while the set A = {a}
consists of a alone. We use the symbol “∅” to denote the empty set, that is,
the set with no elements.
If B is also a set and every element of B is also an element of A, then we
say that B is a subset of A or that B is contained in A, and we write B ⊂ A.
We also say that A contains B and write A ⊃ B. That is,1

A ⊃ B ⇐⇒ B ⊂ A ⇐⇒ a ∈ B implies that a ∈ A.

1
The symbol ⇐⇒ and the word “iff” both mean “if and only if.”

S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Mathematical Analysis, 1

DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-8292-7 1,
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
2 1 The Real Number System

Clearly, every set is a subset of itself, and therefore to distinguish subsets that
do not coincide with the set in question, we say that A is a proper subset of
B if A ⊂ B and in addition, B also contains at least one element that does
not belong to A. We express this by the symbol A  B, a proper subset A of
B. Since A ⊂ A, it follows that for any two sets A and B, we have
A = B ⇐⇒ B ⊂ A and A ⊂ B.
In this case, we say that the two sets A and B are equal. Thus, in order to
prove that the sets A and B are equal, we may show that A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A.
When A is not a subset of B, then we indicate this by the notation
A ⊂ B,
meaning that there is at least one element a ∈ A such that a ∈ / B. For every
A ⊂ X, the complement of A, relative to X, is the set of all x ∈ X such that
x∈/ A. We shall use the notation
Ac = X \A = {x : x ∈ X and x ∈
/ A}.
The complement X c of X itself is the empty set ∅. Also, ∅c = X.
We often use the symbol := to mean that the symbol on the left is defined
by the expression on the right. For instance,
N := {1, 2, . . .}, the set of natural numbers.
A set can be defined by listing its elements or by specifying a property that
determines the elements in the set. For instance,
A = {2n : n ∈ N}.
That is, A = {x : P (x)} represents the set A of all elements x such that “the
property P (x) is true.” Also, B = {x ∈ A : Q(x)} represents the subset of A
for which the “property Q(x)” holds. For instance,
B = {1, 3} or A = {x : x ∈ N, 2x3 − 9x2 + 10x − 3 = 0}.
For a given set A, the power set of A, denoted by P(A), is defined to be
the set of all subsets of A:
P(A) = {B : B ⊂ A}.
If A and B are sets, then their union, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all
elements that are elements of either A or B:
A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Clearly A ∪ B = B ∪ A. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by
A ∩ B, is the set consisting of elements that belong to both A and B:
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Note that A \B is also used for A ∩ B c . Two sets are said to be disjoint if
their intersection is the empty set. The notion of intersection and union can
 1.1 Sets and Functions 3

be extended to larger collections of sets. For instance, if Λ is an indexing set

such as N, then 
Ai = {x : x ∈ Ai for some i ∈ Λ}
i∈Λ

and 
Ai = {x : x ∈ Ai for every i ∈ Λ}.
i∈Λ

A collection of sets {Ai : i ∈ Λ} is said to be pairwise disjoint if

Ai ∩ Aj = ∅ for i, j ∈ Λ, i = j.
We do not include here basic set-theoretic properties, since these should be
familiar from high-school mathematics.
We now list Giuseppe Peano’s (1858–1932) five axioms for N:
• 1 ∈ N.
• Each n ∈ N has a successor, namely n + 1 (sometimes designated by n ).
• 1 is not the successor of any n ∈ N.
• If m and n in N have the same successor, then m = n, i.e., two distinct
elements in N cannot have the same successor.
• Suppose A ⊂ N. Then A = N if the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) 1 ∈ A.
(ii) If n ∈ A, then n + 1 ∈ A.
The last axiom is the basis for the principle of mathematical induction, and
so it is called the induction axiom.
The principle of mathematical induction reads as follows.
Theorem 1.1 (Principle of mathematical induction). Suppose that P (n)
is a statement concerning n ∈ N. If P (1) is true and if P (k + 1) is true when-
ever P (k) is true, then P (n) is true for all n ≥ 1.
As an illustration of this theorem, the following can easily be proved:
n
 n(n + 1)
(a) k = for all n ≥ 1.
2
k=1
n
 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(b) k2 = .
6
k=1
n
n2 (n + 1)2
(c) k3 = .
4
k=1
n+1
(d) (n + 2)!
√ >n 2 √ all n ≥ 1.
for
(e) (3 + 5) + (3 − 5)n is an even integer for n ≥ 1 (use the identity
ak+1 + bk+1 = (ak + bk )(a + b) − (ak−1 + bk−1 )ab).
We shall now begin to introduce the set Q of rational numbers and the set
R of real numbers.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 "Good old girl. Don't know what they call cats in Flemish, but
Pussy seems to be good enough for you. Stop and scare the rats
away, give 'em fits, eh, Pussy? You're agreeable? Good egg! Oh—I
say!"
For Pussy had walked, loudly purring, on to the chest that
heaved so painfully, and proceeded to knead the surface
scientifically, preparatory to curling down. Franky set his teeth, and
bore the ordeal. Thus they kept company until morning, when Pussy,
who proved to be a lean white Tom with patches of sandy
tortoiseshell on flanks and shoulders, withdrew by the fanged
opening where the window had been. A moment later Franky heard
his late companion lapping noisily from a street-puddle and knew
envy, in the anguish of his own unrelieved thirst.
He wandered then for a space of hours or instants, in the days
of his own lost childhood. He was in the night-nursery at Whins,
suffering from some feverish ill. He felt the prickling as of
innumerable ants running up his limbs and the sweat upon his
forehead, and called meaningly to Nurse for drink. But it was his
mother in her dinner-dress, with shining jewels crowning her dark
hair, and wreathing her neck and starring her bosom, who came to
the bedside and leaned over him, put the rumpled hair from his hot
forehead, and held to his lips the cup of milk. Then a droning sound
made the room vibrate, and he was back with his company in the
hastily-dug trench across the mouth of the west-running
thoroughfare, and church-bells were clanging and the telephone-
buzzer was calling for the reserve to double out and reinforce the
men in the trench enfilading the bridge....
Then he was awake and the sun was high. Those guns in the west
were silent now, though from the south and south-east came heavy
thuds and long vibrations. Through the rents in the flooring above
him by which the rain had dripped upon him in the night, he was
looking at the blue sky. A big white bird hovered there. Not a bird—a
Taube. The Taube, and he had not dreamed the buzzing after all.
Oh, but it was queer to lie there under the keen scrutiny of that
eye in the heavens! It made the prickly ants swarm up Franky's
thighs and sides until the sensation grew unbearable. Hate, fierce
hate of the murderous, beautiful thing droning up there in the azure
sky above its curious misty circle made him see everything red,
made him want to yell and shriek. For Margot was in danger,
somehow—somewhere—while one lay helpless as a log....
"Steady, old child!" whispered Franky to himself, warningly.
"You're going off your chump. Hold still!"
And he held still. The Buzzard ceased to buzz, and floated on,
droning. He fancied that he felt its shadow darken and pass over
him, moving from his head to his feet. The noise of the tractor
stopped. Reflected in the area of a skewed wall-mirror he saw the
machine volplane down, and alight without a falter in the Market
Place—before the smoking ruins of the Town Hall.
 CHAPTER LXI
LYNETTE DREAMS

