TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

PHILIPPINES

Implementing an Agricultural Center as part of an Architectural Solution in the

Agricultural sector of Oriental Mindoro to promote Rural Economic Development

A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of the Architectural Department
College of Architecture
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Cubao

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture
by
Emmanuel G. Campos
&
Alfred Chee
2023

Thesis Adviser: Ar. Rick Jason Padua

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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Background of the Study

1.1 Tourism

Tourism is widely acknowledged as a significant driver of economic growth in both the

Philippines and globally. Several nations have successfully revitalized their economies by harnessing
their tourism resources. Tourism possesses the remarkable ability to create extensive job opportunities
and supplementary income for individuals with varying levels of expertise.

Farm Tourism

Both domestic and international tourism and natural resource management studies are
increasingly showing an interest in agri-tourism in the Philippines. (Iorio and Corsale, 2010;
Mastronardiet al., 2015; Karampela and Kizos, 2018) especially with the alarming decline of the
agriculture industry (Kuo and Chiu, 2006). According to Ollenburg and Buckley in 2007, farm tourism
businesses emerge from the blending of the commercial constraints associated with regional tourism,
the non-financial attributes of family-run businesses, and the inheritance nuances of family farms. Farm
tourism offers a path to achieve inclusive and sustainable agricultural and rural development by
allowing small-scale farmers to diversify their income sources, promoting sustainable agricultural
practices, and fostering community engagement and participation (SEARCA in 2017).

In the Philippines, the Republic Act 10816, commonly referred to as the Farm Tourism
Development Act of 2016, has been established as a national legislative measure. This act serves as a
comprehensive framework for the advancement and encouragement of farm tourism activities in the
country. Furthermore, it offers opportunities for outdoor leisure activities and enhances accessibility for
family outings. Farm tourism, categorized under the branch of nature-based tourism, emphasizes
activities that have minimal environmental impact and are rooted in nature and local communities,
contributing to cultural, social, and economic enrichment (Padin, 2016).

Agricultural Crops and Livestock in Pinamalayan

Meanwhile Oriental Mindoro is blessed with a substantial and fertile agricultural foundation. It
is often referred to as the Rice Granary of the MIMAROPA region, contributing to 35% of the region's
total rice production and holding the 14th position in rice production rankings across the country (PSA,
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2019). In 2019, the province produced 339,388.71 metric tons (MT) of high value commercial crops;
31,268.90 MT vegetables; 3,609.30 MT corn; and 420,002 MT rice (PSA, 2019). Furthermore, one of
the major contributors of commercial crops in Oriental Mindoro is the Province of Pinamalayan.

Throughout the history of Pinamalayan, agriculture has been a vital economic activity in the
municipality. The current land utilization reveals that approximately 60% of the municipal land,
equivalent to 16,904.2 hectares, is allocated for the cultivation of various crops and fruit-bearing trees.
The primary agricultural crops, in terms of both land area and yearly output, include rice, bananas,
coconuts, fruit trees, and vegetables (Agricultural Office of Oriential Mindoro, 2015).

As of the animal dispersal data in 2015, there were a total of 469 live livestock animals. Hogs were the
most abundant, with 367 live animals, followed by cattle with 96 live animals, and goats with only 6 live
animals. It's worth highlighting that goats were not a source of income, as they were mainly raised for
backyard or subsistence consumption (Agricultural Office of Oriential Mindoro, 2015).

Furthermore, a significant portion of these households engaging in livestock activities came from
Barangay Sta. Isabel, totaling 173 households. In contrast, Barangays Zone II and Zone IV had only
one household each involved in such activities (Agricultural Office of Oriential Mindoro, 2015).

Concept of Agritourism

In the present day, conventional tourism has undergone a transformation, giving rise to new
forms such as agri-tourism. Agri-tourism represents a novel and innovative fusion of agricultural
practices with tourism, combining elements of both industries (Stroop R. 2019). Agritourism can be
defined as the idea of visiting a functioning farm or any agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness
operation with the intention of experiencing enjoyment, gaining knowledge, or actively participating in
the farm or operation's activities. It possesses significant potential for generating supplementary income
for farmers, serving as an appealing travel destination, and fulfilling educational and recreational
objectives. In essence, agritourism involves the practice of attracting visitors to an area primarily
dedicated to agricultural purposes and can be described as follows:

Rural/Agricultural Environments + Farm Commodities + Tourism Services = Agritourism.

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According to the Rules and Regulations on Agritourism Site by Department of Tourism,

agritourism is characterized as a type of tourism conducted in rural farm areas. This activity
encompasses various aspects, including caring for farm animals, participating in planting and
harvesting, and engaging in the processing of farm products. Agritourism extends to include attractions,
activities, services, and facilities, along with other resources within the area, all designed to foster an
understanding and appreciation of the local culture, heritage, and traditions through direct interaction
with the local community. On the other hand, an Agritourism site is defined as a functional farm that
produces and/or showcases both raw and processed agricultural products.

1.2. Background of Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

The town of Pinamalayan holds the distinction of being one of the oldest municipalities in the
Province of Oriental Mindoro. In the present day, Pinamalayan is recognized as one of the three
primary centers of growth within the province, alongside Calapan City and Roxas. It has been
designated as a First-Class Municipality in accordance with DOF Department Order No. 20-05, as
administered by BLGF Memorandum Circular No. 01-M (43) – 05, which was issued on January 31,
2006. The municipality's advantageous position, situated at the heart of the province, its carefully
designed urban center, the existence of an intra-regional transportation network, its substantial
agricultural capabilities, and a significant portion of the workforce contribute to the essential advantages
required for the implementation of sustainable development strategies. (Pinamalayan.gov.ph., 2023).

Pinamalayan has several potential tourism attractions that have been identified through on-site
surveys. These potential tourist destinations encompass natural features, privately-owned properties
that are gradually gaining popularity through informal channels, as well as cultural landmarks. If these
locations can be effectively brought to the attention of the public and government, there is potential for
collaboration to ensure that these sites are adequately preserved, maintained, and receive the
necessary care and focus they deserve. Map S illustrates the positions of these prospective tourism
sites (Pinamalayan.gov.ph., 2023).
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1.3. Problem Setting

The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia, faces severe challenges from a high frequency of
natural disasters, specifically typhoons, floods, and droughts. These occurrences have detrimental
effects on both economies and environments especially in rural sectors in the affected regions. These
inevitable natural disasters continuously cause problems for agriculture and fisheries since they are
exceptionally susceptible to this natural phenomenon which significantly affects the economy (DOST
and PAG-ASA in agriculture, March 23, 2018).

Globalization, industrialization, and development pressures also pose a threat to small farms,
leading to farmers being compelled to sell their land and seek employment due to the impacts of
industrialization (Ghatak and Mookherjee, 2014). In the Philippines today, farmers face challenges such
as reduced income and limited crop insurance. Although the country is gradually recovering from the
more than two-year battle against the Covid-19 pandemic, the ongoing health crisis still hinders global
trade, exacerbating job and income losses among low-income Filipino individuals.

Being Considered as the backbone of society, the agriculture sector responds to the public
health needs by ensuring food security for every Filipino. Yet despite their crucial role, Filipino farmers
are still classified poor; thus, the need to provide them with a supplementary source of income. The
country's agricultural sector has been underperforming since 1961 (Ghatak and Mookherjee, 2014).

The elevated poverty rates among farmers render them particularly vulnerable to the
repercussions of these crises. Nowadays, agriculture business is becoming more expensive, posing
financial challenges for farmers. To address this issue and sustain their daily livelihoods, alternative
businesses are required.
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1.4. General Requirements

• Zero waste technology “Babuyang walang amoy (odor-free piggery)”
• Agricultural Training center
• Livelihood Training center
• Space for students who want to take up Agri-based technical-vocational course.
1.5. General Objective
• Nowadays, agriculture business becoming more costly, and farmers cannot afford it. To
overcome this situation, an alternative business is needed to support their overall income from
land.

