eee we ee ne ita LECTURES, TIPS, & EXERCISE AUF eg aa tes | | vas yo COMPLETE COLLEGE ENTRANCE >. had dodo ee ee ae navn FOR UP, ATENEO, LA SALLE, UST, - Dia oe ato veh REVIEW GUIDE for = WRITTEN BY TOP SCHOLARS eRe ti ag eee ee ee Bao2: Entrance Tests (CET) journey, We consulted with several students who pass recent examinations from different colleges and universities and made 3 include in this book everything you need to know to pass your exams too, Before: | You start, please write your name in the affirmation page. This marks that you are —_—o your CET journey. suas Ss book is composed of five parts. Math, Science, Language Proficiency, Reading Comprehension, and Abstract Reasoning. For the first three subjects, you MUBt answer the assessment first and check your performance based an the answer key provided to gauge your strengths and weaknesses in every subject, After that, you may proceed in reading the notes and tips in the following pages. Spend extra time reviewing the parts you got wrong in the assessment. To check if you have absorbed what you've read, answer another exam to see how much you have We understand that it can be frustrating to not get your target scores per test, . but if you master the notes and tips given in this book, you will surely get better scores. Also, note that mastery cannot be obtained through memorization, it is always better to know the topics by heart so that it will be easier for you to remember it once you need it Remember to set a time limit once you answer the questions so that you will be used in answering a test under time pressure, é “Lastly, we know that CET preparations are stressful, but remember sete mindset is half the battle. Do not pressure yourself too much,Author's Note Science Assessment Review Guide 29 Earth and Space 29 a. Biology 36 = me 4 Chemistry 50 Physics 61 — a Assessment 70 Mathematics 79 ——— Assessment 81 TT Review Guide 102 Arithmetic and Pre-algebra 102 = aa Algebra 115 Ss Geometry 137 Trigonometry 142 ee Statistics 145 ——_ Precalculus 150 —S Language Proficiency 153 =. Assessment 155 English Review Guide Reading Comprehension Reading Comprehension Review Guide Filipino Review Guide i Reading Comprehension Assessment 255 Reading Comprehension Assessment ‘Reasoning 159 <— 4TEST YOURSELF Time limit: 30 minutes 1. Of the following elements which is the most common in the earth’s crust? a. calcium b. silicon c. aluminum d. iron 2. The is the region of the atmosphere which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. -— a. ozone layer b. ionosphere = ¢.heterosphere d. thermosphere 3. Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes between the moon and the sun. Eclipse of the Moon does not occur each month because a. the Moon’s orbit is at an angle to the earth’s orbit around the Sun b. the Moon rarely comes close enough to the Earth ¢. the earth is usually between the Moon and the Sun d. the dark side of the Moon rarely faces the Earth 4. When matter is changed into another matter having different properties, the type of change is known as a. physical change b. electrical change c, chemical change d. atomic change 5. Clouds are made up of a. partially evaporated water b. tiny droplets of water8. Work in physical science is equal to the force times the displacement in the Ps "direction of the force. A crate is pushed 5 meters on a level floor. The kinetic frictional force is determined as 300N. Calculate the work performed. a.15Nm b.60Nm c. 150 Nm d. 1500 Nm 9. The radius of an atom of gold is 144 picometer. Express this radius in centi- meters. a, 1.44 x 10’cm b, 1.44 x 10°cm ¢ b44 x10 cm d. 1.44 x10 cm 10. Chemical reaction may involve all of the following except a. breaking down of compounds into elements. b. combination of atoms of elements to form a molecule ¢. separation of the molecules in a mixture d. reaction of a compound and an element to form a new compound and a new element (H,s0 11. Sulfuric Acid © 7 ? is a strong acid that is utilized in many laboratory experiments as well as synthesis in organic chemistry. How many ionization s does sulfuric acid undergo before it completely ionizes when it is placedrelationship between two populations which be th of them do not depend on each other, Which of the followi ples of such a relationship? a, Algae manufacturing food for itself and fungi b. Garden slugs clean up plant matter to pave way for earthworms to dig under the soil i ¢. Interaction of antibiotics to a petri dish containing two different bacteria Sd. Both Aand B are examples of protocooperation | _ 13. Which of the following describes the function of lysosomes inside the cell? ~~ a. Itis in charge in synthesizing hormones and lipids | —__ b Ithelps in the transfer of ribosomes in the other parts of the cells, ~— Jc. It bundles macromolecules such as proteins as they are being synthesized in the cell, =, d. It contains digestive enzymes which degrade extracellular internalization by =} the cell and worn-out organelles —— 4 14. Producers are the primary source of energy of succeeding organ- 3 isms in the food chain. Which type of energy do producers consume? — 4a. Chemical Energy c. Potential Energy = by Light Energy d. Thermal Energy = 4 15. tis observed that it takes about 