Upon that same night in October nearly five weeks following the
breaking of the Woe Wave, Lynette Saxham had a strange dream.
It seemed to her that she saw piled up in one colossal heap the
riches of all the world, the world we know and the world we have
forgotten; the treasures of all ages piled up higher than Kilimanjaro,
or Aconcagua, or the cloud-mantled peak of Mount Everest. To her
feet as she stood spell-bound amongst the foothills, rolled jewelled
crowns, and huge barbaric torques and diadems of rough gold,
precious cups, vases, and chargers; outpoured treasures of precious
stones and wrought gems of inconceivable beauty and vileness,
wondrous fabrics, marvels of sculpture, weapons, armour and coins
of age beyond the ages—rude discs of tarnished gold, stamped with
the effigies of forgotten kings. Orders, decorations, the
paraphernalia of Pomp, the stage-properties of Power, the symbols
of every religion, save One, were mingled in the stupendous pile,
and a terrible Voice cried:
"Gone is the age of pride in possession! Chattels and fardels are
no more! The days have spilt like pearls from a broken necklace!
Time has eaten the years as the moth a garment of wool! Foredone,
foregone, finished! Who now will gather riches from the Dustheap of
the World?" And as new avalanches of treasure rolled downwards to
the reverberation of that thunderous shout, a Hand of Titanic
proportions hurled down upon the heap a war-chariot of beaten
gold, with great scythed wheels, and jewelled harness; and that
vision changed, and the dreamer was drowning, deep down in clear
green seas, under the rushing keel of a huge barbaric War-galley
that was all of gold, arabesqued and bossed with jewels, and coral,
and pearl.
And the sense of suffocation passed, and a wonderful cool
peace flowed in upon Lynette. She seemed to be led by a beloved
hand that had been dust for years, into a bare walled place through
which a thin breeze piped shrilly. Someone was there, doing some
manual labour. He turned, and with a shock of unutterable rapture
Lynette was looking in the face of her lost boy.
Bawne had grown thin and seemed taller. His temples had
hollowed, his plume of tawny-gold hair hung unkempt over his wide
white forehead. But his blue eyes were as sweet as ever. She had
never realised how like they were to Saxham's in shape and colour,
and in expression, until now. He thrust his lower jaw out and knit his
brows slightly, as though her face were fading from his vision, and
he wished to fix in mind the memory of its well-loved features:
"Stay, Mother! Oh! Mother, don't leave me!" he cried, and
stretched out his hands to her, and she awakened, weeping for
sorrow and joy.
It was broad day. Her husband was not there. She rose and
bathed in the cold water she loved, and dressed in the simple
Quaker-like grey that set off her fairness, and went out to Mass....
The day's Preparation was taken from the noble prayer of St.
Ambrose, Bishop and Confessor:
 "And now before Thee, O Lord, I lay the troubles of the poor;
the sorrows of nations, and the groanings of those in bondage; the
desolation of the fatherless; the weariness of wayfarers; the
helplessness of the sick; the struggles of the dying; the failing
strength of the aged; the ambitious hopes of young men; the high
desires of maidens; and the widow's tears. For Thou, O Lord, art full
of pity for all men: nor hatest aught of that which Thou hast made."
He even loved von Herrnung, who had taken her boy, and kept
him in slavery, and robbed the joyous light from his sweet eyes, and
set amongst his red-brown hair one sinister streak of white. She saw
the bleached forelock dangling before her eyes when she shut them
and tried to pray for the Enemy:
"Oh God! forgive that evil man, and turn his heart towards
mercy and pitifulness, and give me back Thy precious gift, for the
love of Her who is Thy Mother!"
It was yet early when she returned to Harley Street and passed
at once into the Doctor's consulting-room. There, where her lips had
first kissed him, sleeping in his chair, she found Saxham sitting at his
table, with his sorrow of heart revealed in the stoop of his great
shoulders, and his greying head resting upon his hands. Not a sound
did he utter, but the attitude was more than eloquent:
"Oh my son!" it said. "Oh me!—my little son!"
"Owen!" she said, coming to his side and touching him. Then,
as he started and looked up: "Bawne is alive!" she cried. "I have
seen him in a dream, and he has spoken to me. He was in a bare
high place with corrugated iron walls, whitened. It made me think of
the Hospital at Gueldersdorp in the old days, and of a hangar.... His
clothes were soiled and torn, and his hands were blackened. One
other thing I saw—but I will not wring your heart by telling you.... It
is enough that I have seen our boy.... alive. Oh! thank God!" She
stopped, and the rose of joy faded from her cheeks, and only the
tears were left there. Her eyes widened with a terrible doubt. "You
knew! ... It is in your face! You had heard ... something, and you did
not tell me!"
"I had not the courage. Despise me, for I deserve it! I had news
of Bawne at the end of August. He is with that man who stole him
—" He clenched the hand that rested on the table until the knuckles
showed white upon it and his hair was wet upon his forehead and
his mouth was twisted awry. "Taken with him on errands of aërial
reconnaissance—carried helplessly into battle as a Teddy bear or a
golliwog might be fastened on the front of a racing-plane. And,
when I remember that I bade him risk that journey—" Saxham broke
off, and turned his face away. She came nearer to him and said:
"But he is alive!—alive, even though he be in danger. My dream
was sent to tell me so. Did not the Mother come to me in my sleep
and lead me to him? Just as when she came and sent me here to
you. Now I will atone for these days of selfish grieving. Only give me
work to do!"
"Have you not enough upon your hands already? Too much, I
have sometimes feared."
"Only the Hospice and the Schools," she answered eagerly, "and
the Training Houses for the elder women. And, thanks to you, these
are excellently staffed. If I were to die it would make little
difference. Things would go on just the same."
"Would they?"
 She stooped, lifted his hand to her lips and kissed it. He looked
at her keenly as she did so, and the over-bright flush upon the thin
cheeks and the hollows about the beautiful eyes, like the burning
touch of her hand and of her lips, told him their tale of woe.
"Not for you. Nothing would ever be the same for you or for
Bawne. Therefore—give me more work."
"There is plenty of work, unhappily," he said, "because of this
calamity that has fallen upon the nation. We have notice that a
hundred wounded men from the Front—many of them cot-cases—
will arrive at SS. Stanislaus and Theresa's at three this afternoon."
"I shall be there!"
"I am not going to try to dissuade you. I will not keep back