• Urban lifestyle is restricted in their flats, so a space is needed away from the urban scenario
to escape from their real busy life.

• To promote tourism which revolves around farmers, villages, and agriculture and satisfy
curiosity of this segment population

• To advocate sustainable farming and zero waste technology.

1.6. Project Objectives

• To provide space in which visitors experience recreational aspect gradually transitioning into
knowledge and experimental core that conclude into a wholesome visual experience.

• To design an agritourism that would meet end users need in terms of agricultural and tourism
with the function of learning, livelihood, farming, cultivation, and leisure.

• To create a united agricultural and tourism centered facility on specified place hereby making
it family, elderly, and PWD friendly place.

• To design an agritourism located in tranquil and relaxing place without the disturbance of city
lifestyle in consideration to the site’s accessibility.

• To provide an interactive and effective community based agritourism that will be a beacon in
the community’s growth and development.
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1.7 Problem Setting

MAJOR PROBLEM ARCHITECTURAL GOAL

To create a design of Agritourism in Pinamalayan

The architectural design of Agritourism in
that is durable and has large capacity that can
Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro that is
cater large capacity of visitors, and can be used
durable, cost-efficient yet resilient,
for different activities, and that is sustainable by
sustainable with a touch of modern
using low maintenance local materials.
Filipino Architecture.

MINOR PROBLEM ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTIVES

1. What are the materials to be used for the To use locally available materials that will blend
reception, accommodations, and livelihood with the agricultural crops and that is low-cost
training center for it to be durable and and that represent the province of Pinamalayan.
long-standing?

2. What is the most applicable planning

To use cluster form of organization in planning
concept to be used for the
process.
project?
To design a concept of the buildings that applies
3.What is the overall concept for all the
biomimetic architecture and biophilic elements and
buildings in the project such as reception,
integrating the principles of tropical architecture
accommodations, and livelihood training
and Vernacular architecture.
center?

4.What is the best architectural solution to To provide a trading market to sell and display
help further the farmers of the project? their products and a space for other crafts.
To provide spaces that are
5.What is the best architectural solution to
“Instagramable” for the youth to interact,
further encourage youth to visit the
participate and visit the project and can also be a
project?
way to advertise or market the project.
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Definition of Terms
1.7.1 Agritourism

Simply stated, agritourism could be thought of as the crossroads of tourism and agriculture.
Stated more technically, agritourism can be defined as a form of commercial enterprise that links
agricultural production and/or processing with tourism to attract visitors onto a farm, ranch, or other
agricultural business for the purposes of entertaining and/or educating the visitors while generating
income for the farm, ranch, or business owner.

1.7.2 Biomimetic Architecture

Biomimetic architecture is a subset of biomimetics which seeks to find solutions to human

problems using inspiration from nature. It goes further than just using nature as inspiration for aesthetic
design. Forms and functions that serve a purpose in nature are imitated to serve human purposes.

1.7.3 Farm-tourism

Farm tourism is the business of attracting visitors to farm areas generally for educational and
recreational purposes while encouraging economic activities that can provide both the farm and
community additional income.

1.7.4 Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using

traditional materials and resources from the area where the building is located. Consequently, this
architecture is closely related to its context and is aware of the specific geographic features and cultural
aspects of its surroundings, being strongly influenced by them. For this reason, they are unique to
different places in the world, becoming even a means of reaffirming an identity.

1.7.5 Instagrammable

Attractive or interesting enough to be suitable for photographing and posting on the social
media service.

1.7.6 Livelihood

Livelihood can be best defined as the methods and means of making a living in the world. The
concept revolves around resources such as land/property, crops, food, knowledge, finances, social
relationships, and their interrelated connection with the political, economic, and sociocultural
characteristics of an individual community.
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1.7.7 Livestock

Livestock means cattle, elk, reindeer, bison, horses, deer, sheep, goats, swine, poultry
(including egg-producing poultry), llamas, alpacas, live fish, crawfish, and other animals that are part of
a foundation herd (including dairy producing cattle) or offspring.

1.7.8 Radial Organization

Radial growth patterns depend on the establishment of a strong central core. It is the point
where all paths cross to create a maximum of social inter-action.

1.7.9 Tropical Architecture

Tropical architecture is the design that focuses and responds to the climatic conditions of the
tropics. It studies the significant influences that impact architecture in tropical regions and develops
passive strategies to lessen heat gain. It also encourages air movement through a home or building.

1.8 Significance of the Study

1.8.1 Architectural Significance

The accumulated study will be an essential factor in the design solution for the other
agritourism potential in different provinces. It will be beneficial to Architecture as it further explains
Participatory Architecture and its importance to an agritourism project. The study may serve as a model
agritourism site which may be replicated in other areas of the country.

1.8.2 General

The study will be significant to the following:

Farmers

There are plenty of benefits that agritourism offers for the farmers such as all the advantages
of direct marketing. It will also be an additional complementary stream of income. Having multiple
streams of income is great idea in farming, it offers an opportunity to generate additional income from
an existing land base, it is possible too that it will tap into otherwise underutilized talents and skills. The
crowds drawn to the farm as a tourism destination may be interested also in making purchases. In fact,
the appreciation and understanding that they have developed through their agritourism experience may
encourage them to support the farm products.

The Government

The proposed project will contribute to the economy of Pinamalayan through innovative
agricultural tourism design. Using Architecture as the main driving concept. This will eventually lead to a
unique type of suites and relaxing farm activities
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User
The project has the potential to reverse negative economic trends by bringing in visitors and
creating new jobs and local business for community. It will help recognize tourists, especially visitors
from the urban cities to educate and enjoy farm environment and lifestyle.

Students

Nowadays, students find it hard to learn or study new things in a traditional way, the project
will be a beneficial to the students learning outcomes. The agritourism offers tour, seminars, and other
activities that student may find interesting and while having fun they are also gathering knowledge
about farmers, farm life, and agriculture.

Cultural Consideration

The majority of the agritourism sites in the Philippines have been established as World
Heritage Site. As agritourism trend emerges, more investors and farmers are encouraged to preserve
their land.

1.9 Scope and Delimitations

SCOPE DELIMITATION

The data that will be gathered is within the

1. The scope area of this study is within
Province of Pinamalayan only due to the
Pinamalayan.
project being Community-based Agritourism.
The products will be limited to the crops &
2. The study will include
plants provided in the Agritourism
administration, restaurant,
complex and will not be focusing on other
accommodations, and
crops and products.
production.
The activities/programs in the training
3. The study will include a
center will be limited to the techniques
livelihood training center for
and crops provided in the Agritourism
community, students, and other
complex and will not be focusing on other
agricultural enthusiast.
techniques, crops, and products.
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4. This study will determine the needed

The policies, laws and other legal aspects
requirements and identify specific
that will be gathered is within or about the
policy, laws, and other legal aspects
projects location only and that relates to
that will affect the planning process.
agriculture and tourism.
5. The researcher will be focusing on
The researcher will explore the necessary
planning and designing facilities of
spaces for the project only especially the
the Agritourism, as well as its site
ones that are highly significant to the
development plan through the data
target users: both major and minor
gathered from participatory process.
spaces.

