INORGANIC

Aim: - To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic
radical.
Apparatus: - Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula,
Burner
Procedure:- ( Click On The Required Radical to see the procedure )

Acidic Radical:-
Group A:- CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-,CrO42-
Group B:- Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-, C2O42-
Group C:- SO42-, PO43-

Basic Radical:-
Group 0:- NH4+
Group 1:- Pb2+ , Ag+
Group 2:- Pb2+, Cu2+, As+
Group 3:- Fe3+, Al3+
Group 4:- Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
Group 5:- Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
Group 6:- Mg2+

Result:- The given salt contains ________ as acidic radical and

________ as basic radical.

CARBONATE

Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric Gas with brisk Carbonate may be present.
acid to given salt. effervescence evolved.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Pass the above evolved gas Lime water turns milky. Carbonate confirmed.
through lime water.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CO32-(s) + 2H+(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)

CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCO3(s)(milky) + H2O(l)

SULPHIDE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric Gas with smell of rotten Sulphide may be present.
acid to given salt. eggs evolved.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added a few drops Black precipitate of lead Sulphide confirmed.
lead(II) of ethanoate sulphide formed.
solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

MS(s) + 2H+(aq)  M2+(aq) + H2S(g

Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq)--> PbS(s)

SULPHITE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric Gas with smell of burning Sulphite may be present.
acid to given salt. sulphur evolved.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Add barium chloride to A white ppt. of barium Sulphite confirmed.
the salt. sulphite formed which
dissolved in excess
hydrochloric acid to give
a clear colourless
solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) --> BaSO3(s)

NITRITE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric Reddish brown gas with Nitrite may be present.
acid to given salt. pungent smell evolved.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added potassium Pink colour of potassium Nitrite confirmed.
permanganate solution. permanganate
discharged.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NO2- + H2SO4(aq)  NO(g) + SO42- + H2O(l)

2KMnO4(Pink) + 3H2SO4 + 5KNO2 --> K2SO4(Colourless) + 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + 3H2O

CHROMATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric Solution turned yellow. Chromate may be present.
acid to given salt.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added barium chloride Yellow precipitate formed. Chromate confirmed.
solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  Cr2O72-(aq)(yellow)

Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)  BaCrO4(s)(yellow)

CHLORIDE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric acid to No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric Colourless gas with pungent Chloride may be present.
acid to given salt. smell evolved.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added few potassium dichromate Yellow coloured precipitate is Chloride confirmed.
crystals and concentrated sulphuric formed.
acid and heated. Passed the vapors
through the test tube which contains
sodium hydroxide solution. To this
yellow solution, added dilute
CH3COOH and lead acetate solution.

Chemical Equations:-

K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4 ————→ 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO3 + 2CrO2Cl2

chromyl chloride

(orange-red vapours)
BROMIDE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated Brown colour gas evolved. Nitrate or Bromide may be
sulphuric acid to given present.
salt.
Added copper turnings. No effect. Bromide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute nitric acid A pale yellow precipitate Bromide confirmed.
and silver nitrate formed.
solution

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) AgBr(s)(yellow)

IODIDE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated Violet colour gas evolved. Iodide may be present.
sulphuric acid to given
salt.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute nitric acid A pale yellow precipitate Iodide confirmed.
and silver nitrate formed.
solution

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) ) AgI(s)(yellow)

NITRATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated Brown colour gas evolved. Nitrate or Bromide may be
sulphuric acid to given present.
salt.
Added copper turnings. Brown colour intensifies. Nitrate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added fresh ferrous Brown coloured ring is Nitrate confirmed.
sulphate, nitric acid to salt. formed.
Added concentrated
sulphuric acid alsong the
walls of test tube.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ → 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO → [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+
ACETATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated Vinegar like smell. Acetate may be present.
sulphuric acid to given
salt.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added ethanol to the salt, Evolution of fruity smell. Acetate confirmed.
then added drops of
concentrated sulphuric
acid.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CH3COOH- + H2SO4 --> HSO4- + CH3COOH

OXALATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated Colourless gas with brisk Oxalate may be present.
sulphuric acid to given effervescence evolved.
salt.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Passed the above evolved Lime water turned milky. Oxalate confirmed.
gas through lime water .