what God has given to me from those who have given so much for
England. There is another quarter where you will be of use." His
eyes were on the triptych frame before him. "I speak of that little
Lady Norwater—Patrine's friend—I think you have not met?"
"Oh, but I have. We were made acquainted with each other
some weeks ago at the Club." Her delicate face contracted. "That
day when the news came about the British losses. Just before that
poor child Brenda Helvellyn blurted out the dreadful truth. Owen, it
was tragic. She had known it from the beginning——"
"And the sister forbade her to breathe a hint of it. That is the
attitude of the fashionable Sadducean," said Saxham bitterly, "who
not only denies the Atonement and the Resurrection, but will not
admit of Death."
"But," she asked him, "what of Lady Norwater? Patrine tells me
she is ill."
 "She is ill. Lord Norwater—at first reported missing after an
action north of Ypres on the —th is now said to have been killed."
Lynette was silent. Her husband knew why her head was bent
and her white fingers sought a little Crucifix she wore. She was
praying for the dead man. Presently she said:
"He was very brave, I believe?'
"He had been recommended for the Victoria Cross for a special
service of great gallantry—rendered during the Battle of the Aisne.
He was a brave and simple young man, and very lovable. His wife
received the official intelligence of his death yesterday. They 'phoned
Patrine, as you know, and sent for me later. Lady Norwater is
expecting her confinement at the end of November—and they were
alarmed for her."
"Poor little soul! Her baby will be a comfort to her!"
Saxham remembered under what circumstances he had made
the acquaintance of Lady Norwater, and his look was rather grim. In
his mind's ear he heard again the sweet little voice saying in its
fashionable slang jargon:
"Oh no! I rather cotton to kiddies. It's the bother of having 'em
doesn't appeal. It puts everything in the cart for the Autumn
Season."
Still, the recent remembrance of her piteousness softened the
Doctor's never very adamantine heart towards her, the humming-
bird broken on the wheel of implacable Fate. Not unnatural, after all.
More of a woman than one would have thought her. How she had
clasped her tiny hands together and entreated him, when the worst
was feared for her, to save, to save her child.
 "Franky's child. Perhaps—the boy he hoped for. Oh! to have to
say hoped, hurts so dreadfully. Yes, yes! I will be brave and good
and quiet.... I will do everything that you say. Ah, now I know why
all these days I have felt Franky near me, and seen his eyes looking
at me out of every stranger's face."
Margot did not cry out in her pain and loneliness for her friend
Patrine to come to her, though she sent loving, grateful messages
whenever Pat called or 'phoned. But she had said to Saxham, only
that morning: "Doctor, I met your wife at the Club not long ago. She
is more beautiful, but so much sadder than the portrait you showed
me. Ah, yes! I remember why. When I am better, would she come
and see me? Perhaps it is inconsiderate that I should ask. But the
world is so huge and coarse and noisy and empty"—the little lip had
quivered—"and there is something in her face that is so sweet, I
have been fancying that it would"—-she hesitated—"be good for me
and for my baby if she would sometimes visit me. Do you think she
would mind?"
Saxham had answered:
"I will ask her." Now he gave the piteous message, and Lynette
warmly agreed:
"Of course I will go. Whenever you say I may!"
"Not for some days. She is to see no one yet, and your hands
are full with Madame van der Heuvel and Marienne and Simonne."
The Doctor referred to an exiled Belgian lady and her young
daughters, who had been received at Harley Street as guests. "And
—there is the Hospital—and to-night you have to address this
Meeting of Suffragists at the Royal Hall. It is the only decision of
yours, let me tell you," said Saxham, "that I ever felt tempted to
dispute. My wife upon the same platform with Mrs. Carrie Clash and
Fanny Leaven! A triple force of Metropolitan Police on duty, and
detectives at all the exits and amongst the audience. It's—" Words
failed Saxham.
"It is unspeakably hateful in your eyes. Dear Owen, I know it.
But I should be hateful in my own sight if I were to break my word.
On the day I first met you we spoke of these views of mine. I hold
them still. Marriage has not altered them. It is not in me," said
Lynette, "to change!"
"You are the soul of faithfulness in all things!"
"Then do not be grieved that I keep to my given promise. Those
who have honoured me by asking me to address them are aware
that my convictions are opposed to theirs at points. But while I
oppose I admire their ruthless devotion and their magnificent,
unswerving policy of self-sacrifice——"
"But these felonies," he protested, "these incendiary attacks
upon property——"
"In nine cases out of ten, and I believe the authorities know it
as well as the W.S.S.S., such outrages have not been committed by
Suffragists at all."
"By whom, then?"
"Have we no enemies without our gates even now when we are
at War?"
"Germans...." A light broke in upon Saxham. "It's not
impossible. As for scattered literature being evidence—that can be
bought anywhere. But granted the blackest sheep of the W.S.S.S. to
be proved—piebald, that will not make me less anxious for you to-
night."
 He touched a heavy plait of the red-brown hair with a tender
hand and said to her:
"I grudge that the pearls of my wife's eloquence should be
thrown before Suffragists."
"We disagree, dear love," she said to him, "but we do not love
the less for it. When the Franchise is accorded to Women, should I
vote for one Party and you for another, will that matter a whit to
you?"
"Not a whit," he said, as he kissed her. "You may give your vote
to whom you choose, so long as the voter remains mine. Who was
that?" Saxham's quick ear had heard a footstep in the hall. "Madame
van der Heuvel coming back from Mass?"
"It is Patrine!"
"Patrine off and away at this hour?"
"I told her I would explain to you."
"She has explained to you," said Saxham, "and that should be
enough."
"Dear Owen! ... I am sure she wished you to know of it.... She
has gone down to Seasheere, a little Naval Flying-station on the
South-East coast, to meet Alan Sherbrand on the home-flight from
Somewhere in France."
"I see in to-day's Wire that he has been gazetted Lieutenant,"
said Saxham. "One rather wonders, all things considered, that it has
not happened before."
For not once nor twice in the past weeks the big smudgy
contents-bills hung upon railings and worn as a chest-protector by
newspaper-vendors, since paper became too scarce an article to line
street-gutters with, had trumpeted the name of Sherbrand; and the
big black-capitalled headings had set forth his deeds of daring. Only
to-day they had announced:

"SHERBRAND OF THE R.F.C. STRAFES ANOTHER HUN-BIRD. BAG

BROUGHT UP TO NINE, AND TWO ENEMY KITE-BALLOONS.
POPULAR YOUNG AVIATOR NOW VISCOUNT NORWATER, HEIR-
PRESUMPTIVE TO BRITISH EARL."

"He may be sent back to the Front at any moment—it is natural that
they should wish to be together, don't you think?" The speaker
added, as Saxham made no immediate rejoinder: "As they are
engaged to be married, and what is more, engaged with your
consent."
"She has told you so?"
"No!" A shadow of the old smile hovered upon the sensitive
mouth. "I told her, and she could not deny it.... Oh, Owen! Do you
really believe I have been blind all this time?"
"I should have known that women have clairvoyance in these
matters. But Patrine feared that you would think her unfeeling or
inconsiderate——"
"And why? Because when God sent me a great grief He gave
my poor girl a great happiness? The best earthly happiness, save
one, that He holds in His gift."
"I thank Him that you still think so, after thirteen years of
marriage!"
"I shall always think so, Owen. And it is a great thing that
Patrine has chosen so well. He is true and brave, and loves my dear
sincerely. And her love is beautiful and disinterested. There is no
taint of baseness in her——"
"She has nothing of Mildred or of David, then," flashed through
the Doctor's mind. Lynette went on:
"No one will ever be able to charge her with venality or
mercenariness. The succession that they will talk of in the
newspapers was not dreamed of when she and Alan fell in love."
"The succession! Ah, of course!" the Doctor said; "There is a
possible succession to a Viscounty now that Lord Norwater's death is
proved fact, but only in case Lady Norwater bears no male child. But
a title would not spoil Sherbrand, and I agree with you that it has
never influenced Patrine."
"How tired you look!" Lynette said, noting the look of heavy
care and the deep lines of weariness traced on the stern visage.
"I have several critical private cases, and a long list of
operations for this morning at SS. Stanislaus and Theresa's. Now go
and dress, my sweet, for I have work to do."
And Lynette went with a happier look than she had worn since
the crushing blow fell. And Saxham shot the bolt of his consulting-
room door and went back to his chair at the big writing-table, and
leaned his head upon his hands.
An Atlas burden of care cracked the sinews of the Doctor's huge
shoulders. It had not occurred to Saxham when Patrine had gulped
out her pitiful story, and he had heartened her by bidding her forget,
that forgetfulness would speedily be accomplished at the cost of an
honest man.
Now, what to do? Must Sherbrand take the stranger's leavings
or David's girl be twice the loser by the stranger's lustful theft? It
was a problem to thrash the brain to jelly of grey matter, thought the
Dop Doctor, drilling his fingertips into his aching temples—were
there no cause for anxiety elsewhere.
Ah! how much more stuffed the pack that burdened the big
shoulders. The boy had been taken and the mother would die of
grief. You could see her withering like a white rose held near the
blast of a smelting-furnace. Yet there was nothing to do but look on
and play the game. A bitter spasm gripped the man by the throat,
and slow tears, wrung from the depths of him by mortal anguish,
splashed on the paper between his elbows and raised great blisters
there. Truly, when the spark of Hope burns dimmest, when the grain
of Faith is a thousand times smaller than the mustard-seed—when
God seems most far away, He is nearest. We have learned this with
other truths, in the War. Blood and tears mingle in the collyrium with
which our eyes have been bathed, that we might see.
Saxham battled down his weakness, and rose up and went to
duty. None might guess, looking at the Dop Doctor, that those hard,
bright eyes had wept an hour ago. Later on, a moment serving, he
went to the telephone.
"Halloa! Is this New Scotland Yard? M.P.O.? Halloa! ... I am Dr.
Saxham, speaking from SS. Stanislaus and Theresa's Hospital, N.W.
Can I get word with Superintendent-on-the-Executive, Donald
Kirwall? Halloa! ... Thanks, I'll hold the line."
He waited a minute, and the Superintendent answered:
"Halloa! Dr. Saxham? Anything we can do for you, sir?"
"Yes. Put me on six good plain-clothes men at this Mass Meeting
of Suffragists at the Royal Hall to-night. Can you? ... Halloa! ... I
could do with eight or ten!"
 "Halloa! ... Well, sir, we'll do what we can. We'll be pretty strong
in force there, as it happens, Marylebone and Holborn and St.
James's Divisions...." Something like an official chuckle came over
the line. "Mrs. Petrell in the chair, and the Clash and Fanny Higgins.
We've learned to look for trouble when they get up to speak. Halloa!
Beg pardon! I didn't quite hear! ..."
Saxham had cursed the popular leaders.
"Yes, I was aware they'd prevailed on Mrs. Saxham to address
'em.... Indeed, they're advertising her all over the shop.... Halloa? ...
Certainly we'll put you on the plain-clothes men you ask for. But
even without Police to protect her, Mrs. Saxham don't run much risk.
Halloa! ... Why! ... Oh! because an uncommon big percentage of the
audience on these packed nights are out-and-out loose women.
Soho and Leicester Square, and all that lot.... Others come up from
Poplar and Stepney and Bethnal Green and Deptford to hear Fanny
Higgins. Halloa? Do they want the Vote? Well, naturally these gay
women like the idea of being Represented in Parliament. If
respectable females are going to get good of it, naturally the
prostitutes want the Franchise. They hold that Woman Suffrage 'ud
improve their conditions. Halloa! ... You don't know but what the gay
women have as good a right to vote as the gay men who employ
'em? No more don't I! But whatever they are, they appreciate those
who spend their lives in trying to help the unfortunate. And, West or
East-Enders—the most chronic cases among 'em wouldn't suffer a
finger to be laid on your wife. All the same, I'll attend to your
instructions. Doors at 7. The men shall be there. Don't worry
yourself! Four ready back of the Platform and four more posted right
and left of the proscenium. Don't mention it! Very proud to.... Good-
afternoon!"
"Good-afternoon and thanks, Superintendent!"
And Saxham rang off, more relieved in mind than he would have
cared to own. Then the horn of a motor sounded below in the
Hospital courtyard, and another and another followed. Tyres crackled
on gravel. The running feet of men pattered on pavement. The hall-
porter whistled up the speaking-tube into the Medical Officer's
Room, and Saxham went down, meeting the black-robed Mother
Prioress and the Sister Superintendent on their way to the great
vestibule.

