Explore the full ebook collection and download it now at textbookfull.

com

A Most Incomprehensible Thing Notes Towards a Very

Gentle Introduction to the Mathematics of
Relativity Third Edition Collier

https://textbookfull.com/product/a-most-incomprehensible-
thing-notes-towards-a-very-gentle-introduction-to-the-
mathematics-of-relativity-third-edition-collier/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Browse and Get More Ebook Downloads Instantly at https://textbookfull.com

Click here to visit textbookfull.com and download textbook now
 Your digital treasures (PDF, ePub, MOBI) await
Download instantly and pick your perfect format...

Read anywhere, anytime, on any device!

Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction Samir

Okasha

https://textbookfull.com/product/philosophy-of-science-a-very-short-
introduction-samir-okasha/

textbookfull.com

Innovation A Very Short Introduction Mark Dodgson

https://textbookfull.com/product/innovation-a-very-short-introduction-
mark-dodgson/

textbookfull.com

Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction (2nd Edition) Jack

A. Goldstone

https://textbookfull.com/product/revolutions-a-very-short-
introduction-2nd-edition-jack-a-goldstone/

textbookfull.com

Math 8 Lecture Notes Introduction to Advanced Mathematics

Xin Zhou

https://textbookfull.com/product/math-8-lecture-notes-introduction-to-
advanced-mathematics-xin-zhou/

textbookfull.com
Adam Smith A Very Short Introduction Very Short
Introductions Christopher J. Berry

https://textbookfull.com/product/adam-smith-a-very-short-introduction-
very-short-introductions-christopher-j-berry/

textbookfull.com

A Mathematical Journey to Relativity Deriving Special and

General Relativity with Basic Mathematics 1st Edition
Wladimir-Georges Boskoff
https://textbookfull.com/product/a-mathematical-journey-to-relativity-
deriving-special-and-general-relativity-with-basic-mathematics-1st-
edition-wladimir-georges-boskoff/
textbookfull.com

Introduction to General Relativity A Course for

Undergraduate Students of Physics Cosimo Bambi

https://textbookfull.com/product/introduction-to-general-relativity-a-
course-for-undergraduate-students-of-physics-cosimo-bambi/

textbookfull.com

Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Manfred B. Steger

https://textbookfull.com/product/globalization-a-very-short-
introduction-manfred-b-steger/

textbookfull.com

Imagination: A Very Short Introduction Jennifer Gosetti-

Ferencei

https://textbookfull.com/product/imagination-a-very-short-
introduction-jennifer-gosetti-ferencei/

textbookfull.com
 Table of Contents
Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

1 FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions and symbols
1.3 Units and constants
1.4 Expressions, equations and functions
1.5 Getting a feel for functions
1.5.1 Graphs of simple functions
1.6 Simplifying and rearranging equations and expressions
1.7 Trigonometric functions
1.7.1 Basic trigonometric functions
1.7.2 Radians
1.7.3 Trigonometric identities
1.8 Powers and logarithms
1.8.1 Powers
1.8.2 Logarithms
1.8.3 The constant e and natural logarithms
1.8.4 The exponential function
1.9 Coordinate systems
1.9.1 Cartesian coordinates
1.9.2 Plane polar coordinates
 1.9.3 Spherical coordinates
1.10 Calculus
1.10.1 Differential calculus
1.10.2 Integral calculus
1.10.3 Taylor series
1.11 Parametric equations
1.12 Matrices
1.12.1 Matrix multiplication
1.12.2 Identity matrix
1.12.3 Inverse matrix
1.12.4 Symmetric matrices
1.12.5 Diagonal matrices
1.13 Introducing vectors
1.13.1 Vector fields
1.13.2 Gradient of a scalar field
1.13.3 Divergence of a vector field
1.14 Euclidean geometry
1.14.1 The Euclidean metric
1.15 Index notation

2 NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Newtonian space and time
2.3 Newtonian inertial frames of reference
2.4 Newton's three laws of motion
2.4.1 Newton's first law
2.4.2 Newton's second law
2.4.3 Newton's third law
2.5 Newton's law of universal gravitation
2.5.1 Statement of the law
2.5.2 How Newton derived his law of universal gravitation
2.5.3 Gravitational acceleration
2.5.4 How the law predicts elliptical orbits
2.5.5 The gravitational field
 2.5.6 Tidal forces
2.5.7 Gravitational potential energy

