TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
ARCHITECTURAL CAPSTONE
2025
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 The Project
As urbanization continues to accelerate in the CALABARZON region, the demand for
government housing projects has become increasingly urgent. Despite various efforts, the issue
of informal settlers remains a pressing concern. A specific example is the occupying of the
project’s road right-of-way (RROW) in Barangay Laiya-Aplaya, San Juan, Batangas, which
began in 2014 after settlers were relocated from a private property in Sitio Balacbacan, San
Juan. Although the Regional Project Monitoring Committee (RPMC) in CALABARZON
addressed this matter through a final problem-solving session (PSS) in 2018, it did not fully
resolve the rising population of informal settlers across the region.
The City of Tanauan, in particular, has experienced an influx of migrants due to
increasing investments and development, further complicating the housing situation. This rapid
growth has brought challenges that require immediate planning and intervention to prevent
urban decline. Informal settlers have occupied areas that are unsuitable for habitation, including
riverbanks, railway properties, and environmentally sensitive zones. Based on the 2018
Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) survey, 1,767 households were identified as
informal settlers, with an additional 182 families living in makeshift housing. In total, 1,949
households are in urgent need of proper housing. Unfortunately, no publicly owned socialized or
affordable housing projects have been implemented at either the national or local level within
the past decade.
To address this critical issue and ensure compliance with existing housing laws such as
R.A. 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991) and R.A. 7279 (Urban Development and Housing
Act), the Tanauan City government, through its City Planning and Development Office, launched
the Housing and Resettlement Project in Barangay Sambat. Included in the city’s 2022 Annual
Investment Program (AIP) under the Social Sector, this initiative aims to provide safe,
affordable, and sustainable housing for the affected families.
This architectural design project focuses on developing a comprehensive site
development layout and detailed architectural plans for a proposed site development plan and
design of housing units project in Barangay Sambat, Tanauan City. The project will include
designs for multi-level housing, and various community facilities. Additionally, it will incorporate
structural, architectural aligned with national construction standards, including the National
Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP), and regulations set by the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH). The architectural design and analysis will be conducted,
incorporating space planning, aesthetic considerations, functionality, and sustainability to
achieve a vibrant community centered design of the project.
Sustainability is a key component of this development. The proposed housing will
incorporate green building principles such as energy efficiency, improved air quality, sustainable
materials, waste management, and biophilic design to minimize environmental impact and
resource depletion. By implementing these strategies, the project aims to create a safe,
comfortable, and resilient living environment. All of these have the sole purpose of preventing
environmental degradation, reducing, or preventing the depletion of critical resources such as
energy, water, land, and raw materials, and creating a comfortable, safe, and sustainable built
environment. In this capstone study, the increasing number of informal settlers will be
responded to. Decent homes for the families in Tanauan City particularly those in the lower
income group will be more accessible and affordable. This capstone project’s end goal is to help
translate the vision of Tanauan City for its social and infrastructure sector into a concrete reality.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Urbanization in Tanauan City and the greater CALABARZON region has led to a growing
housing crisis, particularly for informal settlers. Despite various government initiatives, a
significant number of families continue to live in unsafe and inadequate housing conditions. The
absence of affordable and socialized housing projects has resulted in the expansion of informal
settlements, contributing to environmental degradation, poor living conditions, and urban
congestion. This study seeks to investigate the factors driving the rise of informal settlements
and propose a viable housing solution that aligns with national urban development policies.
Key Issues to Be Addressed:
1. Increasing Number of Informal Settlers
Data from the 2018 Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) survey indicate that
1,949 households in Tanauan City are either informal settlers or reside in makeshift housing.
The lack of permanent and affordable housing has left these families vulnerable to displacement
and poor living conditions.
2. Settlement in Hazardous and Restricted Areas
Many informal settlers have occupied high-risk locations such as riverbanks, railway
properties, and other restricted zones. These areas pose serious safety risks due to
flooding, unstable ground conditions, and legal restrictions on land use.
3. Lack of Government-Backed Housing Project
Over the past decade, no large-scale, publicly funded housing initiatives have been
implemented in Tanauan City. The absence of relocation programs has contributed to the
continuous growth of informal settlements, making it more difficult to manage urban
development effectively.