CHAPTER LXII
WOUNDED FROM THE FRONT

The wide-leaved front doors stood open. Doctors and surgeons,

theatre-assistants, students, white-habited Sisters, blue-and-white-
uniformed nurses and probationers, were swarming in the great
vestibule. Already a double stream of canvas stretchers, laden with
still figures swathed in iodined gauze and cotton-wool padding, were
being carried up the wide steps, from the big grey-painted Red Cross
motor-ambulances, by R.A.M.C., and blue-uniformed bearers of St.
Theresa's Association, while omnibuses, private cars, taxis from
Charing Cross and Victoria were hauled up behind, waiting to
disgorge their loads. And cheer upon cheer went up from the packed
sidewalks and roadway; handkerchiefs waved from the windows of
the nearest houses, and the passengers on the roofs of the
omnibuses passing up and down Wellington Road, Edgware Road,
and Praed Street, stood up and craned their necks in the fruitless
endeavour to glimpse the reason of those frantic cheers.
For the first convoy of wounded from the Front had reached the
Hospital. These unwashed, begrimed, hairy brigands, these limping
tramps in tattered khaki, these bandaged cripples leading blind
comrades, were our Guards, our Gunners, our Highlanders, Kents,
Middlesex men and Munsters, our Rifles and Northamptons, our
Welsh and Gloucesters, our Scots Greys and Lancers, our immortals
of those red-hot days of August, and their compeers, the terrible
fighters of the Marne and the Aisne....
They were back, full of cross-nicked, nickel-coated Mauser
bullets, bits of shell and lumps of shrapnel, cheap jokes, music-hall
choruses, vermin, and spunk. The reek of lysol and carbolic, the
sickly whiff of dysentery and the ghastly stench of gangrene,
brought back to Saxham the Hospital at Gueldersdorp, as he passed
back and forth between the stretchers, issuing swift orders, briefly
wording directions, marshalling his trained forces with the
generalship that had distinguished him of old.
"Doctor!"
"What is it, Ironside?" Saxham turned to speak to the Resident
Medical Officer. "You look off-colour, man!"
"I feel off, sir. They're so damned full of grit, and cheerful! Not
only the cases from the Base Hospitals, but those casualties they've
sent us direct from the trenches.... Two days in the train getting to
Calais—and Lord! the straw and filthiness in their wounds! And
we've been told our next War'd be carried out on an absolutely
Aseptic Basis, and here we are back in 1900!"
"Not quite," said Saxham. "Wounds like these were never made
by Boer shrapnel. Human bodies shattered beyond imagination by
High Explosive, rank among the triumphs of Modern Science. After
the Stone Age and the Iron Age, the Golden Age and the Age of
Shoddy has come the Age of Militant Chemistry. Martianism, in a
word."
"It's an ugly word.... Doctor, that man over there," the speaker
indicated a pair of hollow eyes staring hungrily over a huge iodine-
smeared gauze muffler, "wants to know if we can save his lower
jaw? Not that there's much left of it. His pal, who interprets for him,
says a wounded German officer shot him in the face with his
revolver, 'cos he went to give the blankety blank a drink out of his
water-bottle. One of the Gunners—and not long married, according
to the pal."
"All right, tell him! Name him for one of my beds," Saxham said
brusquely, and nodded to the owner of the desperate eyes, saying,
as they flared back their gratitude: "Even if it had been 1821 in the
cattle-truck, we're in the Twentieth Century here. Warn Burland," he
named the anæsthetist, "for duty at once. Gaynor Gaynes and Frost
to be ready with the X Ray on Flat I. Mr. Whitchett and Mr. Pridd to
act as Assistant Surgeons. We'll take the worst cases straight away
——"
"But, my God, sir! most of these men are beyond Surgery,"
groaned Ironside, cracking his finger-joints. "Broken and mashed
and rent as they are, what they need is to be re-created! ... If Christ
were to look in here just now," the Medical Resident cried in his
bitterness, "there'd be plenty of work in His line. New tissues to
make, bony structures to re-build. Organs to replace where organs
have been destroyed. He'd have done it by mixing earth with His
saliva and anointing. We might as well spit on twenty per cent. of
these fellows—for all the good we can do!"
"Give them liquid nourishment—brandy where necessary, and
send those I've tagged up to the theatre. No waiting to wash—in
their cases. And remember my Gunner gets the first look-in!"