1.10 Assumptions
The proposal assumes to provide a well organize community based agritourism with a
strategic and systematic way of tourism to support the farmers lack of income in Pinamalayan that will
encourage cultural and social interaction in terms of agriculture and promote province itself. The
researcher assumes that the proposal will be an attraction to the tourists. It will give pride to the
community and to the province by promoting local agricultural products.
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1.11 Conceptual Framework

LABOUR PARTICIPA-
MARKET RETAIL TION
SALES EDUCATION
FARMERS
INCOME
INTER-
INCREASE
ACTIVE

ECONOMY SOCIAL
INCREASE
TOURISM A Proposed DIVERSE
Agritourism with
Livelihood Training
Center
CREATIVITY
ENVIRONMENTAL
CULTURAL ENERGY-
EFFICIENT

INNOVATION VISUAL ALTERNATIVE WASTE

AESTHETIC ENERGY REDUCTION
COMFORT SOURCES
RECYCLE
AND IMAGE

Figure 2.1. The Conceptual Framework of the research paper.

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Bochart, S. (2022). Evolving our connection with nature: Six principles of biophilic design and biophilic
design elements. Shepley Bulfinch. Available at: https://shepleybulfinch.com/evolving-
our-connection-with-nature-six-biophilic- design-applications/
BusinessMirror. (2022). The rising industry of Farm Tourism in the Philippines. Business Mirror
Magazine.
FMCSA. (2019). The meaning of “livestock” as used in the definition of “Agricultural Commodity”.
Available at: https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/regulations/hours-
service/484981/livestockredefined.pdf
Ghisleni C. (2020). What is Vernacular Architecture. ArchDaily Article. Available at:
https://www.archdaily.com/951667/what-is-vernacular-architecture
Hidayat A. (2020). Tropical Architecture: The Art of Living in the Tropics. Architecture/Interior. Indonesia
Design Official Website.
Islam T., Jeffrey R. (2016). Sustainable livelihood. Hazard Mitigation in Emergency Management.
Meisight. (2020). What does “instagrammable” mean. Meisight Official website. Available at:
https://meisight.com/
Sullivan J. Sullivan L. (2000). Movement and Growth patterns. School Planning & Building Research
Section Ontario Department of Education. EF 003-382. Pg. 18.
Womach, CRS. (2005). Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws.Available at:
https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/agritourism/
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CASE STUDIES

2.1 Review of Related Literature

Locally Available Building Materials

2.1.1. Bamboo seen as ideal building material for sustainable homes.

2.1.1.1. Garcia Cathy Rose A.

2.1.1.2. Business World, March 2021

2.1.1.3. Summary

Figure 3.1. Photo of structures that uses bamboo as building material.

Bamboo is not commonly used to build homes in the Philippines because many people
regard it as "a poor man's material." The Base Bahay Foundation, Inc. hopes to change this attitude by
advocating for the use of bamboo as an alternative building technology for socialized housing in the
country. The Philippines has both bamboo — a material that grows really quickly and is abundant —
and the complications of a developing society, including housing issues and natural catastrophes. This
makes bamboo a perfect building material for sustainable housing in the country, particularly for the
many people who live in disaster-prone informal settlements. But it is the sustainability of a building
material, such as bamboo, that distinguishes it from others. Bamboo has long been recognized as a
sustainable material since it is one of the fastest-growing natural grasses on the planet, and it is easily
visible and collected in the Philippines.

‘Bamboo has about 1,200 distinct species, with sixty-two species recognized in the nation. It has been
utilized as a trustworthy construction material, especially now that a fine and lasting structural material,
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such as bamboo panels, can be manufactured with the use of technology and advanced engineering.
(Garcia Cathy Rose A., Business World, March 2021)

2.1.1.4. Analysis / Application

Bamboo is a naturally occurring, renewable material that may be utilized in the design and
construction of environmentally friendly structures. Because of its ability to regenerate, bamboo may be
used as a renewable alternative for other non-renewable materials. Bamboo assists in the digestion of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, decreasing the quantity of carbon in the environment. As a result,
bamboo helps to remove greenhouse gasses from the air, and its use in construction can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Bamboo is a versatile sustainable building material that may be used in a variety of architectural styles.
Bamboo's light weight allows it to be cut, molded, and arranged into any desired form, resulting in
visually appealing designs.

Bamboo is one of the primary materials to be utilized in the Agritourism and Livelihood Training Center
project. It will be utilized for walls, floors, stairwells, doors, and even ceilings. It will also be used for
path railings, particularly for the tour activity portion of the program, because the project will cater to
visitors of all ages. It is important that the elderly and children have some sort of safety using bamboo
railings, so that if the elderly get tired, he/she can hold on to the railings, and for the children, so that
they can easily be monitored by their guardians.

Bamboo will also be utilized to house livestock such as carabaos and goats, as well as chickens. It will
be used for anything from fences to sheds. It will also be utilized in landscaping, such as potted plants.
It will also be used to make furniture.

Bamboo material will also be employed as a primary building material in ceilings, partitions, and wall
cladding. It will also be part of the livelihood training program, with bamboo being used for various
handicrafts. Using bamboo is not only pleasing to the eye, but it is also beneficial to the environment,
humans, and animals.

2.1.2. What Is Steel Frame Construction: Techniques, Advantages, and Considerations

2.1.2.1. Matt Greenfield

2.1.2.2. June 10, 2022.

2.1.2.3. Summary
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Figure 3.2. Photo of Steel frame construction

Popular structural engineering techniques like steel framing replace the timber beams, joists, and
other elements used in conventional wooden frame buildings with steel. In comparison to timber
frames, this style of construction has a number of benefits, such as strength, longevity, and ease of
installation. Steel framing is ideal for building construction, providing each structure with increased
longevity and enhanced safety.

Steel frame has a well-deserved reputation for being extremely strong and resilient. Unlike other
building materials, like wood, steel frame constructions can resist even the worst weather without
showing any obvious evidence of wear or damage. This gives you the peace of mind that your building
will not need to be maintained frequently and ensures that its people will always be safe inside.

The simplicity of installation is another advantage of employing steel frame. Steel frames are
simple to assemble because they sometimes come pre-made or in parts that building contractors may
put together on-site. Because of this, installing them is simpler than installing other conventional
building materials like concrete or wood, which demand more time-consuming installation procedures.

In addition, steel provides more design flexibility than other types of construction materials. For
instance, curves and angles can be constructed into steel frames without having to worry about them
warping or developing other deformities over time as they can with wooden constructions owing to
changes in weight or temperature. Steel frames are therefore perfect for architects and designers who
are designing original ideas that need to be both aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound.

When compared to other conventional building materials like wood or concrete, such as steel, which
does not burn quickly and does not emit poisonous fumes when exposed to heat or flame, steel offers
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superior fire resistance. Due to the use of steel frames rather than other materials like wood or
concrete, there will be less risk of damage and structural deterioration if a fire should occur while your
structure is being built.

Steel offers strong resistance not only to fire, but also to other more frequent forms of extreme
weather, such as hurricanes, high winds, flooding, and blizzards, which might happen during
construction projects in some climates all over the world. Due to the usage of lower quality materials,
such as wood or concrete, which may be vulnerable to damage from these events, construction
projects in these areas can be done safely without worrying about potential destruction from these
natural catastrophes.

Finally, compared to other conventional building materials like wood, steel frames have an even
longer lifespan. Wood may be more vulnerable to moisture damage or decay brought on by insects and
fungus without proper care and maintenance throughout its lifecycle, which can dramatically reduce its
lifespan. Due to its greater strength and durability, ease of installation, flexibility in design options, fire
resistance, and structural stability in adverse weather situations, steel framing is an excellent choice for
any construction project.

2.1.2.4. Analysis / Application

Steel framing construction offers numerous advantages that make it an exceptional choice in the
modern construction industry. This method utilizes steel as the primary structural material instead of
traditional options such as wood or concrete. The benefits of steel framing extend across various
aspects, including strength and durability, lightweight construction, fire resistance, and termite and pest
resistance.