3 SPECIAL RELATIVITY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic concepts
3.2.1 Time
3.2.2 Spacetime
3.2.3 Events
3.2.4 Frames of reference
3.2.5 Inertial frames
3.2.6 Coordinate transformations
3.2.7 The Galilean transformations
3.2.8 The two postulates of special relativity
3.3 Spacetime diagrams
3.3.1 Units and notation
3.3.2 Spacetime diagrams - basic concepts
3.3.3 Adding a second observer
3.3.4 Simultaneity and causality
3.3.5 Invariance of the interval
3.3.6 Invariant hyperbolae
3.4 The Lorentz transformations
3.4.1 Deriving the Lorentz transformations
3.4.2 Lorentz transformation matrix
3.4.3 A second observer revisited
3.4.4 Interval transformation rules
3.4.5 Proper time and time dilation
3.4.6 Length contraction
3.4.7 The end of simultaneity
3.4.8 Velocity transformations
3.4.9 Invariance of the interval - again
3.4.10 The interval and proper time
3.5 The Minkowski metric
3.6 Mechanics in special relativity
 3.6.1 Conservation laws
3.6.2 Invariance
3.6.3 Four-velocity
3.6.4 Relativistic momentum
3.6.5 Relativistic kinetic energy
3.6.6 Total relativistic energy
3.6.7 Four-momentum
3.6.8 Four-force
3.6.9 Energy-momentum relation

4 INTRODUCING THE MANIFOLD

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Riemannian manifolds and the metric
4.3 Surface of a sphere

5 SCALARS, VECTORS, ONE-FORMS AND TENSORS

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Scalars
5.3 Contravariant vectors and one-forms
5.3.1 Contravariant vectors
5.3.2 One-forms
5.3.3 A little more detail
5.3.4 Examples of one-forms and contravariant vectors
5.3.5 Definition of a contravariant vector
5.3.6 Definition of a one-form
5.3.7 More on the coordinate transformation of
contravariant vectors
5.3.8 And more on the coordinate transformation of one-
forms
5.4 Tensors
5.4.1 Tensor transformation
5.4.2 The rules of tensor algebra
5.5 Trying to visualise all this
6 MORE ON CURVATURE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Connection coefficients
6.3 Covariant differentiation
6.4 Parallel transport of vectors
6.5 Geodesics
6.6 The Riemann curvature tensor
6.7 The Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar
6.7.1 The Ricci tensor
6.7.2 The Ricci scalar

7 GENERAL RELATIVITY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The three key principles
7.2.1 The principle of equivalence
7.2.2 The principle of general covariance
7.2.3 The principle of consistency
7.3 Spacetime
7.4 Geodesics in spacetime
7.4.1 Geodesics on Earth
7.4.2 Geodesic deviation
7.5 The energy-momentum tensor
7.5.1 Dust
7.5.2 Perfect fluid
7.5.3 Covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor
7.6 The Einstein field equations
7.7 The cosmological constant

8 THE NEWTONIAN LIMIT

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Newton's three laws of motion
8.2.1 Newton's first law of motion
8.2.2 Newton's second law of motion
8.2.3 Newton's third law of motion
 8.3 Newton's field equation for how matter responds to gravity
8.4 Newton's law of universal gravitation
8.5 Poisson's equation

9 THE SCHWARZSCHILD METRIC

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Forms of the Schwarzschild metric
9.3 Derivation of the Schwarzschild metric
9.3.1 Vacuum field equations
9.3.2 Using our proposed metric
9.3.3 Finding the connection coefficients
9.3.4 The Ricci tensor components
9.3.5 Assembling the bits
9.3.6 Solving for b/r
9.4 More on Schwarzschild spacetime
9.4.1 The Schwarzschild radius
9.4.2 Gravitational time dilation
9.4.3 Gravitational redshift - the first test of general
relativity
9.4.4 Using the equivalence principle to predict gravitational
time dilation and gravitational redshift
9.4.5 Proper distance
9.4.6 Geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime
9.4.7 Perihelion advance - the second test of general
relativity
9.4.8 Gravitational deflection of light - the third test of
general relativity
9.4.9 Gravitational time delay of signals passing the Sun -
the fourth test of general relativity