4. Environmental and Urban Impact
Informal settlements often emerge without proper urban planning, leading to inefficient
land use, strain on public utilities, and environmental problems such as pollution and
deforestation. Addressing this issue requires a sustainable housing approach that considers
both the social and environmental impact.
1.3. Project Goals and Objectives
This study aims to develop a comprehensive architectural design and construction
management plan for A Proposed Site Development Plan and Design of the Housing Project in
Brgy. Sambat, Tanauan City, Batangas. To achieve this, the study will focus on the following
specific objectives:
1. Develop an architectural plan for the proposed housing project by designing detailed
floor plans, elevations, sections, perspective renderings, material specifications, and
spatial layouts that prioritize functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. for the following
structures:
o Residential Condominium Buildings
o Community Facilities
o Other Infrastructure and Facilities
2. Formulate a construction management plan that will provide a systematic approach to
project implementation. This will include:
o Project cost estimation to ensure budget efficiency
o Project planning techniques such as PERT-CPM (Critical Path Method) for
optimized workflow management
By addressing these objectives, this study seeks to create a well-planned, sustainable, and
regulation-compliant housing project that will serve as a viable model for future socialized
housing initiatives in Tanauan City and similar urban areas.
1.4. The Client
The beneficiaries for this project are the local government of Tanauan City, Batangas,
specifically its City Planning and Development Office and Housing and Resettlement Division
and the Informal settlers living in makeshift housing, Philippines National Railways (PNR), and
danger zones along San Juan River and other Barangays in the city of Tanauan. As part of the
city’s long-term urban development strategy, the local government has prioritized the need for
affordable and sustainable housing solutions to address the growing issue of informal
settlements.
1.5. Project Scope and Limitations
This architectural design study is based on the “2017-2025 Tanauan City Shelter Plan”,
which aims to provide safe and decent housing for informal settlers. The project focuses on the
site development plan and design of housing project in Barangay Sambat, Tanauan City,
Batangas and development of residential buildings to accommodate the Informal settlers living
in makeshift housing and danger zones in the city of Tanauan. In addition to residential
structures, the study also includes the design of community facilities as well as essential
infrastructure.
The scope of this study is limited to the architectural planning and site development of
the proposed housing project in Barangay Sambat, Tanauan City, Batangas. It includes the
preparation of detailed architectural and site development plans that focus on space efficiency,
aesthetics, and functionality. Additionally, it considers basic construction management planning,
such as project scheduling and cost estimation
The proponents developed the design while strictly adhering to the following regulations
and standards: the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), National Building Code
of the Philippines (NBCP), Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board’s (HLURB) Revised
Implementing Rules and Regulations for Batas Pambansa Blg. 220, Batas Pambansa Blg. 344
(Accessibility Law), National Housing Authority’s (NHA) Design Manual, and the codes and
standards set by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). These guidelines
were carefully considered to ensure that the project meets structural integrity, safety,
accessibility, and regulatory compliance requirements.
Chapter 2
The proposed project is built on a strong design foundation that aims to provide an
affordable socialize housing that are viable for future housing development to accommodate
informal settlers a new home with a safe, sustainable, and community-centered living
environment.
2.1 Design Process
The design process ensures that the proposed site development plan and design of the
housing project are thoroughly researched, designed and implemented to promote a sustainable
affordable housing, community centered living environment, and well design site development
plan while embracing Holistic and Community-Centered Design principles.
2.1.1 Introduction to the Design Process
The design process for the proposed site development plan and housing project, which
promotes sustainable and affordable housing as well as a community-centered living
environment through a holistic and community-centered design approach, is a structured
framework that guides the creation of an innovative and sustainable housing project. It serves
as a systematic approach to conceive, develop, and refine the design, ensuring that it effectively
addresses the identified challenges and objectives. This process involves problem identification,
conducting thorough research, developing concepts, design refinement, and effectively
communicating the final plan. By following this structured approach, the project aims to create a
well-designed living environment that meets both the needs of its residents and the broader
goals of sustainability and community development.
2.1.2 Definition and purpose of the Design Process
Problem Identification and Definition
The first step in the design process involves identifying and clearly defining the problem.