One of the most significant advantages of steel framing is its exceptional strength and durability.
Steel is an inherently robust material that possesses superior structural integrity, making it capable of
withstanding extreme weather conditions, seismic activities, and other external forces. The use of steel
provides a solid foundation for buildings, ensuring long-term stability and safety. Moreover, steel
framing allows for larger spans and open floor plans, enabling architects and designers to create
flexible and innovative structures.

In addition to its strength, steel framing offers the advantage of being lightweight. Compared to
traditional materials such as wood or concrete, steel is significantly lighter. This characteristic simplifies
transportation, handling, and on-site assembly, reducing construction time and costs. Moreover, the
lightweight nature of steel allows for greater design flexibility, enabling architects to explore various
architectural styles and construction techniques.

Another compelling aspect of steel framing construction is its inherent fire resistance. Steel is a
non-combustible material that does not contribute to the spread of fire. It has a high melting point,
enabling it to withstand high temperatures for extended periods compared to other building materials.
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This fire-resistant property is crucial in enhancing the safety of occupants and minimizing the risk of
structural damage. Steel framing provides an added layer of protection and peace of mind, particularly
in regions prone to wildfires or where stringent fire safety regulations are enforced.

Furthermore, steel framing construction is highly resistant to pests, such as termites and other
insects. Unlike wood, which is vulnerable to infestation and damage, steel does not provide a food
source or a conducive environment for pests. This eliminates the need for regular pest control
treatments and safeguards the integrity of the structure.

2.1.3. Husk to Home: Building Houses from Rice in the Philippines

2.1.4.1. Pettit M.

2.1.3 z.2. Impact Economic News. March 2017

2.1.3.3. Summary

Figure 3.3. Photo of Composite tile made from Rice Husk

In 2013, Bohol Island in the Philippines was struck by a huge 7.2 magnitude earthquake, followed
by a super typhoon, which displaced over 350,000 people and damaged approximately 80,000 homes.
Construction of relief shelters was often carried out using conventional plywood, or locally sourced
materials such as bamboo and coconut wood.

Faced with this challenge, a team of engineers from the University of California teamed up with
Engineers Without Borders and a local organization called IDEA to try to develop a more sustainable
solution – a building material that was sustainable, sturdy, inexpensive and long-lasting (i.e. not
attractive to termites), that didn’t need to be replaced every couple of years
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As the seventh largest rice-producing country in the world, the Philippines generates an abundance
of rice husk, a termite resistant waste product from the rice milling process that is incinerated once
discarded. Our team, Husk-to-Home, intends to capitalize on this termite resistance and design a rice
husk composite board with properties relevant to the Philippines’ needs: lightweight boards with
strength and stiffness that will prevent side-swaying and resist forces due to earthquakes [1]; water
resistivity which will help structures withstand humidity and tropical storms; and termite resistance that
will keep structures durable and free of pests. Husk-to-Home plans to innovate rice husk composite
boards by using inexpensive, accessible materials, minimal machinery, and a simple production
process.

Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic was selected as the best and most sustainable
plastic to incorporate into the boards due to its abundance, low-cost, and recyclability. Preliminary
screw tests were conducted by screwing a one” screw to the edge of the board and loading the screw
until the board showed signs of cracks along the edge. The screw tests were not done according to
ASTM standards but were used for comparative analysis. In the future, screw tests will be conducted in
accordance to ASTM standards by accredited facilities to yield reliable results. Bioassays and soak
tests were also conducted on the FPCs to evaluate termite and humidity resistance, as previously
described. Again, all the tests were conducted in parallel to a control for reference. The mechanical
properties of the boards increased significantly. Soak tests indicated a percent expansion by thickness
as low as 2.0% with the most recent boards. These results are excellent in comparison to the 20 to 40%
expansion of formaldehyde based adhesive rice husk particleboards that were tested in parallel. The
bioassay tests determined that termites consume basswood (20.7% mortality rate), but do not consume
rice husk (100% mortality rate).

The new approach of using FPC boards instead of tannin- and casein-based adhesives proved to
be promising. The recycled HDPE adhesive has improved the properties of Husk-to-Home’s rice husk
composite boards substantially. The proposed board has mechanical strength near that of the plywood.

Figure 3.3. The photo shows the percentage of rice husk and other materials that built up the
composite tile/plank.
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2.1.3.4. Analysis / Application

The cement industry is regarded as one of the largest producers of greenhouse gas globally. For
this reason, many within the construction sector are eager to promote the use of eco-friendly
substitutes. With the aim to help lessen the waste produced in the world, fly ash, furnace slag, and
concrete debris are just some of the more popular choices for reducing global cement reliance. One
interesting material, hailed for its feasibility, is rice husk.

Rice husk is a byproduct of the milling industry. It is 92-95% silica, extremely porous, and has a
high amount of ash content. It is the protective covering of rice grains, which are considered as waste
material in the agricultural sector. Its disposal has become a worldwide problem due to the amount of
waste produced every year (Pinoy Builder, 2020). Thus, pushing this as a cement alternative helps
ease the burden and benefits both the construction and agriculture industry.

Rice husk ash (RHA) plays two roles in concrete constructions. The first role is using rice husk as a
substitute for Portland cement which leads to the reduction of the cost of concrete, and the other role is
as an admixture in the production of high strength concrete. Ordinary Portland cement is expensive for
undeveloped countries and the need for low-cost building material is high. Due to the fact that cement is
the most expensive component of concrete, replacing part of cement with rice husk ash would decline
the cost of concrete greatly. It is demonstrated that, replacing 50% cement with rice husk ash would
reduce cost of concrete by 25%.

Meanwhile, in PinaMalayan, production of palay reached 171,349.94 metric tons in the fourth
quarter of 2021. An increase of 14.36 percent compared to same period last year from a total of
149,835.77 metric tons (PSA 2022). The rice husk that will be available every year is a lot of waste, by
using those husks as an alternative to Portland cement, the cost will reduce, and it is more eco-friendly.
The researcher will use the rice husk concrete approach for the building that needs more strength such
as the administrative / reception, kitchen, and function hall. It can also be used as flower boxes and
fences.

2.1.4. Transparent Wood Could Be the Window of the Future

2.1.4.1. Androff A.

2.1.4.2. Forest Products Laboratory and posted by Robert Westover,

Office of Communication, USDA Forest Service in Forestry. July 2021

2.1.4.3. Summary
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Figure 3.4. Photo of Transparent wood compared to regular wood.

Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) researcher Junyong Zhu in co-collaboration with colleagues
from the University of Maryland and University of Colorado, have developed a transparent wood
material that may be the window of tomorrow. Researchers found that transparent wood has the
potential to outperform glass currently used in construction in nearly every way.

While glass is the most common material used in window construction it comes with a costly
economic and ecological price. Heat easily transfers through glass, especially single pane, and
amounts to higher energy bills when it escapes during cold weather and pours in when it’s warm. Glass
production in construction also comes with a heavy carbon footprint. Manufacturing emissions are
approximately 25,000 metric tons per year. Now, transparent wood is emerging as one of the most
promising materials of the future.

Transparent wood is created when wood from the fast-growing, low-density balsa tree is treated to
a room temperature, oxidizing bath that bleaches it of nearly all visibility. The wood is then penetrated
with a synthetic polymer called polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), creating a product that is virtually transparent.

The natural cellulose in its wood structure and energy-absorbing polymer filler in transparent wood
means that it is far more durable and lighter than glass. It can withstand much stronger impacts than
glass and, unlike glass, it bends or splinters instead of shattering.

Switching to transparent wood could prove to be cost efficient as well. It is approximately five times
more thermally efficient than glass, cutting energy costs. It is made from a sustainable, renewable
resource with low carbon emissions. It is also compatible with existing industrial processing equipment,
making the transition into manufacturing an easy prospect.
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2.1.4.4. Analysis / Application

As far as transparent wood's strength is concerned, it has the same strength of lumber whilst
being far lighter.