10 SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLES

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Falling into a black hole
 10.3 Falling - seen from up close
10.4 Falling - seen from far, far away
10.4.1 Journey time of a light signal
10.4.2 Relationship between coordinate time and
coordinate distance
10.4.3 Gravitational redshift and luminosity
10.4.4 Distant observer - summary
10.5 Coordinates and lightcones

11 COSMOLOGY
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Key observed properties of the Universe
11.2.1 The dark night sky
11.2.2 The cosmological principle
11.2.3 Cosmic microwave background radiation
11.2.4 Hubble's law
11.3 Robertson-Walker spacetime
11.3.1 The curvature parameter
11.3.2 Proper distance
11.4 Introducing the Friedmann equations
11.4.1 The cosmic energy-momentum tensor
11.4.2 More on density and pressure
11.4.3 The Friedmann equations
11.4.4 The empty universe model
11.4.5 The static Einstein model
11.4.6 The de Sitter model
11.4.7 The radiation only model
11.4.8 The Einstein-de Sitter model
11.4.9 Density parameters
11.5 More FRW models, and our Universe

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A Most Incomprehensible Thing: Notes Towards a Very Gentle Introduction to the Mathematics
of Relativity

Copyright © Peter Collier 2012

First published 2012

Revised edition 2014

Published by Incomprehensible Books

Peter Collier asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or
criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any
form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

Kindle edition

(v112)

Email: [email protected]
 A Most Incomprehensible Thing
Notes Towards a Very Gentle Introduction to the Mathematics
of Relativity

Peter Collier

Incomprehensible Books
For Anne Redfarn, xxx
Preface
This book is written for the general reader who wishes to gain a basic
but working understanding of the mathematics of Einstein's theory of
relativity, one of the cornerstones of modern physics.

I must have been eleven or twelve years old when I treated myself to a
paperback layperson's introduction to the theory. I enjoyed maths and
science at school, vaguely knew that relativity was a difficult but
important theory, and was curious to find out more. Being a popular
guide, there was very little mathematics in the text, but there were a
sprinkling of simple equations from the special theory of relativity (as
we'll see, Einstein proposed two theories: special relativity and general
relativity). These formulations described relativistic phenomena such as
time dilation and length contraction - nice, straightforward equations
that even I could understand. I remember wondering what all the fuss
was about if those equations were all there were to relativity. The
complexity of Einstein's theory had obviously been exaggerated. I read
and enjoyed the book and mentally ticked off the theory as something
else I had mastered, like long division or factorisation.

I was hopelessly wrong, of course. I'd made the mistake of confusing

popular science with the real thing, and believing I'd grasped the
theory of relativity when in reality I'd barely scratched its surface. It
took me a long time to realise that those equations, though perfectly
valid, were but a tiny part of a much larger, more complex and wider
ranging description of the physical world.

Although my formal education in maths and physics ended some time

ago, I've continued to enjoy dabbling around in the subjects. During
the winter of 2010-11, with time on my hands, I came across the
excellent series of YouTube general relativity lectures by Professor
Leonard Susskind [30] of Stanford University. Much of what the
professor said went over my head, but after watching the series, I
found myself intrigued with the language of spacetime, gravitation,
metrics, tensors and black holes. For the second time in my life I
resolved to try to teach myself relativity. This time around I was more
aware of the size and shape of the challenge. Plus, of course, I now
had access to the resources of the internet (and more pocket money
for textbooks!). My goal was to move beyond the popular expositions
of relativity and get to grips with the underlying mathematics, the
beating heart of the theory (to paraphrase Euclid, there is no royal
road to relativity – you have to do the maths). And so my adventure
began. For the next twelve months I was obsessed, with almost every
spare moment, at home and at work, spent poring over books and
websites. It was hard work but great fun, and fortunately my partner
was supremely patient with my new infatuation.

Thus also began my quest for my ‘ideal’ relativity textbook. There are
of course various maths-lite popular guides, such as the one I'd read as
a boy. Plus there are technically demanding undergraduate and higher-
level textbooks. The popularisations may be entertaining, but by
excluding the maths they can only give a cursory understanding of the
subject. The mathematically rigorous texts, on the other hand, are
unreadable for the non-specialist. I was looking for something in-
between, a Goldilocks volume pitched just at my level, neither too easy
nor too difficult. I didn't want to take a degree in physics, but I did
want to get to grips with the essential mathematics of relativity.