Chemical Equations:-

C2O42- + H2SO4(aq)  CO(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) + SO42-

CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s)(milky) + H2O(l)

SULPHATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated No effect. Nitrate,Bromide,
sulphuric acid to given
salt. Chloride,Acetate, absent.
Sulphate or phosphate may
be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added barium chloride White coloured precipitate Sulphate confirmed.
solution. is formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) ==> BaSO4(s)(white)

PHOSPHATE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute sulphuric No effect. Carbonate, sulphide ,
acid to given salt. sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated No effect. Nitrate,Bromide,
sulphuric acid to given
salt. Chloride,Acetate, absent.
Sulphate or phosphate may
be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added soda extract1 and A canary yellow Phosphate confirmed.
precipitateformed.
dilute nitric acid and then
added Ammonium
Molybdate solution.

Chemical Equations:-

(NH4)2(NO3)+2Na2(PO4) --> 2(NH4)(PO4)+2Na2(NO3)

AMMONIUM
Preliminary Test:-
 Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. Ammonical smell. Ammonium may be
present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added sodium hydroxide Ammonical smelling gas Ammonium confirmed.
solution to the salt. evolved.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)  NH3(g) + H2O(l)

LEAD1
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric White coloured precipitate Lead(II) may be present.
acid to original solution. is formed.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added potassium iodide. Yellow coloured Lead(II) confirmed.
precipitate formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Pb2+(aq) + HCl(aq)  PbCl2(White)

Pb2+(aq) +2I-(aq) PbI2(s)(Yellow)

SILVER
Preliminary Test:-
 Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric White coloured precipitate Lead(II), Ag(I) may be
acid to original solution. is formed. present.
Added precipitate in hot No effect. Ag(I) may be present.
water.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added potassium chromate Brick red coloured Ag(I) confirmed.
to original solution. precipitate formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag+ + HCl(aq) --> AgCl(s)(white) + H+

2AgCl(s)(white) + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4(s)(yellow) + 2KCl(aq)

LEAD2
Preliminary Test:-
 Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen Black coloured precipitate Lead(II)may be present.
disulphide, hydrochloric formed.
acid to original solution.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added potassium iodide to Yellow coloured Lead(II) confirmed.
original solution. precipitate formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Pb2+ + HCl(aq) --> PbCl2(l) + 2H+

Pb2+ + KI(aq) PbI2(s)(yellow) + 2K+

COPPER
Preliminary Test:-
 Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen Black coloured precipitate Cu(II) ,Pb(II),As(III) may
disulphide, hydrochloric formed. be present.
acid to original solution.
Added sodium hydroxide Blue coloured precipitate Cu(II) may be present.
to original solution. formed.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added ammonium Blue coloured precipitate Cu(II) confirmed.
hydroxide to original formed.
solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) --> Cu(OH)2(s)(blue)

Cu(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) --> [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)(blue) + 2OH-(aq)

ARSENIC
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
 Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen Yellow coloured As(III) may be present.
disulphide, hydrochloric precipitate formed.
acid to original solution.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added dilute hydrochloric Yellow coloured As(III) confirmed.
acid to above solution. precipitate formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

2As3+ + 3H2S(g) As2S3(s)(yellow) + 6H+

2As2S3(s)(yellow) + 12HCl(l) 4AsCl3(s)(yellow) + 6H2S

IRON
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
 acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric Reddish Brown precipitate Fe(III) may be present.
acid, concentrated nitric formed.
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved the precipitate Blood red colouration. Fe (III) confirmed.
formed with hydrochloric .
Added potassium
sulphocyanide.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s)( Reddish Brown)

Fe3+(aq) + 3HCl(l) FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(aq)

FeCl3(aq) + 6KCNS(aq) K3[Fe(CNS)6](Blood Red) + 3KCl(aq)

ALUMINIUM
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric Gelatinous white Al(III) may be present.
acid, concentrated nitric precipitate formed.
acid and boiled solution.
 Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved the precipitate Blue coloured precipitate Al(III) confirmed.
formed with hydrochloric floated on surface .
acid and added drops of
blue litmus. Then added
ammonium hydroxide till
alkaline.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(s)(white)(adsorb blue colour)

Al3+(aq) + 3HCl(l) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(aq)