Transparent wood will provide an excellent way for the researcher / designer to bring lighter into
the projects. Because this transparent wood is stronger than standard glass it could be used for load
bearing windows. The transparent wood could be use in the project as:

• Heat/shielding buildings/windows
• Load-bearing windows that never crack or shatter.
• Smart windows, to save energy.
Advantages:

• It is biodegradable and environmentally friendly as regular wood.

• Transparent wood has all the strength of opaque lumber.
• It does not shatter on impact and is stronger than glass.
• It is better when at light distribution and eliminates glare.
• It helps keep a building at more consistent temperature and make it easier to reach higher
energy efficiency. This is because wood has low thermal conductivity.
• Another advantage of transparent wood over glass for structural applications is that the
ductility and work to fracture are higher.

2.1.5. Biophilic design is the home trend everyone needs to know about

2.1.5.1. Yuvallos, Andrei

2.1.5.2. NoliSoli Ph. October 2020.

2.1.5.3. Summary

Biophilic design is a human-centric approach to interior and building design that focuses on the
human connection to the natural world. Many modern workspaces have invested in biophilic design
strategies to improve the quality of life of their employees, meet sustainability goals, and increase
productivity.

According to this definition, biophilic design is not just sticking a plant in a corner and calling it a
day. For something to be truly considered biophilic design, these elements must be integrated into how
a place is built and how much people interact with it. There must be a clear intention to incorporate
natural elements. Elements of Biophilic Design.
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Another point of biophilic design is blurring the boundaries between inside and outside. The more
nature presents indoors, the better. Biophilic design is supposed to be a multi-sensory experience that
affects how we feel in a positive way.

1. Environmental features

As an element of biophilic design, environmental features relate to characteristics of the natural

world found in the built environment.

2. Natural shapes and forms

The element of natural shapes and forms includes representations and simulations of the natural
world in buildings, both internally and externally.

3. Natural patterns and processes

This element focuses on how the built environment is enhanced by incorporating properties found
in nature into it.

4. Light and space

There are many ways that light and space, the use of which is a crucial element of biophilic design,
can be incorporated into a space.

5. Place-based relationships

People have a strong sense of connection with places, and the element of place-based
relationships refers to a linking of culture with ecology.

Benefits

1. Circadian rhythm: Access to natural light throughout the day helps regulate your circadian
rhythm, potentially enabling you feel more rested and less stressed.
2. Healing: Healthcare facilities with biophilic design have reduced patients’ postoperative
recovery time.
3. Increased productivity: According to a 1994 study from the Department of Energy, businesses
that reduced harsh lighting and incorporated more natural light, such as skylights, saw an
increase in worker productivity.
4. . Lower stress: Regular access to nature may help reduce your heart rate and lower your
blood pressure, which correlates with lower stress. According to a 2014 study published in
Environmental Science & Technology, people who moved to a greener area from urban
environment experienced a positive impact on their mental health, while people who moved
from a greener area to a less green area experienced adverse mental health effects post-
move.
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2.1.5.4. Analysis / Application

The aim of biophilic design is to create buildings and spaces that enable harmonious, naturally
enjoyable experiences for their users by promoting the affinity of human beings for the natural world
that surrounds us. The discipline offers numerous benefits for physical and mental well-being, as well
as having a positive environmental impact thanks to enhanced sustainability performance.

Biophilic designers believe that sustained contact with the natural world is more beneficial than
brief forays into nature. To reap the most benefit, integrate biophilic principles into daily experiences in
an accessible way.

Examples of Biophilic Design that will be integrated in the design process:

1. Bringing the outside in: Biophilic design brings natural elements into interior spaces. Some
common biophilic design elements include skylights, which provide natural light; green walls,
or living walls, covered with living greenery; and the presence of water, such as fountains or
ponds.
2. Mimicking natural patterns: Biophilic design employs biomimicry—the process of mimicking
patterns and forms found in nature. Natural patterns like curves, fractals, and geometric
shapes inspire infrastructure and design. For instance, you may frame windows in a
honeycomb pattern or construct walls to mimic the curvature of a wave.
3. Planting abundant greenery: Biophilic architecture often incorporates landscaping as a primary
feature of the building's structure. Rooftop gardens, or green roofs, provide open-air
sanctuaries for building occupants, exterior stairwells can be lined with trees and shrubs, and
atriums allow sunlight to permeate a building's interior.
4. Using natural materials: Biophilic designers gravitate toward wood and stone over synthetic
materials like plastics or polished metals. Natural materials tend to develop a patina over time,
suggesting the natural progression of age.

2.1.6. Clustering Forms for Enhancing Architectural Design Optimization

2.1.6.1. Shermeen, Yusif

2.1.6.2. Texas A&M University, 2018

2.1.6.3. Summary

Architectural design can be thought of as an optimization process that aims to discover the best
solutions to meet preset objectives. The abundance of options exhausts designers impairs wise
decision-making, and results in ineffective interaction between the designers and the system for
optimization.
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Cluster planning in architecture is a design approach that involves grouping buildings or structures
together within a site, rather than dispersing them individually. This approach aims to enhance
functionality, optimize land use, and create a cohesive and efficient built environment. Cluster planning
takes into consideration spatial organization, functional relationships, shared resources, connectivity,
and aesthetics to create harmonious and sustainable architectural developments.

One of the key aspects of cluster planning is spatial organization. Instead of randomly placing
buildings across a site, cluster planning arranges them in groups or clusters. This approach allows for
efficient land use by minimizing the footprint of individual structures and optimizing the open spaces
between them. The arrangement of buildings within clusters can be based on various factors, such as
function, hierarchy, or user needs.

Cluster planning considers the functional relationships between buildings. Structures that share
similar functions or have interconnected operations are grouped together. For example, in a residential
development, houses with similar architectural styles or sizes can be clustered, while commercial
buildings with complementary services can form another cluster. This arrangement promotes efficiency,
as it allows for the sharing of resources, infrastructure, and amenities among the buildings within the
cluster.

By clustering buildings, certain resources can be shared among them. Common infrastructure, such
as roads, parking areas, utility connections, or green spaces, can be efficiently utilized and serve
multiple structures within a cluster. This approach reduces costs, minimizes environmental impact, and
encourages sustainability. Additionally, shared amenities like parks, playgrounds, or community
facilities can be strategically placed within clusters, fostering a sense of community, and enhancing the
quality of life for residents or users.

Connectivity is a vital aspect of cluster planning. Designing pedestrian-friendly spaces, walkways,

and pathways within and between clusters promotes easy access and encourages social interaction.
Efficient circulation systems, both vehicular and pedestrian, can be integrated to connect different
clusters and create a sense of unity. Connectivity also facilitates the efficient movement of people,
goods, and services, making the overall development more functional and convenient.

Aesthetics and Identity:

Cluster planning contributes to the visual appeal and identity of architectural developments. By
grouping buildings with similar architectural styles or design elements, a cohesive and harmonious
aesthetic can be achieved within each cluster. This approach creates a sense of identity for the
development and enhances its overall character. Moreover, the strategic placement of landmarks or
focal points within clusters can contribute to wayfinding and orientation, further reinforcing the identity of
the space.
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Figure 3.5. The concept of Cluster form of organization

(Source: School Planning & Building Research Section Ontario Department of Education, 2000)

2.1.6.4. Analysis/Application

Cluster planning in architecture offers a holistic and sustainable approach to the organization of
buildings within a site. By considering spatial organization, functional relationships, shared resources,
connectivity, and aesthetics, cluster planning enhances functionality, optimizes land use, and creates a
cohesive built environment. It promotes efficient circulation, encourages social interaction, and fosters a
sense of community. With its focus on sustainability and aesthetic appeal, cluster planning is an
effective tool for architects and urban planners to create thriving and vibrant architectural
developments.