For this project, the primary focus is on addressing the housing challenges in Barangay Sambat,
Tanauan City, Batangas. This includes the need for sustainable, affordable, and disaster-
resilient housing solutions for informal settlers
Research and Analysis
Thorough research and analysis are essential to establish a strong foundation for the
design. This phase involves gathering data on existing housing conditions, urban planning
policies, environmental factors, and community needs. Reviewing case studies and best
practices in socialized housing development provides valuable insights. Research serves as the
basis for informed decision-making and ensures that the proposed design is contextually
appropriate.
Concept Development
At this stage, creative ideas are generated based on research findings. The project
explores various site planning strategies, sustainable building materials, and community-
oriented design principles. Concepts are developed with consideration for space efficiency,
environmental sustainability, and social inclusivity. Multiple design approaches are explored to
identify the most viable and impactful solutions.
Design Development
Once a concept is chosen, it is translated into a detailed architectural design. This phase
focuses on functionality, aesthetics, structural integrity, and compliance with national housing
standards. The design is refined through iterations, ensuring that the proposed housing solution
is practical, cost-effective, and aligned with project goals.
Evaluation and Refinement
The proposed design is assessed based on various factors, including safety,
environmental impact, cost efficiency, and community benefits. Stakeholder feedback is
gathered to further improve the design. This iterative process ensures that the final plan meets
regulatory requirements and enhances the overall living conditions of the target beneficiaries.
Documentation and Communication
Comprehensive documentation of the design is crucial for effective implementation. This
includes architectural drawings, site development plans, material specifications, and
sustainability reports. Clear communication with stakeholders, including local government units
and housing authorities, ensures that all parties understand the project’s vision and objectives.
This structured design process ensures that the proposed housing development in
Barangay Sambat effectively addresses the identified housing concerns, promotes sustainable
urban living, and provides a resilient and inclusive environment for its future residents.
2.2 Review of Related Literature
2.2.1 Overview of the Literature Review
The Review of Related Literature for the proposed site development plan and housing
project provides a comprehensive synthesis of research, best practices, and case studies
related to sustainable and affordable housing. It serves as a foundation for the project, ensuring
that the design aligns with environmental, social, and economic sustainability principles while
fostering a community-centered living environment.
The literature review explores key aspects of sustainable housing design, including
green building technologies, efficient land use planning, climate-resilient infrastructure, and
community-based development models. It highlights strategies that enhance affordability,
livability, and long-term resilience, ensuring that the project meets the needs of diverse
residents while promoting inclusivity and well-being.
2.2.2 Literature Review
Nature of the Project
According to the Tanauan City Shelter Plan 2017–2025, a decent home is one that
meets basic living standards, complies with housing regulations, and provides essential
amenities for a comfortable life. In line with this a Proposed Innovative Housing Development in
Brgy. Sambat, Tanauan City, Batangas will be developed on a 35,923-square-meter
government-owned property. This project aims to offer safe, healthy, and affordable housing for
2,362 informal settler households currently living in hazardous areas, including makeshift homes
along the San Juan River and near the Philippine National Railways (PNR). Through this
initiative, families will have access to stable and dignified homes.
Under Batas Pambansa Blg. 220, economic and socialized housing refers to affordable
housing options designed for individuals with low to middle incomes. This project will address
the need by developing accessible housing in a government-owned site in an underutilized
area. It includes a six-story tenement-style building, providing safe and decent homes for
informal settlers. Additionally, a multi-purpose center will serve as a hub for essential services,
featuring administrative offices, a community clinic, a livelihood and training center to support
job opportunities, and commercial spaces to help residents establish small businesses.
The project integrates recreational, safety, and essential infrastructure to enhance the
quality of life for residents. A covered basketball court and a community park will serve as key
leisure spaces, fostering social interaction and providing families with opportunities for
meaningful bonding.
Beyond recreation, the project prioritizes sanitation and waste management. Two
Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) will be strategically placed within the site to collect, sort,
and recycle waste, promoting environmental sustainability. For domestic waste, each residential
unit will have an individual septic tank, ensuring proper wastewater management. A well-
planned drainage system will also be implemented to prevent flooding and maintain hygiene
within the community.