I never found my ideal volume but instead had to make use of many
different sources, winkling out bits of useful information here and
there, struggling to fit the different pieces of the jigsaw into a coherent
whole. Along the way, it dawned on me that if I were looking for a self-
contained, introductory, mathematical text on relativity, others might
be as well; after all, it is one of the most important theories in physics.
The book I had in mind would assume little prior mathematical
knowledge (even less than my own patchy sixth-form/high school
maths if it were to be suitable for the general reader). It would
therefore need to begin with a crash course in foundation maths. To
give the kind of meaningful mathematical understanding I sought, it
would try wherever possible to give the relevant derivations in full,
even at the risk of stating what appears to be the blindingly obvious to
the more mathematically savvy reader. And it would contain numerous
fully worked problems, because in my experience, seeing how the
mathematics is used in practice is the best way to understand it. Oh,
and it would be written in a user-friendly style with lots of helpful
diagrams and pictures. And - given the high cost of many textbooks - it
would be inexpensive verging on the downright cheap.

What you see in front of you is my attempt to write such a book, the
accessible teach-yourself study aid I would have liked to have got my
hands on when I first seriously started to learn Einstein's theory - an
introduction to the mathematics of relativity for the enthusiastic
layperson. By ‘layperson’ I mean someone with a minimal
mathematical background, though obviously there are no penalties if
yours exceeds that - just skip what you know. ‘Enthusiastic’ suggests
this may not be an easy journey, but one that demands some degree
of commitment and effort from the reader. Physicists may believe that
the language of Nature is mathematics, but in the case of general
relativity she might have made that language a touch easier to learn
for the average Homo sapiens. Even at our basic level, if we really
want to understand what's going on in spacetime, we need to tackle
the delights of things such as tensors, geodesics and, of course, the
Einstein field equations.

There's no escaping the fact that it's not easy learning a technically
demanding subject such as relativity on your own. Away from college
or university, the self-studier ploughs a lonely furrow, with no
structured coursework, lectures or interaction with tutors and fellow
students. However, the pursuit of education and understanding for its
own sake is an admirable goal and deserves every encouragement. We
should all have the chance to appreciate - in the words of Matthew
Arnold - ‘the best that has been said and thought in the world.’ This
book tries to offer a helping hand to such intrepid seekers of truth. In a
world overflowing with trivia, irrationality and nonsense, relativity is the
genuine article, a challenging but fundamentally important scientific
theory.
I would suggest that for most readers the best way to approach this
book is as an ultra-relaxed marathon rather than a sprint. We cover a
lot of material, from elementary mathematics to tensor calculus, so
give yourself plenty of time to thoroughly understand what's being
presented. You're bound to get stuck sooner or later. Indeed, you will
probably grind to a halt more than once - I know I did. Try not to be
discouraged. Remember, Einstein was a genius, yet it took even him
ten years to formulate general relativity. Personally, I found that if I hit
a brick wall, instead of struggling on, it helped to put the book I was
studying to one side and take a break. Time for reflection, working on
something else, maybe a good night's sleep were often all that was
necessary for comprehension to dawn. If you are still baffled, you
could seek enlightenment via one of the excellent online physics/maths
forums (three are listed in the bibliography - [20], [25] and [26]). Of
course, the ideal is to finish the book, but if you don't, at least try to
have fun getting through as much as you can. Thankfully, you don't
need to be a genius to appreciate the wonders of relativity or to
ponder the strange, mysterious world that the theory so accurately
describes.

