Biology Chapter 2 Review Guide

1. What are the 4 most common elements in the body? Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
2. Know how to calculate the mass of an atom. Example: 11 protons, 11 electrons, 11 neutrons
Atomic Mass = 22 (11 protons + 11 neutrons)
3. What is matter? How is it found in nature? What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Anything that takes up space and has mass. We would find matter, in everyday life, in our
elements, matter does not just exist in the form of compounds and solutions.
Nucleus = protons + neutrons = Atomic Mass
4. What is a compound? Two or more elements in a fixed ratio
5. In an uncharged atom of lithium has an atomic number of 3 and an atomic mass of 7. How
many electrons does lithium have? 3 electrons
6. How many electrons are found in the 2 innermost electron shell of Krypton? 2 in the first shell
and 8 in the second shell for a total ten

7. If an aluminum atom contains 13 electrons, 13 protons, and 14 neutrons. What is the

9. Typically, carbon atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An isotope of
carbon could? There would be more neutrons than protons and electrons.
10. What is a covalent bond? When two atoms share electrons
a. Non-polar covalent – electrons are equally shared
b. Polar covalent – electrons are not equally shared
11. What is an ionic bond? When one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom to
create a bond. The atom that donates an electron is given a positive charge, while the atom
that gains an electron is given a negative charge
12. How is NaCl formed? Na donates an electron to Cl creating an ionic bond.
13. How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form? 1
14. What is more reactive, a salt or an ion? An ion is much, much, much more reactive
15. In water, what atom is the most electromagnetic? Oxygen is the most electromagnetic
16. Why do water molecules stick to other water molecules? cohesion
17. What type of bond holds together a hydrogen and oxygen atom in water? Polar covalent
18. What type and how many of that type of bond hold together a water molecule? Two Polar
covalent bonds
19. What is a hydrogen bond? Weak bond that is not strong enough to hold atoms together to form
a molecule but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules
20. What is a chemical reaction? Combine two or more reactants and creates a product. What can it
do and not do? Chemical reactions rearrange atoms, they do not create new atoms or destroy
atoms.
21. The temperature of evaporation for a liquid is much lower than water. Without having a
doctorate in chemistry, why do you think this is? Fewer hydrogen bonds will form with this
mystery liquid (Hint: water is H2O)
22. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction below?
a. AB + CD → AC + BD

Reactants: AB and CD

Products: AC and BD

23. Water's surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its? Ability to
create hydrogen bonds. What is cohesion? Water molecules ability to stick to itself through
hydrogen bonds
24. What happens to the hydrogen bonds when ice melts? Hydrogen bonds are broken
25. If a solution has a pH of 9, a solution with a pH of 11 is how many more times basic? 100X more
basic
26. What is the density of water compared to ice? Liquid water is more dense than frozen water
(ice)
27. What is the pH of a neutral solution? An acidic solution? A basic solution? pH neutral = 7, pH
Acid < 7 (0 – 6.9); pH of a Base > 7 (7.1 – 14)

28. What is dependent on the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules besides water? Water as a solvent
29. If proteins were not soluble in our blood stream? What bad things could happen? Clogged
arteries, heart attack, stroke, liver failure
30. If you were studying pure water, what would you find? H20, H+ ions, OH- ions
31. If bleach has a pH of 13 and oven cleaner has a pH of 14, How many more H+ ions does bleach
have? 10X H+ ions
32. How many electrons in the outermost shell of germanium? 4 electrons
33. What is a buffer? Donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic, and accepts OH- ions
when a conditions become too acidic
34. What happens if the buffering capacity is exceeded in the blood stream? Your blood who
become too acidic.
35. What happens when sodium and chlorine form sodium chloride? Na donates an electron to Cl
creating an ionic bond.
36. Hydrogen bonds form between? The hydrogen of one H2O molecule and the oxygen of another
separate H2O molecule.
37. What type of bonds are found in the image below?

Non-polar covalent
38. If you buy an Antacid like Pepto Bismo, what do you think its pH would be? pH higher than 7.1
(like 8 or 9)
39. After taking an Antacid, what do you think your stomach contents would be on the pH scale
after 30 minutes? pH closer to 7, less of H+ ions, more OH-
40. How would you determine which Antacid works the best? Perform a controlled experiment,
isolating one variable.
41. If you think Antacid A works better than Antacid B, what would testing results look like in terms
of pH levels? pH level of A would be 10 and pH level of B would be 8
42. What is the difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14? Amount of neutrons
43. If Bromine has an atomic mass of 80 and an atomic number of 35 how many neutrons? # of
neutrons = Mass Number – Atomic Number [# of neutrons = 80 – 35 = 45 neutrons]
44. In a certain type of nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be converted to plutonium-239,
another radioactive element (with an atomic number of 94) that can be used to power
nuclear reactions. How many neutrons in plutonium? 239 – 94 = 145 neutrons
Thin-layer chromatography is a method that can be used to separate molecules by their
polarity. A mixture of molecules in a nonpolar liquid (the mobile phase) is added to the
bottom of a piece of adsorbent material (the stationary phase) and allowed to migrate up
the material. More-polar molecules interact more strongly with the stationary phase and
thus migrate less. Less-polar molecules interact less strongly with the stationary phase and
thus migrate more. Below are sample data for four different molecules from a thin-layer
chromatography experiment. [Art: custom PowerPoint figure created by the author]

45. What is the most polar molecule according to the information above? C