To ensure safety and accessibility, the development includes a guardhouse, police
station, and fire station, providing security and emergency response services. A comprehensive
road network will facilitate smooth traffic flow, while designated parking spaces will
accommodate residents and visitors. The entire site will be enclosed by a perimeter fence,
reinforcing security and defining the project’s boundaries.
These integrated amenities and infrastructure elements are designed to create a safe,
sustainable, and livable housing community that meets both functional and architectural
standards.
Target Beneficiaries
The beneficiaries of a Proposed Innovative Housing Development in Brgy. Sambat,
Tanauan City, Batangas are the 2,362 informal settlers currently living in makeshift housing and
danger zones along the Philippine National Railways (PNR), San Juan River, and other
barangays in the municipality of Tanauan. The basic data assumption required for the following
assessment of housing needs is shown on Table 4:
Table 4
Household Size and Total Population, Year 2018
Population
No. of Average Household
Barangay
Total Households Size
Male Female
Population
Altura Bata 675 722 1,397 310 5
Altura Matanda 227 211 438 107 4
Altura-South 368 363 731 184 4
Ambulong 3,040 3,154 6,194 1,426 4
Bagbag 1,545 1,630 3,175 816 4
Bagumbayan 3,289 3,315 6,604 1,471 4
Balele 4,056 4,094 8,150 1,958 4
Banadero 2,177 2,256 4,433 1,002 4
Banjo East 1,805 1,924 3,729 927 4
Banjo West 1,285 1,225 2,510 693 4
Bilog-Bilog 2,177 2,267 4,444 1,065 4
Boot 2,830 2,813 5,643 1,375 4
Cale 1,751 1,797 3,548 817 4
Darasa 7,864 8,225 16,089 4,465 4
Gonzales 996 922 1,918 443 4
Hidalgo 528 490 1,018 243 4
Janopol 1,322 1,324 2,646 634 4
Occidental
Janopol Oriental 1,254 1,258 2,512 726 3
Laurel 697 740 1,437 366 4
Luyos 789 789 1,578 361 4
Mabini 1,313 1,227 2,540 616 4
Malaking Pulo 2,034 2,000 4,034 887 5
Maria Paz 1,409 1,427 2,836 599 5
Maugat 979 1,045 2,024 421 5
TOTAL 81,828 83,530 165,358 40,854 4
Source: Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) 2018
According to Table 4, the population in the year 2018 as determined by the Community-
Based Monitoring System (CBMS) 2018 is 165,358. Darasa has the most households and
residents out of the 48 barangays, with 4,465 and 16,089, respectively. The next two barangays
are Balele (1,958 homes, 8,150 people), followed by Trapiche (1,551 households, 7,157
people). The smallest barangay in terms of both population and households is Altura Matanda,
with 107 and 438 inhabitants, respectively.
Table 5 shows the informal settlers in Tanauan City as per CBMS Census 2018-2019
Table 5
Informal Settlers in Tanauan City by Barangay
Barangay Number of Households who are classified as Informal
Households Settlers
Magnitude* Proportion**
City of 40,854 1,767 4.33
Tanauan
*Households living in public places; with rented/owned house or lot, or rent-free house or lot
without consent of the owner over total number of households
**Number of households living in public places; with rented/owned house or lot, or rent-free
house or lot without consent of the owner over total number of households
Source: CBMS Census 2018 – 2019
According to the data presented on Table 5, there are 40, 854 households in the city of
Tanauan. Out of 40,854 households, 1,767 households are considered as informal settlers.
Additionally, there are approximately 200 households who are living in makeshift houses and
currently residing in danger zones. According to CBMS 2018 data, 1.4% of Tanauan City
households, or 1 out of every 100 homes, are living in temporary housing. This corresponds to
595 households living in makeshift housing. These households are the top priority of the
proposed socialized housing project according to the City Planning and Development Office of
Tanauan City. Presented on the table below are the data of households in each barangay living
in the danger zone.