10 Earth hours for a certain planet X to com- plete a single day. Which best explains the phenomenon? a a. Planet X is denser than Earth — 4 b. Planet X nearer to the Sun than Earth c, Planet X rotates more rapidly than Earth af) ¢-Allofthe above : 46. Presence of photosynthetic bacteria on earth paved the way to which of the . —= 4 following cycles below? a. Oxygen Cycle c. Anaerobic Respiration | b. Nitrogen Fixation d. Both A and B oup of friends on a road trip are driving at a very high speed. The driver ts the break (which resulted to an almost instantaneous stop) due to a : suddenly crossed the road. Which of the following is xc, Perigee d. Umbra ‘a man is a heterozygous widow’s peak (W) and mates with a homozygous straight hairline (w) woman, which of the following is true about the phenotyp- & aa e — ratio of their offspring? a. 0:4, All straight hairline b. 4:0, All widow’s peak €. 2:2, 50% probability for Widow's peak and 50% probability for straight hair- line offspring d. 3:1, 75% Widow's peak, 25% straight hairline er 20. An orbital can never be occupied by a. 1 electron c. 3 electrons = b, 2 electrons d. 0 electrons 21. Cells, the basic unit of life, can be divided into two groups, prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic, based on fundamental differences in their organization and size. Asa cell increases in size, 2 — a. its volume increases more rapidly than in surface area =x b. its surface area increases more rapidly than its volume c. its volume increases at the same rate as its surface area = d. the relationship between the rate of increase in its volume and that of its surface area can’t be determined 22. What is the major role of decomposers in an ecosystem? a. act as pollutants b. clean the environment c. make the soil fertile E t~— a _ d. recycle nutrients mh obic metabolism requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. The pro- lich the body as a whole acquires oxygen and disposes carbon dioxide ion. Which of the following is not related to the function of thery = 25. Monocots and dicots differ in the number of cotyledons found in the seed, in the arrangement of vascular tissue, especially in the stems and leaves, and in the eo of leaf stomata. Which of the following characterizes dicotyledons onl a. gene mutations b. parallel venation in leaves ¢. vascular cambium differentiation d, many vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem’s cross section 26. The plant loses water but takes up carbon dioxide during the day, when its numerous stomata remain open. At night, plants conserve _ and restrict intake. a. carbon dioxide; water b. water; carbon dioxide c. oxygen; water d. water; oxygen 27. Genetic disorders can be caused by _ a. gene mutations b. changes in chromosome structure c. changes in chromosome number d. all of the preceding 28, A heterozygote is an individual with a.a condition in which both alleles are the same b. a condition in which both alleles are different ¢. a haploid condition in genetic terms d. only one of at least two forms of a gene type of cells produce antibodies?| Planet Z, continental plate X converges with continental p 1 of the following is/are the product of this convergence? c. folded mountains d. both a andc 31,____tissues detect and coordinate information about environmental changes and control responses to those changes. a. Muscle c. Connective b. Nervous d. Epithelial 32. The two classes of flowering plants are a. herbs and shrubs b. shrubs and trees ¢. monocots and dicots d. angiosperms and gymnosperms 33. Plants are derived from an aquatic ancestor, but the evolution of their con- ducting tissues, cuticle, stomata and seeds has made them progressively less dependent on water. This common ancestor of plants is a green alga. Which of the following statements is false? a. Ferns produce pollen grains. b. The embryo sac of angiosperm normally contains eight nuclei and seven cells. c. Plants exhibit an alternation of generations in their life cycle. d. Fruits contain parental sporophytic tissue. 34. The atomic mass of an element is determined by its total number of a. orbitals b. electrons and protons c. nuclei _d. protons and neutrons ee, the following elements, which is the least common in living organisms?is a combination of two or more substances in which the substanc- _ €8 retain their distinct identities. When the composition of the mixture is the same throughout, it is homogenous. The type of mixture in which the composi- tion is not uniform is called heterogenous. Air which is made up of several gases _ isan example of a. an element ~~ b. ahomogenous mixture ie = ¢.asubstance 3 d. a heterogenous mixture , Bee se the madmim nuriber of electrons that can be held in K and L energy levels are respectively. — = a2and4 b.2ands : _ c.4and8 Ed dandi6 ——— 38. Acertain vinegar is 5.00% acetic acid and has a density of 1.007 g/ml. How = — many liters of vinegar contains 100.0 g of acetic acid? a. 1.986 L = b.19.86L c. 198.6 L d. 1986 L 39. Ideal gases a, have no mass — = b,have no volume c. have no attractive forces between them E- = d. combination of choices a and 40. in which of the following is it impossible to predict that the pressure of a gas will change? a. Agas sample