Cluster planning can enhance security within architectural developments. By clustering buildings
together, it becomes easier to implement security measures and surveillance systems. Controlled
access points can be strategically located at cluster entrances, making it more efficient to monitor and
regulate entry and exit. This approach promotes a safer environment for residents, employees, and
visitors.

Cluster planning facilitates the preservation of natural features and the environment. By
clustering buildings, it becomes possible to retain existing trees, green spaces, or natural topography
within and around the clusters. This approach minimizes the need for extensive site grading or tree
removal and preserves the ecological balance of the area.

In conclusion, cluster planning in architecture offers numerous advantages such as improved

security, infrastructure efficiency, cost savings, environmental sustainability, and a sense of community.
It optimizes land use, enhances functionality, and creates visually appealing and cohesive architectural
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developments. By considering the needs of users, the environment, and long-term adaptability, cluster
planning provides architects and urban planners with a powerful tool to design sustainable, efficient,
and vibrant built environments.

2.1.7. Vermicomposting: Connecting the Farmer and the Environment

2.1.7.1. Matthew De Wit
2.1.7.2. AGREA, June 2017
2.1.7.3. Summary
Worms have historically been raised as fishing bait as well as a source of protein and
enzymes for a variety of goods, such as animal food and biodegradable cleaners. Additionally, worms
have been employed to control agricultural wastes like dairy manure. They transform trash into worm
manure, commonly referred to as worm castings, a nutrient-rich soil product with positive biological
effects.

Worms are used in vermicomposting, a composting process, to create vermicompost. Worm

farming, or vermiculture, is the practice of producing worms. Waste diversion, vermicomposting, and
vermiculture have been the three complimentary objectives of worm farming in recent years on both a
local and large scale.
Worm dung is sometimes called castings or vermicompost. Many horticulturists believe that
worm castings are one of the best soil supplements on the market. Worm castings include a variety of
nutrients that are beneficial to promoting plant growth and in a form that is easily absorbed by plants.
The nutrient level of castings depends on the material provided to the worms, and worms frequently eat
on highly nutritious materials, such as food waste and manures. The biology of the worm's gut
promotes the development of bacteria and fungi that are advantageous to plant growth. Additionally,
castings include a variety of chemical elements that are thought to encourage plant growth.
Vermicomposting is referred to as a "excluded activity" under the solid waste regulations of
California. However, a "exclusion" acknowledges that a particular activity involves managing solid
waste and as such must adhere to fundamental health and safety laws. Worms may be regarded as
livestock under California food and agricultural laws, much like cows are in a ranching or dairy
operation. Certain organic wastes may, within reason, be considered feed. However, solid waste
regulations include restrictions on how compostable material is handled before and after it is used as a
growing medium.
Depending on your objectives, worms can be cultivated on a small or huge scale. A simple 12-
to 20-gallon worm bin should be sufficient if you're trying to manage food wastes for yourself or your
family. The trash can should have a lid, drainage holes, and aeration holes at the bottom, and it should
be dark and opaque. A tray behind the bin and small 1-inch legs are also useful. Worms can be
managed in low-mound rows known as worm beds or "ricks," or in sizable in-vessel continuous-flow
systems that are available from vendors, to process bigger volumes of organic materials or to create
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significant amounts of worms or vermicompost. In order to defend themselves, worms burrow into the
bedding. Unless the conditions in the bedding are intolerable, worms will not emerge into the sunlight.
Worms will eat a wide variety of organic materials such as paper, manure, fruit and vegetable
waste, grains, coffee grounds, and ground yard wastes. While worms will eat meat and dairy products,
it is best not to feed these materials or oily foods to worms, due to potential odor and pest problems.
Worms will consume limited amounts of citrus scraps, but limonene, a chemical compound found in
citrus, is toxic to worms, so it is best to limit or avoid feeding them this material.
2.1.7.4. Analysis / Application
Vermicomposting, the process of using earthworms to decompose organic waste, offers
numerous advantages for farmers. By implementing a vermicompost system on their farms, farmers
can transform organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, improve soil health, increase crop productivity,
and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. This essay explores the key advantages of having a
vermicompost system on a farm.

One of the primary advantages of vermicomposting is the production of high- quality, nutrient-
rich compost. Earthworms feed on organic waste materials, breaking them down into a biologically
active form known as vermicompost. Vermicompost is an excellent source of essential nutrients,
micronutrients, beneficial microbes, and organic matter, providing plants with a well-balanced and
readily available nutrient supply. This nutrient-rich compost enhances soil fertility and promotes healthy
plant growth.
Vermicompost significantly improves soil structure by enhancing its physical properties. The
organic matter and humic substances present in vermicompost improve soil aggregation, allowing for
better water infiltration and aeration. This leads to improved moisture retention in the soil, reducing
water stress for plants and increasing their resilience during periods of drought. The improved soil
structure also promotes root development, nutrient uptake, and overall plant growth.
Vermicompost enhances nutrient cycling in the soil. The organic matter and beneficial
microorganisms present in vermicompost help in breaking down complex nutrients into forms that are
readily available for plant uptake. This improves nutrient cycling within the soil, reducing nutrient losses
and improving nutrient-use efficiency. As a result, plants can access a more abundant and balanced
supply of nutrients, leading to improved growth, yield, and crop quality.

The beneficial microorganisms present in vermicompost contribute to the suppression of plant

diseases and pests. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, help create a
balanced and diverse soil microbiome. A healthy soil microbiome strengthens the plant's defense
mechanisms, making them more resistant to pathogens and pests. This reduces the reliance on
chemical pesticides and promotes environmentally friendly pest management practices.
Vermicomposting is an environmentally sustainable practice. By diverting organic waste from
landfills and turning it into compost, farmers reduce the production of methane, a potent greenhouse
gas emitted during organic waste decomposition. Vermicomposting also reduces the need for synthetic
fertilizers, which can have negative environmental impacts, such as nutrient runoff and water pollution.
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Adopting vermicomposting on farms promotes resource recycling, waste reduction, and contributes to a
more sustainable agricultural system.
Implementing a vermicompost system on a farm can lead to cost savings. Farmers can
produce their own nutrient-rich compost using on-site organic waste, reducing the need to purchase
commercial fertilizers. Vermicompost can replace a portion of synthetic fertilizers, resulting in reduced
input costs. Additionally, improved soil health and nutrient availability can lead to higher crop yields and
improved crop quality, translating into increased profits for farmers.
For farmers engaged in organic farming, vermicompost is a valuable tool for maintaining soil
fertility and meeting organic certification requirements.
Vermicompost is a natural and approved input for organic agriculture, providing the necessary
nutrients in a sustainable and ecologically sound manner. By utilizing vermicompost, organic farmers
can enrich their soils and meet the stringent standards of organic certification, ensuring market access
and consumer trust.