Table 6
Inventory of Households and Housing Units Living in Danger Areas, 2019
Barangay No. of Danger/Location
Household
Poblacion 3 270 Riverbanks
Poblacion 2 15 Riverbanks
Poblacion 1 137 Riverbanks
Pagaspas 70 Riverbanks
Sulpok 539 Flash Floods
Altura Bata 310 Flash Floods
Ambulong 1,426
(7 km. Radius) Volcanic Eruption/ Tsunami/Ash fall/ Base
Bañadero 1,002 Surge/Ballistic
Projectile/Volcanic Earthquake
Maria Paz 599
Wawa 444
Boot 1,375
Gonzales 443
Ambulong 1,426
Bañadero 1,002
Maria Paz 599
Wawa 444
(14 km. Radius) Base Surge/Ballistic Projectile/Volcanic
Boot 1,375
Earthquake/Ash fall
Gonzales 443
Bagbag 816
Balele 1,958
Banjo West 693
Janopol 634 (14 km. Radius) Base Surge/Ballistic Projectile/Volcanic
Occidental Earthquake/Ash fall
Maugat 421
Talaga 1,282
San Jose 268
Tinurik 1,096
Bilog Bilog 1,065
Janopol Or. 726
Mabini 616
Luyos 361
Montaña 420
Natatas 1,424
Source: CDRRMO 2018
Table 6 outlines the barangays along the San Juan River with households that are
riverbank dwellers and reside in temporary homes. There are 270, 15, 137, and 70 households
residing in riverbank communities along the San Juan River in Poblacion 3, 2, 1, and Pagaspas,
respectively.
The housing backlog would continue to expand if no action was taken to increase home
output. The housing backlog in Tanauan City comprises both displaced and doubled-up
households. Table 7 outlines the additional units required to address the city's backlog.
Table 7
New Units Needed Due to Backlog
Total Annua Period
l
Doubled-up (8.5% of housing stock) 2,534 422 2019-2025 (6 years)
Displaced 1,949 217 2017-2025
(9 years)
Homeless 0 0
Total 4,483
Source: Tanauan City Shelter Plan 2017-2025
According to the data presented on Table 7, there are 422 housing units needed for
doubled-up households in the program period 2019-2025, and 217 housing units needed for
displaced households in the program year 2017-2025. Considering the 35,923 square meters of
government-owned property which will be the location of this project, and the standard number
of houses per hectare, 100 housing units, issued by the Tanauan City Shelter, this proposed
project will produce around 1,068 housing units for the intended beneficiaries.
The proposed housing project will be in a rent-to-own payment scheme for a reasonable
amount to avoid undocumented immigrants to come to the city. The target beneficiaries are
categorized into five (5) income groups to determine the income. Table 8 shows the possible
affordable percentage of their income that can be used for their housing amortization loan.
Table 8
Income Group of Each Household
Income Group 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Income (Minimum, Maximum) 3,000 and 3,001 to 6,000 to 10,000 to 15,000
(Php) below 5,999 9,999 14,999
Percentage of New Units 45% 5% 16% 29% 5%
Number of Units 4,170 463 1,483 2,688 463
Average Monthly Income (Php) 1,500 4,500 8,000 12,500 7,500
Potential Percent of Income for 12% 15% 15% 20% 20%
Upgrading/New Housing
Potential Annual Cost for 2,160 8,100 14,400 30,000 18,000
Capital Cost of Housing (Php)
Loan Terms
Interest Rate 6% 6% 6% 6% 7%
Repayment Period Years 30 30 30 30 30
Affordable Housing Loan 29,732 111,496 198,216 412,950 223,362
Source: Tanauan City Shelter Plan 2017-2025
The Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD) conducted a
study and produced a reasonable amount of Php 2,000 as monthly payment for each housing
unit.
2.2.3 Case Studies
Baseline Studies
Name/Title: Disiplina Village: Bagong Bahay, Bagong Buhay
Location: Valenzuela City, Philippines
Architect: City Government of Valenzuela in collaboration with private sector and NGOs
Disiplina Village is a pioneering socialized housing project in Valenzuela City,
established to provide safe and sustainable housing for informal settler families (ISFs) displaced
by Typhoon Ondoy in 2009. The project addresses the need for in-city relocation by integrating
community development initiatives with adequate housing solutions.
This initiative was made possible through a public-private partnership, with the City
Government of Valenzuela securing a 1.9-hectare property in Barangay Ugong and another 13-
hectare site in Barangay Bignay. San Miguel Corporation (SMC), through its San Miguel
Foundation, contributed PhP 45 million for the construction of over 300 housing units, while the
National Housing Authority (NHA) helped build an additional 250 units. In total, Disiplina Village
now accommodates approximately 4,594 families, effectively relocating ISFs from hazardous
areas along the Tullahan River.