MANGANESE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen Flesh(buff) coloured Mn (II) may be present.
 disulphide gas through precipitate formed.
above formed solution.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added lead dioxide to Pink Colouration formed. Mn (II) Confirmed.
above solution, then added
concentrated nitric acid.
Boiled it.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Mn 2+ + H2S(aq) MnS(s)(Flesh) + 2H+

MnS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) MnCl2 + 2H+ + S2-

2Mn 2+ + 4H+ + 5PbO2(s) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(aq)

ZINC
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen White coloured precipitate Zn (II) may be present.
disulphide gas through formed.
above formed solution.
Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved the precipitate in Bluish white coloured Zn (II) Confirmed.
concentrated hydrochloric precipitate formed.
acid and boiled it.Added
potassium ferrocyanide to
it

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Zn 2+ + H2S(aq) ZnS(s)(White) + 2H+

ZnS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 + 2H+ + S2-

2Zn 2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6](Bluish White) + 4K+

NICKEL
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen Black coloured precipitate Co(II) or Ni(II) may be
disulphide gas through formed. present.
above formed solution.
Dissolved the precipitate in Yellow coloured residue Ni(II) may be present.
aqua regia.Evaporated remained.
residue.
Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved the yellow Bright red precipitate Ni(II) confirmed.
residue in water. Added formed.
ammonium hydroxide till
alkaline then added
dimethylglyxoglime
solution.
Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ni 2+ + H2S(aq) NiS(s)(black) + 2H+

NiS(s)(black) + 2HCl(aq) + [O] NiCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + S

COBALT
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen Black coloured precipitate Co(II) or Ni(II) may be
disulphide gas through formed. present.
above formed solution.
Dissolved the precipitate in Blue coloured residue Co(II) may be present.
aqua regia.Evaporated remained.
residue.

Confirmatory Test:-
 Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved the blue residue Blue coloured layer floated Co(II)confirmed.
in water.Added ammonium on surface .
sulphocyanide to it.
Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Co2+ + H2S(aq) CoS(s)(black) + 2H+

CoS(s)(black) + 2HCl(aq) + [O] CoCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + S

Co2+ + 4KCNS K2[Co(CNS)4](blue colouration) + 2K+

CALCIUM
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen No Effect. Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II),
disulphide gas through Co(II) absent.
above formed solution.
Added ammonium White precipitate is Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may
carbonate to above formed. be present.
solution.
Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved precipitate in White precipitate is Ca(II) Confirmed.
acetic acid and boiled it. formed.
Added few drops of
ammonium oxalate to
above solution and then
added ammonium
hydroxide.
Chemical Equations:-
Ionic equation:-

Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Ca2+(aq) + (NH4)2C2O4(aq) CaC2O4(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

BARIUM
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen disulphide, No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent.
hydrochloric acid to original
solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric acid
and boiled solution. Then
cooled it and added solid
ammonium hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen disulphide No Effect. Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II)
gas through above formed absent.
solution.
Added ammonium carbonate White precipitate is formed. Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may be
to above solution. present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved precipitate in acetic Yellow precipitate is formed. Ba (II) Confirmed.
acid and boiled it.Added few
drops of potassium chromate
to above solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-
Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) BaCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

BaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Ba2+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s)(yellow) + 2K+

STRONTIUM
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III)
disulphide, hydrochloric absent.
acid to original solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric
acid and boiled solution.
Then cooled it and added
solid ammonium
hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen No Effect. Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II),
disulphide gas through Co(II) absent.
above formed solution.
Added ammonium White precipitate is Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may
carbonate to above formed. be present.
solution.
Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Dissolved precipitate in White precipitate is Sr(II) Confirmed.
acetic acid and boiled it. formed.
Added few drops of
ammonium sulphate to
above solution and then
added ammonium
hydroxide.

Chemical Equations:-
Ionic equation:-

Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) SrCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

SrCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Sr2+(aq) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) SrSO4(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

MAGNESIUM
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Lead(II)may be present.
acid to original solution.
Added hydrogen disulphide, No Effect. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent.
hydrochloric acid to original
solution.
Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.
acid, concentrated nitric acid
and boiled solution. Then
cooled it and added solid
ammonium hydroxide.
Passed Hydrogen disulphide No Effect. Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II)
gas through above formed absent.
solution.
Added ammonium carbonate No Effect. Mg (II) may be present.
to above solution.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added ammonium chloride, White precipitate is formed. Mg(II) Confirmed.
ammonium hydroxide and
disodium hydrogen phosphate
to original solution.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Mg2+ + HPO42-(aq) + NH4+(aq) Mg(NH4)PO4(white) + H+

ALCOHOL
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added bromine water to No Effect Compound is saturated.
solution
Or Or

Pink colour of Bromine Compound is unsaturated.

water changed to
colourless.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Warmed with acetic acid Fruity smell is formed. Alcohol confirmed.
and a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric
acid.