2.1.8. A designer's guide to creating “Instagrammable” spaces.

2.1.8.1. Gonzales Charlene
2.1.8.2. Official website of Super Draft, August 2017.
2.1.8.3. Summary
To date, there are more than 500 million daily users of Instagram. They are growing fast, and
they are ranking behind the tech social media giant Facebook. The app predicts that almost 70% of all
the brands in the world will have an Instagram page by the end of 2017. That is a huge leap,
considering that only 48.8% of the businesses in 2016 have an Instagram presence. Why? It is because
75% of people act after seeing a photo on Instagram. It only takes two taps of a finger to “like” a photo
you see. More importantly, it helps businesses in increasing their brand awareness, foot traffic, and
sales.
1. Good Lighting (for photos)
Normally, architects and interior designers will install proper lighting to make a person
comfortable in a space. How the place registers in the camera aren’t a top priority in the design. When
Instagram becomes a part of an architect’s design process, photographing the space becomes a
priority. Unfortunately, the appeal of dim places in photographs is not the same in real life. It is not
comfortable and doesn’t enhance a person’s experience (unless it is a club).
To give justice to photos and real-life experiences, an Instagram-centered design must involve
a lot of natural light. It is better if the structure has bigger windows or skylights that allow daylight in the
space.
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2. Unique Floor Tiles

People document their experiences in a 3×3 square photo in Instagram. Photographing your
feet with the tiles meant you have set foot on a place. The tiles of a building or restaurant are the
audience’s visual connector to the establishment. These awesome tiled floors, when included in a
#ShoeSelfie of a #FeetAndFloor shot have the power to drive people to the place.
3. Graphic walls or Street art
Similar to tiled floors, an interesting wall of a restaurant, cafe, or building attracts a number of
people. This time for shots that express the emotions that people felt at that moment. The mural or
street art can also serve as a landmark. It helps people remember the place. That way, they’ll keep
coming back. Basically, anything wall with a distinctive and meaningful art becomes a photo booth.
Unique art and colorful wallpapers are on top of the list.
2.1.8.4. Analysis / Application
The perfect selfie beats costs and availability of alcohol, experiencing local cuisine and
sightseeing. People care more about the likes and shares an image gets more than being at the
location itself. Instagram users see travel content as more genuine or trustworthy than a brochure or a
travel website. Millennials are known to trust peers more than brands. Instagram is a powerful tool for
destinations looking to bring in more attention and tourists.
This sharing of experiences has not only created communities where people can connect and
share their lives, but it can also shine the spotlight on significant social and environmental issues.
Social media is very effective at influencing people to buy a plane ticket and visit somewhere new.
Businesses have been quick to recognize the huge potential Instagram has as an advertising
platform, Arguably, consumers see an Instagram photo as a real and personal depiction, and not a
campaign created by a marketing department. Essentially, Instagram has become an online review
platform of destinations since most people are swayed by the opinions of others, it’s easy to see how
Instagram outperforms holiday brochures with its powers of persuasion.

Yet, Instagram photos don’t always give the complete picture. They’re often as set up as those
depicted in glossy brochures. A selfie taken at a beauty spot may give the impression that someone
has the place all to themselves, but the photographer may have cleverly omitted the hordes of other
insta-tourists waiting patiently in line to capture that very same scene.
With our selfie-obsessed, hashtag-driven, and influencer-based business culture today, the
easiest way to attract your consumers to invest financially and emotionally in your brand is through the
power of one of the visually oriented platforms today– Instagram. Having a unique “Instagrammable”
offering sells not only your products or services, but a new concept that customers can incorporate and
embrace into their lifestyle.
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2.1.9. Integrated Goat and Poultry Farming

2.1.9.1. discover agriculture
2.1.9.2. Discover Agriculture, October 2021
2.1.9.3. Summary
Goat farming is a lucrative industry. Due to its many uses, goat farming is currently a lucrative
industry that just needs a small initial investment. Additionally, commercial goat farming makes a
significant contribution to a nation's diet and economy.
Integrated Farming combines the best of modern tools and technologies with traditional
practices according to a given site and situation. In simple words, it means using many ways of
cultivation in a small space or land.
Goat farming entails raising goats for meat, maybe milk, as opposed to poultry farming, which
raises birds for feathers, meat, and eggs. If you are prepared to devote the necessary time, energy, and
resources to make either of these two's endeavors a worthwhile investment, they are both as good.
Your choice of investment will therefore solely depend on the resources available, such as land,
pasture, access to water, etc. You should also consider the number of holdings.
Compared to chickens, goats grow and reproduce more slowly. This means that while your
goats are still young, you can make money by raising chickens. Goats and chickens are both kept in the
same shed in integrated farming. The advantages of producing several streams of income on a small
plot of land. You do not have to wait a long time to start making money with chicken farming. You can
start earning money in three to four months. As a result, this brings in extra money. One can produce a
wide variety of products from them like milk, meat, fiber, manure, and so on. The milk of goat is used for
producing full cream goat powder, skimmed goat milk powder, goat butter, goat milk cream, fresh goat
milk.

2.1.9.4. Analysis / Application

Integrated farming systems have gained popularity due to their ability to maximize resource
utilization and enhance farm productivity. One such promising integration is combining poultry and goat
farming. This essay explores the advantages
of integrated poultry and goat farming and highlights how this approach can benefit farmers
and the overall agricultural industry.
Integrating poultry and goat farming offers farmers the potential for increased profitability. By
combining these two livestock enterprises, farmers can diversify their income streams and tap into
multiple markets. Eggs, meat, and milk products from poultry and goats have high demand, ensuring a
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steady source of revenue. Additionally, integrated systems optimize resource utilization, reducing costs
associated with separate farming units.
Integrated poultry and goat farming allows for efficient utilization of available resources. Goats
and poultry have different dietary needs, and by integrating them, farmers can make the most of
available land and feed resources. Goats can utilize pasture areas more effectively, as they can
consume roughage and browse on shrubs and weeds, reducing the need for expensive feeds. Poultry
can utilize smaller spaces and convert grains and byproducts into high-quality protein, benefiting from
the waste generated by goats, such as manure and leftover forage.
Integration of poultry and goat farming facilitates effective nutrient cycling and waste
management. Goats produce manure rich in nitrogen and other nutrients, which can be used as organic
fertilizer for crops or as bedding material for poultry. Poultry, in turn, convert this manure into valuable
compost, which can be used to enhance soil fertility. Such integration promotes a sustainable and
environmentally friendly farming system by minimizing waste and utilizing it effectively within the farm.

Integrating poultry and goat farming optimizes land utilization. Goats can graze on pasture
areas that are not suitable for cultivation, effectively utilizing marginal land. This reduces pressure on
prime agricultural land for grazing purposes and allows for the conservation of fertile soil for crop
production. Moreover, the droppings of goats enrich the pasture soil, improving its productivity over
time.
Goats are natural browsers and can effectively control weeds and invasive plant species. By
integrating goats into poultry farming systems, farmers can minimize the use of herbicides and manual
labor for weed control. Additionally, the presence of goats can deter pests and reduce the incidence of
diseases that affect both poultry and crops. This natural pest control mechanism reduces the
dependency on chemical pesticides and promotes a more sustainable farming approach.
Integrated poultry and goat farming systems enhance farm resilience and reduce risks
associated with market fluctuations. Diversifying the farm enterprises spreads the economic risks,
ensuring a stable income even if there is a fluctuation in the demand or price of a specific product. This
integrated approach also provides flexibility, allowing farmers to adapt to changing market dynamics
and consumer preferences.
Integrated poultry and goat farming systems offer numerous advantages to farmers, including
increased profitability, efficient resource utilization, nutrient cycling, enhanced land utilization, pest and
weed control, and improved farm resilience. By harnessing the synergies between poultry and goat
farming, farmers can achieve sustainable and economically viable agricultural systems. Promoting such
integrated approaches can contribute to the overall development and sustainability of the agricultural
industry while meeting the rising demand for poultry, goat products, and maintaining environmental
stewardship.
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2.1.10. (PIGS) Odorless Pigpen/ Odor-free Piggery

2.1.10.1. Mandawa, Panlima
2.1.10.2. Business Diary PH, August 2020
2.1.10.3. Summary

A pig pen is an enclosed area where pigs are kept. Profitable Innovative Growing System or
PIGS, a method of raising pigs in an environment that mimics their natural habitat, designed by Pro
Natural Feed Corporation. PIGS technology, unlike conventional piggeries, allows for stress free pigs
that are less prone to sickness and diseases.
Advantages of using Profitable Innovative Growing System (PIGS)
– Solves bad odor and health risks in piggeries
– Easier, cleaner, and cost-effective
– Reduces antibiotic dependency in swine
– Environment and community-friendly
– Health protection for both humans and animals
– Promotes humane animal treatment