Each housing unit has a floor area of 28 square meters, including a loft. The project
ensures access to essential utilities, with MERALCO and One Meralco Foundation providing
electricity and Maynilad funding a PhP 13.8 million pipe-laying project for a reliable water
supply.
Beyond housing, Disiplina Village is a model for community-centered urban
development. It features key amenities such as daycare centers, schools, a health center, police
precincts, fire stations, and a covered court. The Barangay Bignay site also hosts a city hall
annex known as the Sentro ng Sama-Samang Serbisyo (3S Center). Future infrastructure plans
include a public market, transport terminal, and a chapel.
To promote community engagement and self-sufficiency, Gawad Kalinga and the city
government have implemented values formation programs, livelihood training (such as
vegetable farming and tofu production), and financial literacy workshops. Residents are also
required to contribute 500 hours of “sweat equity” in building maintenance and community
activities.
Disiplina Village is further supported by Ordinance No. 36, Series of 2011, which
designates it as Valenzuela City’s flagship socialized housing program. The ordinance ensures
long-term affordability, with residents paying a minimal rental fee of PhP 300 per month—one of
the lowest in the country.
This project stands as a benchmark for in-city relocation programs, proving that
sustainable, dignified, and community-driven housing solutions can transform the lives of
informal settlers while fostering economic resilience and social cohesion.
A. Constraints
The identification of potential restrictions that might affect the design and
construction process, as well as the discussion of pertinent resolutions, are all parts of a
thorough planning of the proposed project. The constraints that might be encountered
during the project execution are listed below.
1. Environmental Constraints
It is critical to limit the project's negative effects in order to reduce its
impact on the surrounding area and the environment. Trees on the property must
be removed in order to level the ground for the housing program. As a result, the
proponents intend to ensure that all environmental actions are approved by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Heavy machinery
use during construction may also cause air and noise pollution, which may have
an impact on nearby residents. To reduce the inconvenience of noise pollution,
the noisiest construction activities should be carried out as much as possible
during the day. The methods proposed to address the air pollution problem
include frequent fine water spraying to reduce dust scattering and prohibiting on-
site burning of materials to reduce smoke generated by construction. Finally, the
project's development generates a significant amount of waste due to the use of
materials that may have negative environmental consequences. Construction
waste disposal will be heavily considered by adhering to the proper disposal
location and schedule.
2. Safety Constraints
It is important to take workplace safety into consideration to avoid possible
hazards and accidents over the project's duration. A halt or delay in the project’s
construction may affect its completion. Workers who follow safety regulations and
procedures are more effective in their duties and ensure that the project is
completed on time and without incidents.
To avoid accidents and potential delays, the project must strictly adhere to
safety protocols throughout the duration of construction. These include keeping a
clean working environment, incorporating hazard signs, adhering to proper use of
Personal Protective Equipment, providing thorough training of workers on the use
of equipment and machinery on-site, and providing first-aider, safety officer, and
first aid facilities as specified in Department Order No. 13 Chapter 8, "Emergency
Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities."
3. Project Constraints (Challenges and Concern)
A. Technical Constraints
Technical constraints that apply to many housing projects include
laws, codes, design standards, and property use restrictions. The National
Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) and National Structural Code of
the Philippines (NSCP) are used for general standards and structural
design considerations of infrastructures. Other design manuals, such as
the Revised Rules and Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing
Projects must also be followed to Implement Batas Pambansa Blg. 220
(BP 220) which outlines the bare minimum criteria for socialized housing.
B. Economic Constraints
The City of Tanauan's comprehensive plan includes the proposed
housing project under the Social Sector of the Comprehensive
Development Plan (2019–2025), the Annual Investment Program (AIP).
The City's budget allocation will determine how much money will be
allocated to this housing project, which has an initial budget of Php
300,000,000 with grant financing sources from the national fund, general
fund, and disaster fund. Although, a lackluster budget, ineffective resource
allocation, and a problematic construction management system can have
a detrimental impact on the project's overall quality, safety, efficacy, and
long-term performance. Due to this constraint, it is necessary to use the
least expensive materials and equipment during construction and
operation without compromising the structural integrity of the buildings in
order to ensure the safety and well-being of the population. The
proponents of the proposed project opted for
materials and construction methodology that will result in a reasonable
cost without compromising the structural integrity of the structures.