Saxham turned and ran at speed, making for the nearest elevator,
found it just going up full of stretcher-cases lying close packed as
sardines, turned and shot up the stone staircase three steps at a
time to the first floor, glittering with white enamel, polished oak,
brass fittings and cleanliness, under the discreet radiance of shaded
electric lights. The centre space was occupied by the tribune
engirdling the domed Sanctuary of the Chapel. Short corridors
tastefully adorned with red-enamelled buckets, blue glass bombs of
chemical fire-extinguisher, and snaky coils of brass-fitted hose, led to
long wards running east, west, north, and south.
"Eh, Doctor!"
A fair-faced, gentle-eyed Sister of Mercy, in the wide-winged
starched linen cap and guimpe, and white twill nursing-habit with
the black Cross, stood near the lift, talking to a tall, raw-boned,
white-haired Surgeon-General of the R.A.M.C. She greeted Saxham's
appearance with a little womanly cry:
"Eh, Doctor! Never it rains buddit pours." There was a hint of
Lancashire in her dialect. "The R.A.M.C. have sent us ten more
cases. Dear, dear!—but we'll have our hands full."
 "Then you'll be happy, Sister-Superintendent. I've never known
you so beamingly contented as when you were regularly run off your
feet, and hadn't a minute to say your Rosary. Anything specially
interesting, Sir Duncan?"
"Aweel!" The broad Scots tongue of Taggart droned the
bagpipe-note as of old. "Aweel! There's an abdawminal or twa I'd
like ye to throw your 'ee over—an' a G.P. that ye will find in your
line. Fracture o' the lumbar vairtebra from shrapnel—received ten
o'clock yesterday morr'ning!—an' some cases o' shellitis, wi'
intermittent accesses o' raging mania an' intervals o' mild delusions
—an' ane will gar you draw on the Medical Officer's Emergency List
o' Abbreviated Observations I supplied ye wi' a guid few years
agone."
"I've not forgotten."
"I'm no' dootin' but ye have found it unco' useful." Taggart's
frosty eyelashes twinkled. "It has saved my ain face from shame
mair times than I daur tell." He quoted, relishingly: "M.B.A.—Might
Be Anything! G.O.K.—Guid Only Knows! L.F.A.—Luik for Alcohol.
A.D.T.—Any Damned Thing! 'Toch, Sister, I beg your parr-don! The
word slipped oot—I have nae other excuse! But my case o' shell-
shock, Saxham. What say ye to an involuntary simuleetion o' rigor
mortis? A man sane an' sound an' hale—clampit by his relentless
imagination into the shape o' a Polwheal Air-Course Finder, or a pair
o' dividers. Half open, ye ken. Ye may stand him on the ground upo'
his feet, an' his neb is pointing at the daisies—or ye may lie him o'
his back in bed—an' his taes are tickling the stars. Am thinking it
long till I'm bringing ye thegither! But ye are busied. I'll no' keep ye
the noo."
 Racing for the second lift, just emptied of its sorrowful burden,
the big shirt-sleeved Doctor checked in his stride and touched the
handle of a sliding door. The door shot back noiselessly in its
grooving. Saxham was in a cushioned tribune high above the level of
the chapel Altar. The scent of flowers and the perfume of incense
hung like a benison on the still air of the sacred place.
In one of the carved stalls of the nave the figure of a priest in
cassock and biretta sat reading from a breviary. It was the Chaplain,
waiting in readiness to be called to administer Holy Unction and
Viaticum to some Catholic soul about to depart. In the choir behind
the high Altar a slight girl, in the frilled cap and prim black gown of
the Novitiate, knelt on a rush-bottomed prie-dieu absorbed in
meditation, her black Rosary twisted round her clasped hands.
Prayers that are most earnest are frequently incoherent. Saxham
formulated no petition as he knelt there in the tribune, but the cry of
his heart to the Divine Hearer might have been construed into words
like these:

"If Thou wert here in the visible Body as when of old Thou didst
walk on earth with Thy Disciples, Thou wouldst heal these broken
sons of Thine with Thy look. Thy Touch, Thy Word! Yet art Thou
here—for Thou hast said it, ever present for Thy Faithful in Spirit,
Flesh, and Blood. Help O Helper! Heal O Healer! Lord Jesus, present
in the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar, give power and wisdom to Thy
servant. Aid me, working in the dark by my little flame of hard-won
knowledge, to preserve life, Thou Giver of Life! Amen."
So having prayed, the Dop Doctor went up to the theatre and
wrought mightily, doing wonderful things in the way of patching and
botching the broken bodies of men. Later, as he sat in the Harley
Street dining-room playing the courteous, attentive host to sad-
eyed, wistful Madame van der Heuvel and her two pretty daughters
—for Lynette had dined earlier on account of the Suffrage Meeting—
he heard a latch-key in the front-door and Patrine's well-known step
in the hall.
He excused himself, rose and went out, and spoke to his niece.
She made a croaking sound in answer, as unlike the voice of Patrine
as the pinched and sunken face revealed by the hall electroliers,
resembled the face of dead David's handsome girl. The mouth hung
lax. The cheeks had fallen. The eyes stared blank and tearless, from
hollow caves under the broad black eyebrows. He said with a
pricking of foreboding:
"You have had a long day! ..."
"Not long enough to tire me. I am made of india-rubber, I think,
and steel."
He considered her a moment with grave, keen eyes that had no
gleam of curiosity.
"Sherbrand is well? He returned from France in safety?"
"He was quite in the pink when he arrived—and ditto when he
left. Not that he had much time. A wireless came, ordering him to
replace an aviator of the Royal Flying Corps, killed on observation-
duty—or whatever it is they call it—with our fellows on the new
Front. Rough on him, but he took it smiling. No, thanks! I'm not
keen on dinner.... You won't mind if I go to my room?"
"One moment. Have you had food to-day?" he asked her.
 "I forget.... Yes, of course! There was luncheon at one o'clock.
The people at the Air Station did us tremendously well." Her mouth
twisted. "I think it better to tell you and Lynette that Alan Sherbrand
and I have said ta-ta!" She tried to smile. "I'm back on your hands
like a bad penny!" Her eyes seemed all black between their
narrowed lids.
They were quite alone, no servant within hearing, and the
dining-room door was shut. Came the Doctor's low-toned question:
"Has any—third person made mischief between you two?"
"No, nobody has blabbed to him about anything. But—he's wise
enough now, as regards this child. Particularly wide-O!" The black,
glittering eyes looked dry and hard as enamel. Her teeth again
showed in that mirthless grin. "I don't suppose he has the ghost of
an illusion left.... Women—most women would say I was a howling
fool to make a clean breast of it. I never meant to—I can swear!—
when first we got engaged. I used to call his goodness stodgy. I
think I despised him for it in certain moods of mine. You've never
realised the kind of beast I can be. But more and more, I got to
respect him! And suddenly—I knew that if I married him under false
colours—letting him believe me to be what I amn't—even though he
never found me out—I'd—never have been able to shake hands with
myself again!"
She moved to the stairs, the sleeve of her coat brushing the
Doctor's great shoulder.
"Don't you suppose God had it all his own way," she said in that
odd, strangled voice that wasn't like Patrine's. "There were minutes
when the World, and the Flesh, and the Devil were jolly well to the
fore. Alan would marry me to-morrow if I used the power I could
use. But I won't! I won't! It'd not be playing the decent, straight
game. So I let him call me heartless, and piffle like that, and then
the game seemed hardly worth playing. I'd have thrown up my cards
—only the Recall came. And we said good-bye, and I saw him fly
away like a great white bird, over the water. And I'm so strong—so
horribly strong—that I stood it and didn't die.... Even if Alan's killed
at the Front I shan't die.... Ah-h! ... You mustn't touch me!" Her
hands plucked themselves violently from Saxham's that would have
enfolded them. "I could stand anything better than pity. Being pitied
would kill me—though I'm so awfully strong!"
"Then trust us not to pity you—only to love you. That I look
upon you as a daughter is no secret to you, I think?"
"No, dear!" She stroked his sleeve, not lifting her pitifully
reddened eyelids, and then he felt her start. "Uncle Owen!" Her
hand clenched upon his arm, and her tear-blurred eyes sought his.
"I must tell you.... He had news to give me to-day—of Bawne!"
"Nothing worse, thank God!—than what I know already,"
Saxham commented when she had told. He stood in silence a
moment, mastering himself, and the electric hall-light showed in his
harsh square visage the ravages that grief had wrought.
"How you have suffered! If only I could do something to
comfort you!" she muttered. "And Lynette. Do you know—there are
days"—a sob caught her breath—"when I daren't even look at
Lynette."
"It is so with me!" His voice was deep and quiet and sorrowful.
"Old Webster probed deep with his Elizabethan goose-quill, when he
wrote of the
 "Greyfe that wastyth a faire woman
Even as wax doth waste yn flame."