is heated. Si b. Additional gas is added to a sample of a gas. i 2 ¢.Agas sample is heated, and the volume is increased. ‘d. A gas sample is cooled, and some gas is withdrawn. rs llow you to gauge how much you know about science and.A [Moon/Eclipse] 4. C [Changes in Matter] 5. B [Clouds] 6. D [Heat Properties] 7. A [Basic Electronics] 8. D [Work (Physics)] 9. D [Conversion } 10. C [Chemical Reaction] 11. B [lonization Stages] 12. B [Protocooperation] 13. D [Cell Parts} 14. B [Food Chain] 15. C [Earth Science] 16. A [Biogeochemical Cycles} | 17. C [Laws of Motion] } 18. D [Eclipse] + 19. C [Genetics] 20. C [Orbitals) 21. A [Cell Properties] 22. D [Ecosystem] 23. D [Respiratory System] 24. A [Biology (WBC)] 25. C [Monocots and dicots] 26. B [Plants] 27.D [Genetic Disorders] 28. B [Heterozygote] 29. A [Cell Types] 30. C [Continental Plates] 31. B [Types of Tissues] 32.C [Flowering Plants] 33. A [Plants] 34, D [Atoms] 35. D [Living Organisms] 36. D [Mixtures] 38. [Acids] 39. C {Ideal Gases] 40. C [Gases] e am eC € ed Ee ce 37.B [Electrons] a eo i ~_— BS S"SCIENCE Unlike Math, Science is more straightforward and is mostly dependent ‘on memorization and comprehension of its concepts. However, there are a lot of topics under the Science subject; therefore, the most effective way of studying Science is to try to understand the concepts and not just memorize everything. Focus on understanding the rationale behind the formulas, the theories and laws given, and the relationship between variables. There are times, especially when we're taking timed exams, that we often forget specific terms, and if we do not understand the concept itself, it is much harder for us to remember the terms we forget. In this book, we worked hard to visualize the topics and help you understand Science more. We expose you to different terms and questions to help you be familiar and be calm once you encounter them in the exam itself. With college entrance exams, you don’t have to go in depth on every topic, you just have to know the basic concepts and how they relate to each other. Still, it helps if you memorize the formulas we listed here because it will lessen your thinking time and give you the confidence you need in taking the exam. EARTH AND SPACE The Solar System Sun - a hot glowing ball of hydrogen and helium, a 4.5 billion-year-old yellow dwarf star providing the energy that sustains life on Earth at the center of the solar system Activities of the Sun © Solar wind - stream of high-energy particles sent into space; causes the ig aurora borealis (if seen from the Northern Hemisphere)where nuclear fusion occurs ‘wiltions of miles thick Chromosphere ‘an range red layer of ‘atmosphere thousends ‘of miles thick Photosphore \( {he lower atmosphere and what ve see V MeN \\\Y Convection dere J Zone Mercury - smallest and closest planet to the sun, has no atmosphere Venus - has a core of molten iron, hottest planet in the solar system, rotates the slowest among the planets Earth- the only planet in the universe known to harbor life Mars - the Red Planet, covered with iron-rich dust Jupiter - biggest planet, has the Great Red Spot Saturn - has prominent rings Uranus - ice giant, orbits on its side unlike other planets Neptune - the windiest planet Milky Way - the galaxy that includes our solar system Comets - “dirty snowballs”; with tails of dust and gases, forced from the head by solar radiation; tail always points away from the sun Meteor - a meteoroid as it burns up in the atmosphere; “shooting a meteoroid that does not completely burn up rt llite ss= a —— — — i The Moon itself does not generate light; it is lit up by the Sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, the portion of illuminated moon that we see changes — giving rise to the phases of the Moon. first quarter wating gibbous waxing crescent © Q° a © oo waning gibbous Oo w @ ayauns * Tides are the regular rise and fall of sea levels. The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun causes the tides. Kinds of Tides Spring tides - strongest tides; when the sun, Earth, and moon are on the straight line; the sun’s and the moon’s gravities add up Neap tides - weakest tides; when the sun, Earth, and moon form a right angle; the sun’s and the moon's gravities cancel out one another. ‘Common Stars and Constellations «Polaris - North Star; tip of Little Dipper’s “handle” Sirius - brightest star in the night sky; “Dog Star” * Proxima Centauri - closest star to Earth but is too small to be seen in the night sky 3 ‘Alpha Centauri - closest star to Earth that is visible in the nightMajor - Big Dog; contains Sirius linor - Little Dog - The Hunter _ Pegasus - The Winged Horse _* Lithosphere (from the crust down to the rigid upper mantle) * Asthenosphere (the plastic-like upper mantle where rock can easily move) Outer Core (Solid) | toe. Inner Core (Liquid) = rae = — ae a Bae Testosterone - derived from the cholesterol of testes Estrogen and Progesterone - derived from the cholesterol of ovaries Proteins - building blocks of life which contain amino acids Myosin and Actin - responsible for the muscle cell contraction Collagen - most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that holds the whole body together Essential Amino Acids - cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food Non-essential amino acids - amino acids that can be made by human and so is not essential to the human diet Conditional amino acids - usually not essential, except in times of illness ‘mh and stress = Genetics HB The study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed . Nucleus a 5 é E i BBB lowe Poy 8 i al ee ; Ei i v ‘a Cell Chromosome py i from parents to offspring as 2 result of changes in DNA sequence. «Gene - used to pass traits from parent to offspring (ex. eye color) i Alleles - gene forms for a hereditary trait (ex. blue vs. brown) - Punnett Square 4 Agrid formed by 4 squares used as a way to predict a trait or genotype that comes from two different people or organisms. jing two of the same allele (e.g. RR or rr); purebred different alleles for a certain trait (e.g. Rr); A «Homozygous - hav «Heterozygous - having two halfbred Recessive - hidden or masked gene Dominant - expressed ne Phenotype - sige physical characteristics ; Genotype - an organism's actual genetico Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters. For example, blue eyes are a recessive trait and brown eyes are a dominant trait. Therefore, if a female has blue eyes they can be represented by “bb” and if a male has brown eyes this can be Tepresented as “BB” or “Bb”. The reason why brown eyes can be represented as “Bb” is that the capital “B” is dominant over the lowercase “b”. For the example, assume that the male has the “Bb”. [Genotype | Parent 1 | There is a 50% chance that the b | homozygous recessive trait of blue eyes ib | Bb | will be shown on their next kid, a 50% b] bb | bb | chance that the heterozygous dominant trait of brown eyes is given on the next offspring, and a 0% chance of a homozygous dominant trait given to the offspring. Parent 2 The DNA Double Helix Structure Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the son development and functioning of an Sasone — organism. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogrenous bases, and phosphate groups. Adenine — * Replication - the DNA double chain “unzips” and a new complementary strand is formed for each “unzipped” strand, creating two complete double- in - RNA for protein synthesis DNA; instead of adenine- pairing is now adenine- ba beeTranscription - first step of gene expression, the process by which the infor- mation in a strand of DNA is copied into 2 new molecule of messenger RNA r (mRNA) which carries the information needed for protein synthesis Translation - the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes The start codon marks the site at which translation into protein sequence begins, and the stop codon marks the site at which translation ends. ee AUG - the start codon = - UGA, UAA, UAG - stop codons = Taxonomic Ranking System j - 3 = ie = = The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms into increasingly specific categories.jomain— highest level constitutes three domains of life. Kingdom — the second most level constitutes five kingdoms. Phylum —a group of related classes. Class — a group of related orders. Order ~a group of related families. | a Five- Five- Kingdom Classification ee ‘CELL TYPE ‘CELL WALL PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXAMPLES t een Monera - Present in most some Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) — Protista E absent some ‘Amoeba, Paramecium, E Euglena, golden-brown algae Fungi E present no Yeasts, molds, — ‘mushrooms Plantae E present yes Brown, red, and green seeeethl algae, moss : ‘Animalia e absent no Invertebrates, vertebrates P = Prokaryotic cell - has no nucleus, E = Eukaryotic - has a distinct nucleus Prokaryotes |} Unicelltar | Monera ‘Organisms Uniceular [1 Protista x: [be not pertorm| photosynthesis] i . Eukaryotes, With cell wail H SS Try Perform Muticetular } photosynthesis] Plantae ee Without cell Meat Animalia EL | Kingdom Monera - The only prokaryotic kingdom out of all the kingdoms n Protista - unicellular eukaryotes that are neither animals nor plants , but are believed to be the common ancestral link between them orus, and nitrogen into the soil as well as the eeWas Akt ry Non-vascular * Has NO phloem or xylem (tubes that transport nutrients, water, and food) * ex. Algae - brown, red and green algae (other algae now placed under Protista); aquatic; reproduce by spores (survive for a long time even in harsh conditions, unlike seeds * Bryophytes - mostly mosses, no roots, leaves, or stems; reproduce by spores Vascular * Seed plants (no spores) * ex. Pteridophytes - mostly ferns, flowerless, seedless; only have roots, stems and fronds; reproduce by spores * Gymnosperms - mostly conifers (cone-bearing); e.g. pine trees * Angiosperms - flowering plants - has two classes: monocot and dicot Plant organs * Roots - anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil * Stems - transport the nutrients to the leaves * Xylem - vascular tissue that delivers nutrients up from the root * Phloem - vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves * Leaves - where the plant manufactures its food * Stomata - tiny pores on leaf surfaces that allow substances to be absorbed into the plant * Flowers - the reproductive organ of plants