Guidelines in Constructing an Odorless Pigpen/ Odor-free Piggery

– Avoid lowland where flood incidence is high during rainy season

– Soil or earth flooring must be above the highest possible water level in case of flood
– Piggery must have adequate wind and sunlight penetration pig
– General bedding requirement is at least one and a half (1.5) square meters per
– Place 2 to 3 foot deep newly milled rice hull or other organic materials above the earth/soil
flooring to act as bedding for the pigs
– Wallowing pond should be 1 meter wide spanning the length of the pen with water depth
of 1 to 4 inches deep depending on the size of the pig
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– Feeding trough should be constructed opposite the wallowing pond and should be 11
inches from the wall of the pen
– Use concrete hollow blocks for the lower fencing around the pen, for the wallowing pool,
and feeding troughs
– Use iron bars or matured bamboos as upper fencing to allow for wind to pass through and
to prevent pigs from jumping out of the pen

A pig pen that is odorless means that there are fewer harmful gases and particles in the air.
This can improve air quality for both the pigs and any humans who are nearby. An odorless pig pen can
help to reduce stress and illness among the pigs. Pigs that are exposed to strong odors may become
stressed, which can lead to health problems. For farmers and workers, an odorless pig pen means
better working conditions. It can be difficult to work in a smelly environment, and reducing or eliminating
odors can make
the work more pleasant. Odorless pig pens can help to reduce the environmental impact of pig
farming. Strong odors can be a nuisance for nearby communities and can contribute to air and water
pollution. By reducing or eliminating odors, pig farmers can help to reduce their impact on the
environment. Finally, an odorless pig pen can help to improve public perception of pig farming. Strong
odors can be a source of complaints from nearby communities and can contribute to negative
perceptions of pig farming. By creating an odorless pig pen, farmers can show that they are committed
to responsible and sustainable farming practices.

2.1.10.4. Analysis / Application

Agritourism, the intersection of agriculture and tourism, has gained significant popularity in
recent years. As more people seek authentic farm experiences, it becomes essential to address
potential challenges that may deter visitors. One such challenge is the odor associated with traditional
pig pens. This essay discusses the advantages of an odorless pig pen in an agritourism site,
highlighting how it can enhance visitor experiences, promote sustainable farming practices, and
improve the overall reputation of the farm.

An odorless pig pen in an agritourism site significantly enhances the visitor experience.
Traditional pig pens emit strong and unpleasant odors due to the accumulation of manure and other
waste materials. These odors can be a major deterrent for visitors, affecting their overall satisfaction
and enjoyment. By implementing an odor control system in the pig pen, visitors can explore and interact
with the animals without being overwhelmed by unpleasant smells. This ensures a positive experience,
increasing the likelihood of repeat visits and positive word-of- mouth recommendations.

Odor control measures in a pig pen not only benefit visitors but also contribute to improved
animal welfare. Traditional pig pens with strong odors indicate poor hygiene and suboptimal living
conditions for the animals. By implementing odor management strategies, such as proper waste
management and ventilation systems, the living environment for the pigs can be improved. This results
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in healthier and happier animals, which can positively impact their growth, reproduction, and overall
well- being.
Implementing an odorless pig pen aligns with sustainable farming practices. Odor control
measures usually involve efficient waste management techniques that reduce the environmental impact
of pig farming. These practices include proper manure collection, composting, and utilization as organic
fertilizer. By implementing an odor control system, the farm can minimize odor emissions, prevent
groundwater contamination, and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This
promotes environmentally friendly farming practices, making the agritourism site an example of
sustainable agriculture.
An agritourism site with an odorless pig pen can positively impact public perception. Odor
emissions from pig pens are often associated with negative connotations, such as pollution and
unsanitary conditions. By addressing the issue of odor, the farm demonstrates a commitment to
cleanliness, hygiene, and responsible animal husbandry practices. Visitors are more likely to view the
farm as a well- maintained and reputable establishment, enhancing the farm's image and credibility.
This positive perception can attract more visitors, strengthen relationships with the local community,
and even facilitate partnerships with other businesses.
In many regions, odor emissions from livestock operations are subject to regulations and
guidelines. An odorless pig pen helps the agritourism site comply with these regulations, avoiding
potential legal issues and penalties. By implementing effective odor control measures, the farm
demonstrates its commitment to responsible and lawful operation. This ensures a smooth relationship
with regulatory authorities and maintains the farm's reputation as a responsible and compliant entity.
An odorless pig pen in an agritourism site offers numerous advantages, including enhanced
visitor experiences, improved animal welfare, promotion of sustainable farming practices, positive public
perception, and compliance with regulations. By addressing the issue of odor associated with traditional
pig pens, farms can create a more inviting and enjoyable environment for visitors, while also promoting
responsible and sustainable agricultural practices. Incorporating odor control measures demonstrates
the farm's commitment to the well-being of animals, the environment, and the satisfaction of visitors,
thereby fostering long-term success and growth in the agritourism industry.
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2.2 References
Business Diary PH, (August 2020) “Natural Farm Pig Technology for Organic Pork Production”.
Available at: https://zambo.da.gov.ph/images/IEC/NaturalFarmPig%20.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720302620
https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-statistics-for-social-media-managers/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/vermicomposting
https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/document/Zoning-Practice-200708.pdf
https://www.foresthomesstore.com/blogs/decor-for-wellbeing/what-is-biophilic-design-and-why-it-is-
important-for-our-world
https://www.bworldonline.com/property/2023/09/19/546254/bamboo-pushed-as-alternative-building-
technology-in-phl/

https://cbwholesale.com/advantages-of-using-steel-framing-for-building-construction/

https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/bohol-earthquake-action-plan-october-2013

https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2020/10/01/transparent-wood-could-be-window-future

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/biophilic-design

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325425422_Clustering_Forms_for_Enhancing_Architectural_
Design_Optimization
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CHAPTER 4 / 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYSIS

Methodology is the entire framework of how the researcher will verify hypothesis and
resolve problem. It is a scientific document wherein the researcher must present, organize,
analyze, and interpret data set forth in his findings, that has been adequately investigated through
inquiry. The researcher has been very careful enough on selecting the kind of research
methodology and procedures to be undertaken in this study.

Hypothesis

The creation of an Agritourism with Livelihood Training Center in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro
is expected to have a profound impact on the socioeconomic conditions of the local community.
By combining agritourism with comprehensive livelihood training, this project seeks to not only
generate jobs but also build a welcoming and sustainable atmosphere for the community's overall
growth.

The center's skill-building programs combined with the adoption of agritourism techniques are
expected to create a more diverse labor market. By providing new sources of revenue and better
farming methods, this diversification would not only help farmers but also the general public. It is
anticipated that the center's operations will create jobs in the hospitality sector, ecotourism, food
processing, marketing, and other ancillary businesses for locals, including women and young
people.

Furthermore, the Agritourism with Livelihood Training Center has the potential to improve local
livelihoods by encouraging an innovative and entrepreneurial culture, in addition to directly
creating jobs. Through the provision of training, resources, and market connections, it is
anticipated that this will enable individuals to launch and maintain their own businesses,
consequently generating a positive economic spillover effect across the community.

It is projected that this institution will have a multiplier effect on the expected economic growth. It
is expected to raise investment in related services and amenities, encourage the development of
infrastructure, and increase Pinamalayan's overall economic resilience. It is anticipated that this
ripple effect would result in higher living standards, more community wellbeing, and a more
dynamic and long-lasting local economy.