Pray for us both, my dear, and believe that you are a comfort to us."
She said with a laugh that was half a sob: "I might have made a
hole in the water at Seasheere, or jumped out of the train on the
way back, I daresay, but for the thought of you both. Or, if it wasn't
that stopped me, my joss was on the job."
"I had rather say your Guardian Angel."
"Do you think any self-respecting Guardian Angel could possibly
bother about a regular bad egg like me?"
"Mine did—when my wife married me and I was a peculiarly bad
egg."
"You, you dear!" She suddenly caught him round the neck and
hugged him strenuously. "Do you think I don't know—haven't always
known how my father and mother treated you!"
"Time heals wounds of that kind," said Saxham, as they turned
together from the foot of the staircase, and, still keeping a
protecting arm about David's daughter, he reached his hat and stick
from the hall-stand, "though you may doubt the statement now."
"I can't. I'd only have to look at mother to——"
"To remember that she is your mother!"
His tone was final in its closure of the subject. But in his heart
he thanked frail Mildred once again for her ancient treachery, as he
went out to the waiting car, and sped through London's murky
streets to the North-West suburb where stands the Hospital.
Patrine went upstairs, holding by the balusters and feeling chilly
and old. In the prettily furnished sitting-room, communicating with
her chintzy bedroom, were her letters, and a deep cardboard box
stood upon a table. It had been sent on to Harley Street from the
Club, and bore the address of a Regent Street florist, whose showy
establishment boasted a German name.
The fragrance of roses with a musky after-tang in their
sweetness permeated the atmosphere. There were no roses
amongst the flowers on the chimney-shelf and cabinets. It occurred
to Patrine that there must be roses in the box.
Her head was throbbing and her eyes smarted. She threw off
her hat and coat, pitched them down upon the chintzy sofa,
switched off the electric lights, let up the blinds, pulled a chair close
to the open window, and sat down, resting her folded arms on the
clean, dustless sill.
Sitting there, staring out into the semi-obscurity of Harley
Street, with the late cabs and motors sliding past and the distant
roar of Oxford Street in her ears, she asked herself:
"Have I behaved like an honourable woman or—a blithering
idiot? That's what I want to know?"
She waited. Not one pat on the back was vouchsafed by an
approving Conscience. The indicator of the dial slowly travelled in
the direction of the blitherer. Patrine shut her hot, dry eyes, and
began to conjure up the day that had gone over. Its sweetness was
rendered infinitely sweeter, its bitterness a hundredfold more
poignant by the knowledge that it was the last, the very last.
If she lived to be old, old, old, she knew she would never live to
forget Seasheere. The smell of the hot thyme and sun-baked grasses
of the cliffs, the rhythmic frrsh! of the salt waves upon its shingle,
the shrill piping of its gulls, and pale blue of its skies would never
fade, never cease, never be silent, never alter.... For on Seasheere
cliffs her Wind of Joy had blown for the last time.

CHAPTER LXIII
BAWNE FINDS A FRIEND

The machine that could hover like Sherbrand's "Bird of War" had
come down in the Market Place. A big grey two-seater monoplane,
with the rounded cleft bird-tail and wings of the German Taube type.
You could see a number on its side and three big black Maltese
crosses, and the profile heads of pilot and passenger showing up in
strong relief against the blackened ruins of the Town Hall.
A bomb hung in its wire cage-holder on the visible side of the
fuselage. It struck Franky that the airman must be profoundly sure
of himself, or culpably reckless to have come down before getting rid
of the thing. A swivel-mounting like a barless capital A supported a
machine-gun above the radius of the tractor, and well within reach of
the pilot's hand.
The pilot got down. He was tall and big, with a red moustache;
a man whose natural height and bulk were so augmented by the
padded helmet topped with the now-raised goggles, the pneumatic
jacket girt in by a broad band of webbing, supporting a brace of
large revolvers, and the heavy bandolier he carried, that the figure
of his companion, scrambling after him, seemed that of a mere
dwarf.
 The man who saw, per medium of the rakishly-angled looking-
glass yet hanging on the wall of the wrecked parlour, conceived a
horror of the Troll-like creature in its big helmet, and the full-sized
oilskins that hung in folds about its diminutive body, the skirts
reaching nearly to the ground. When the two passed beyond the
mirror's area of reflection, the doubt whether they might not have
discovered his whereabouts and be stealthily creeping up from the
rear to attack him, made him shudder, and brought the perspiration
starting in the hollows of his sunken temples and cheeks.
Minutes passed. He waited with his eyes upon the mirror.
Someone was approaching from the direction of the Market Place,
keeping well under the broken walls of the houses fringing the
narrow trottoir. Where an avalanche of tiles and brickwork had
fallen, he must perforce skirt the obstacle, and thus for an instant be
reflected in the glass. Meanwhile the sound of nearing footsteps—
sometimes muffled in thick dust, or clicking over cobblestones, or
tripping and stumbling among bricks and rubble—grew more
distinct. The red-moustached giant could not walk so lightly. It must
be the Troll—could be no one but the Troll! The suspense of waiting
had tensed into unbearable agony when the sound of a voice crying
broke out in the deathly silence of the place.
"Oh, oh!" Like a woman or a child's uncontrolled wailing. "Oh—
the poor men! Oh, the poor women and the li-ittle ch-ildren! Oh!"
and da capo, working up to a crescendo of agony, and dying away in
heartbreaking sobs. It was so strange—not that there should be
weeping in these razed and ravaged streets, but that the voice that
wept should be a voice of England—that it begot in the helpless man
who heard doubts of his own sanity, and a reckless desire to
dissipate such doubts. He heard himself call out: "Who is crying
there?"
And a treble voice piped back, and stumbling over the moraine
of débris tongueing from the avalanche of broken tiles and masonry,
came—not the Troll-dwarf in his huge disguising helmet and outsized
pneumatic jacket—but an urchin of twelve or thirteen—in the
familiar dress of a Boy Scout—minus the smasher hat and staff.
"Me for the gay old life!" meditated Franky. "Thought I was
getting groggy in the upper works—and now I know it! A British Boy
Scout in his little khaki shirt, with a row of gadgets on his left sleeve,
and ribbon tags to his little garters, all on his little lone in the middle
of this—Gehenna!" He spoke to the fever that galloped through his
veins in the tone of a patron presiding at the test-display of a
Cinema Film Company: "Pretty good, but you can do better. Roll
along with a troop of blue-eyed Girl Guides, old Touch-and-Go!"

The Scout's figure vanished out of the glass. There was a sound of
scratching and scrambling. The broken floor jarred to the impact of a
light body, and a boyish treble called:
"Is—is anybody here? Anybody—English?"
The voice quavered on the last word. Franky knew that this was
delirium. He grinned under his four-days' beard, and the grime and
soot and plaster that masked him, and answered in a series of Bantu
clicks, so leather-dry was his tongue:
"Me as per descrip: to fol: Young British sossifer of good fam:
irrepro: ref: and tophole edu: badly dam: by Hun shell! Greatly in
need of the com: of a ref: Chris: ho: Mus: in the eve: and intell:
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