Chemical Equations:-

R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect

OR

R2C=CR2 + Br2  BrR2C-CR2Br

CH3COOH + ROH CH3COOR + H2O

ALDEHYDE
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added bromine water to No Effect Compound is saturated.
solution
Or Or

Pink colour of Bromine Compound is unsaturated.

water changed to
colourless.
Added drop of blue Litmus No Effect. Carboxylic Acid and
to solution. Phenol absent.
Added a few drops 2,4- Yellowish -orange Aldehyde or ketone may
dinitrophenylhydrazine precipitate formed. be present.
to the solution.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added a few drops Formation Of red colour. Aldehyde confirmed.
ofFehling's solution A &
B.

Chemical Equations:-

R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect

OR

R2C=CR2 + Br2  BrR2C-CR2Br

R-CHO + (NO2)2C6H3NHNH2  (NO2)2C6H3NHN=CRH(Yellowish Orange) + H2O

RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 2H2O RCOOH + Cu2O(Red) + 4H+

AMINE
AIM: To test the presence of amino group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.No
1 LITMUS TEST

Organic compound + few Red litmus turns Amino group

drops of red litmus solution. blue present.
2 SOLUBILITY TEST

Organic compound + 1-2 ml of Organic compound Amino group

dil.HCl. Shake well. dissolves. present
3 CARBYLAMINE TEST

Organic compound + CHCl3 + An obnoxious Primary amine

Alc.KOH. Heat smell is obtained. present.
4 AZO DYE TEST

Dissolve organic compound in A red or orange Primary aromatic

dil.HCl and cool in ice. Add ice dye is obtained. amino group
cold NaNO2 solution to it. Mix present.
well. Add ice cold solution of β-
naphthol + NaOH.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. R-NH2 + HCl → R- NH3+Cl-

 amine amine salt

1. R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R- N≡ C + 3KCl + 3H2O

Isocyanide

or

carbylamine

1. NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl

ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl → Ar- N+≡ N-Cl + 2H2O

Aromatic Aryldiazonium chloride

10amine (stable between 0- 50C)

β- naphthol (draw structure) + Ar- N+≡ N-Cl → (draw structure of the azo dye obtained)
+ NaCl + H2O

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino present in the given organic compound.
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Preliminary Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added bromine water to No Effect Compound is saturated.
solution
Or Or

Pink colour of Bromine Compound is unsaturated.

water changed to
colourless.
Added drop of blue Litmus Solution turned Red. Carboxylic Acid may be
to solution. present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Observation Inference
Experiment
Added sodium bicarbonate Gas with brisk Carboxylic acid confirmed.
to solution. effervescence evolved.

Chemical Equations:-

R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect

OR

R2C=CR2 + Br2 BrR2C-CR2Br

RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2

MISCELLANEOUS
1) TITRATION - MOHR's SALT

2) TITRATION - OXALIC ACID

3) CARBOHYDRATE TEST

4) CHROMATOGRAPHY

5) PREPARE COLLOIDAL FERRIC HYDROCHLORIDE

6) PREPARE COLLOIDAL STARCH

7) OIL FAT TEST

8) PREPARE MOHR's SALT CRYSTALS

9) PREPARE POTASH ALUM CRYSTAL

10) PROTEIN TEST

MOHR's SALT
AIM – (a) To prepare 250ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Mohr’s salt, weighing bottle, weight box,
volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, dilute H2SO4, beakers, conical flask,
funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Mohr’s salt having the formula FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O has molar mass 392gmol-1. It
is a primary standard.

Its equivalent mass is 392/1 = 392 as its n factor is 1 as per the following reaction:

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.