C. Health and Safety Constraints
It is imperative to note that all personnel working in the site shall be
aware of the possibilities that an accident may occur given that it is in the
nature of a construction site that it is a hazard prone area. With the
possible mishaps that may occur in the workplace, it is significant and
beneficial to prioritize safety in the duration of the project. Construction
projects must execute a successful Construction Safety and Health
Program in accordance with Department Order No. 13 Series of 1998.
Additionally, Republic Act No. 11058, Section 8: Workers' Right to
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) mandates that employers,
contractors, and subcontractors give workers unrestricted access to
protective gear. Thus, the amendment also notes that the use of safety
equipment and procedures shall be in line with the standards of
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH).
The structures in the planned site development plan are in
accordance with Republic Act No. 9514, generally known as the Fire Code
of the Philippines, and including fire extinguishers and an electrically
powered automatic fire alarm system as fire protection measures
Similarly, this guideline is followed in the design of fire exits and fire exit
ladders.
B. Ethical Constraints
Conflicts of interest, overbilling, and treating employees unfairly,
including with regard to salary, are typical ethical boundaries in a
construction project. Making certain that all parties are aware of the
procedure to be followed during the development of the project can help
prevent conflicts of interest. A well-thought-out plan can reduce the
likelihood of future conflict. Since this project involves the government,
transparency and documentation are crucial. They need to be monitored
constantly throughout the project and ready to provide transparency
reports and relevant paperwork as needed. With this, management will be
able to avoid problems with needless change orders, treating employees
unfairly, and poor budget allocation.
C. Management Constraints
Scheduling management using Program Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) analysis is used to
arrange the proposed project's working days to overcome schedule delays
brought on by force majeure. When unexpected events occur in the area,
the project's estimated timeframe is always subject to change.
D. Social Constraints
The researchers collaborate with the LGU of Tanauan, specifically
the City Planning and Development Office, since there are nearby
residents who may be adversely affected once construction begins. This is
done to ensure that all parties, particularly the locals, are in agreement
and that any conflicts are resolved to avoid potential inconveniences or
issues.
E. Sustainability Constraints
The sustainable design of a building aims to reduce negative
effects on the site's environment and the benefactor's health and comfort
while improving the infrastructure's resiliency. It will address both the
project and future generation’s immediate demands. Compliance with the
Philippine Green Building Code is carefully considered for the project to be
sustainable.
Chapter 2: Design Foundations
This chapter introduces the design process as a user-centered, creative, and
collaborative approach to problem-solving. It emphasizes systematic steps in creating
solutions aligned with objectives and user needs. The chapter also underscores the
importance of literature reviews and case studies in enhancing research quality and
providing insights within real-life contexts.
2.1. Design Process
Is the systematic approach using diagram or series of steps that the student will follow
in developing the project. Briefly discuss the intended approach from start to end to
meet the final output.
2.2. Review of Related Literature and Case Studies
A literature review serves as a valuable tool in research, providing an understanding of
previous studies conducted on a specific topic. It enables researchers to explore existing
knowledge, identify areas that require further investigation, and build upon established
ideas.
Case studies are a research method that involves in-depth investigation and analysis of a
specific individual, group, organization, event, or phenomenon within its real-life
context. It is a qualitative research approach that aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the case by examining its complexities, dynamics, and unique
characteristics. Case studies often combine multiple sources of evidence, such as
interviews, observations, documents, and archival records, to gather rich and detailed
data. The analysis of the collected data involves identifying patterns, themes, and
relationships to generate insights and develop a holistic picture of the case.
2.2.1. Literature Review
It should be organized thematically and categorically, to effectively identify the
common patterns and trends related to the area of study.
2.2.2. Case Studies
Provide a brief overview of the architectural structure you will be studying and
its relevance in the study. Highlight notable features or characteristics of the
architectural structure that is/are applicable to the project and how it can
contribute for the improvement of certain projects.
2.2.3. Summary of findings
Summarize the key findings from your analysis of the architectural structure.