2. Add 4.9g more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing bottle.
3. Add Mohr’s salt in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the Mohr’s salt to the volumetric flask.
6. Add about 5ml. of dilute H2SO4 to the flask followed by distilled water and dissolve the
Mohr’s salt.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.
(b) THEORY-

1. The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohr’s salt is a redox reaction and the titration is
therefore called a redox titration.
2. Mohr’s salt is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore dil. H2SO4 is
added to the conical flask before starting the titration.

IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:

Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Oxidation Half: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-

Overall Equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-

1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.

2. Pipette out 10ml. of Mohr’s salt solution into the conical flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.
10.

OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken =

BURETT READING VOLUM

S.N E S E OF
o KMnO4
 INITIAL FINAL USED
(ml)
1 10 18.8 8.8
2 18.8 27.7 8.9
3 27.7 36.5 8.8

Concordant Value = 8.8mL

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Calculation of amount of Mohr’s Salt to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:

Molecular Mass of Mohr’s Salt = 392g/mole

1000 cm3 of 1M KMnO4 require 392g Mohr’s Salt.

250 cm3 of M/40 KMnO4 require =392/40g = 4.9g

Using formula:

N1M1V1 = N2M2V2

Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1=8.8mL , M1 =?

N2 =1 (for Mohr’s salt), V2 = 10ml, M2 = 1/20M

M1 = [1*(1/20)*10]/[5*8.8] = 1/88M = 0.01M

Strength = M X Molar Mass = 158 *( 1/88) = 1.79g/L

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 = 0.01M

And the strength of KMnO4 = 1.79g/L

OXALIC ACID
AIM: – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/40 solution of oxalic acid.

(b)Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Oxalic acid, weighing bottle, weight box,
volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, beakers, conical flask, funnel, burette,
pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar mass 126gmol-1. It is a primary
standard and has the molecular formula COOH-COOH.2H2O. Its equivalent mass is 126/2 = 63 as
its n factor is 2 as per the following reaction:

COOH-COOH → 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-.

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.

2. Add 3.15g more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing bottle.
3. Add oxalic acid in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the oxalic acid to the volumetric flask.
6. Add a few drops of distilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY-

1. The reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid is a redox reaction and the titration is therefore
called a redox titration.
2. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore dil. H 2SO4 is
 added to the conical flask before starting the titration.
5. The titration between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is a slow reaction, therefore heat the oxalic acid
solution to about 600C to increase the rate of the reaction.

IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:

Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] X 2

Oxidation Half: C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e- ] X 5

Overall Equation: 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-

1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.

2. Pipette out 10ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical flask.

3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4 and heat the solution to about 600C to increase the rate of the
reaction.

4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.

5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.

6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.

7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.

8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.

9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.

OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Volume of Oxalic Acid solution taken = 10mL

 BURETT READING VOLUM
S.N E S E OF
o KMnO4
INITIAL FINAL USED
(ml)
1 16 26.5 10.5
2 26.5 36.9 10.4
3 36.9 47.4 10.5

Concordant Value = 10.5mL

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Calculation of amount of oxalic acid to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:

Molecular Mass of Oxalic Acid = 126g/mole

1000 cm3 of 1M oxalic acid require 126g oxalic acid.

1000 cm3 of M/40 oxalic acid require =126/40g = 3.15g

Using formula:

N1M1V1 = N2M2V2

Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= 10.5 , M1 = ?

N2=2 (for oxalic acid), V2 = 10ml, M2 = 1/40

M1 = [2*(1/40)*10]/[5*10.5] = 1/105M = 0.0095M

Strength = M X Molar Mass = 158 *( 1/105) = 1.504g/L

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 = 0.0095M

And the strength of KMnO4 = 1.504g/L

CARBOHYDRATE TEST
AIM: To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.No
1 CONC H2SO4 TEST Charring occurs
with smell of burnt
Food sample + conc. H2SO4. sugar Carbohydrate
Heat present.
2 MOLISCH’S TEST

Food sample + A purple ring is Carbohydrate

Molisch’sreagent (1% alcoholic obtained at the present.
solution of α naphthol) + conc. junction of the two
H2SO4along the sides of the test layers.
tube.
3 BENEDICT’S / FEHLING’S
TEST
A red ppt. is Carbohydrate
Food sample + Benedict’s obtained.
reagent/ Fehling’s reagent (A present.
mixture of equal amounts of
Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B).
Heat.
4 TOLLEN’S TEST

Food sample + Tollen’s A silver mirror is Carbohydrate

reagent (amm. silver nitrate obtained the walls
solution). Heat on water bath. of the test tube. present.
EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- → COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + Cu2O + 3H2O

Glucose Gluconic acid

2. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- → COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH +

4NH3

Glucose (Gluconic acid) + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for carbohydrate.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
AIM: To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and blue ink by ascending
paper chromatography and find their Rf values.

THEORY: In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent paper (Whatman filter paper) is used.
Moisture adsorbed on this Whatman filter paper acts as stationary phase and the solvent acts as
the mobile phase. The mixture to be separated is spotted at one end of the paper. This paper is then
developed in a particular solvent by placing the paper in a gas jar, taking care that the spot is above
the solvent. The solvent rises due to capillary action and the components get separated out as they
rise up with the solvent at different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram.

Rf (retention factor) values are then calculated, which is the ratio of the distance moved by the
component to the distance moved by the solvent front.

Rf = Distance traveled by the component

Distance traveled by the solvent front

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: (ON THE BLANK PAGE, USING A PENCIL)

SUBSTANC DISTANCE DISTANCE RfVALUE

S.No E TRAVELLED BY TRAVELLED BY
DIFFERENT SOLVENT
COMPONENTS
1 RED + BLUE
INK
2 RED + BLUE
INK

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Rf of blue ink =

Rf of red ink =
COLLOIDAL FERRIC HYDROCHLORIDE
AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide.

THEORY: Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol with water which is the dispersion medium. It is
prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water as per the reaction:

FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (aq).

The HCl formed during the reaction tries to destabilize the sol and therefore should be removed
from the sol by dialysis. A wine red sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained.

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT
Take 50 ml of distilled A wine red sol is Sol of ferric hydroxide
water in a obtained has been prepared
beaker and heat it to about
1000C.
Add the solution of FeCl3to
water with stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide has been prepared.

COLLOIDAL STARCH
AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of starch.

THEORY: Starch forms a lyophilic sol with water which is the dispersion medium. The sol of
starch can be prepared by water to about 1000C. The sol is quite stable and is not affected by the
presence of an electrolytic impurity.

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT
Take 50 ml of distilled A colourless, Sol of starch has been
water in a transluscent sol is prepared
beaker and heat it to about obtained
1000C.
Add a thin paste of starch
to water with stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of starch has been prepared.

OIL FAT TEST
AIM: To test the presence of oil or fat in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.No
1 SOLUBILITY TEST

Food sample + water Does not dissolve Oil / fat present.

Food sample + Miscible

chloroform(CHCl3)

2 SPOT TEST

Smear the food sample on A translucent spot Oil / fat present.

paper. is observed.
3 ACROLEIN TEST

Food sample + KHSO4. Heat An irritating Oil / fat present.

odour is obtained.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Oil/ fat --> glycerol + fatty acid

 CH2 (OH)CH(OH) CH2 (OH) + KHSO4, --> CH2═CHCHO (acrolein) + 2H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for oil/fat

MOHR's SALT CRYSTALS

AIM: To prepare crystals of Mohr’s salt.

THEORY: Mohr’s salt i.e. ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a double salt. It
can be prepared by making equimolar solution of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate
in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of
FeSO4.7H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields light green crystals of Mohr’s salt.

FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2 SO4 → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Light green

Shape of the crystals: Monoclinic.

POTASH ALUM CRYSTAL
AIM: To prepare crystals of Potash alum.

THEORY: Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as fitkari has the formula
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be prepared by making equimolar solution of potassium sulphate and
aluminium sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the
hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields colourless crystals of
Potash alum.

K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O → K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Colourless

Shape of the crystals: Octahedral.

PROTEIN TEST
AIM: To test the presence of protein in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.No
1 BIURET TEST

Food sample + few drops of A violet Protein present.

NaOH + CuSO4 solution. colouration is
obtained.

2 XANTHOPROTEIC TEST

Food sample + few drops of A yellow ppt. is Protein present.

conc. HNO3. Heat. obtained.
3 NINHYDRIN TEST

Food sample + few drops of A blue colour is Protein present.

0.15 ninhydrin solution. Boil obtained.
the contents.

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for proteins.