I've made every effort to ensure that there are no errors in this
book. However, mistakes can happen. A current list of errata can
be found at http://amostincomprehensiblething.wordpress.com. If
you find an error that does not appear on that list, please e-mail it
to [email protected].
Comments, feedback? Email the author at the same address.
Apologies that much of the mathematics in the text is in the form
of non-scalable images. I originally wrote the book using LyX, a
maths-friendly (and much more) document processor based on
LaTeX. LyX produces beautiful pdf documents with great looking
mathematics (see the paperback print edition), but trying to
convert it to a Kindle/EPUB file was fiendishly difficult. Given my
non-existent coding skills, the best solution I came up with was to
export LyX to XHTML, with the equations converted to images.
Where possible, I then converted the simpler equations to html by
hand, but the majority remain as images. Maybe one day, if LyX
 improves its exporting capabilities, I'll be able to bring out another
edition with all the maths as beautiful flowing text.
Following on from the previous point, I would advise readers who
intend reading this ebook primarily on a Kindle e-reader to check
they are comfortable with the legibility of the smaller, more
intricate equation images. Unfortunately, at the time of writing,
smaller images are not zoomable on certain Kindles. To avoid
disappointment, it would therefore be a good idea to skim through
the ebook soon after purchase. If you aren't happy with the size of
the images, you can either (a) read the book on a larger screened
device (tablet, PC, laptop etc) using one of Amazon's excellent free
Kindle apps, or (b) return ebooks you bought from the Kindle
Store for a refund (Amazon must receive your request within
seven days of the date of purchase).

Note on the revised edition

I have been most pleasantly surprised (thrilled, to be honest) by the

interest and enthusiasm shown towards my book since it was first
published two years ago. Readers of all ages and from a wide variety
of backgrounds have clearly relished the opportunity of trying to
understand Einstein’s wonderful theories. As a general point, I believe
there is no little demand out there for books that, without dumbing
down, attempt to make complex subjects intelligible to the general
reader. (If anyone is willing to pick up the baton, I know from readers’
feedback that many would appreciate a ground up guide to quantum
mechanics.)

However, despite the most careful preparation, it was inevitable that a

work of this scope and complexity would contain errors, many of which
have been spotted and emailed to me by sharp-eyed readers. I must of
course apologise for these mistakes and also thank all those who took
the trouble to contact me. Without their input this book would be a
very much inferior shadow of its present self. Over time, that trickle of
emails slowly reduced to an intermittent drip, and - dare I say it? - for
a while now my inbox has actually been free of such tidings. Hence my
decision to publish a revised edition, which contains no new material,
I’m afraid, but does include all those corrections and clarifications to
the first edition listed in the online errata sheet. (This revised ebook
edition contains the same text as the second paperback edition.)
Introduction
The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it
is at all comprehensible.
ALBERT EINSTEIN

During the first few years of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein
(Figure 0.1) revolutionised our understanding of the physical world. In
1905 he proposed his special theory of relativity, which fatally
undermined long-standing scientific and common sense assumptions
about the nature of space and time. Simultaneity, for example: the new
theory meant that two events happening at the same time for one
observer might well occur at different times for another. Henceforth,
space and time could no longer be regarded as separate and absolute
quantities. Instead they merged - the theory and all available evidence
demanded they merge - into a new single entity called spacetime.
Furthermore, matter and energy were also joined, in the shape of one
of the most famous equations in physics: E = mc².
 Figure 0.1:
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) - photographed in 1921.

This was radical stuff, but much more was to come. Special relativity
deals with the motion of objects and of light in the absence of gravity.
For over two hundred years Newtonian gravitation had proved itself a
theory of astonishing accuracy. And it still is, allowing the precise
calculation of the motion of a falling cup or an orbiting planet. But
though of immense practical use, Newton's theory isn't compatible with
special relativity (Newtonian gravity is instantaneous; special relativity
imposes a natural speed limit - the speed of light). It took Einstein a
further ten years to reconcile gravity and special relativity. That
synthesis, his general theory of relativity, was published in 1916.
General relativity explains gravity as an effect of the bending of
spacetime in the vicinity of a massive object. The general theory
describes phenomena as diverse as non-Newtonian deviations in
planetary orbits, gravitational time dilation, and gravitational bending
and redshift of light. It has been used to predict the existence and
properties of black holes and is at the heart of modern cosmology --
the study of the history and structure of the universe. Necessarily,
given the appropriate conditions, general relativity is smart enough to
reduce to both special relativity and Newtonian theory.

Special and general relativity can be summarised as follows:

The speed of light in a vacuum has the same value for all
uniformly moving observers.
Mass and energy curve spacetime.
Mathematically, spacetime can be represented by a curved space
that is locally flat.
An equation called a metric describes the curvature of such a
space. The metric will vary from region to region depending how
the space curves.
Light and free particles follow paths, called geodesics, through
spacetime determined by how the spacetime is curved.
In the appropriate circumstances general relativity should
approximate both to special relativity and to Newtonian
gravitation.
The laws of physics must take the same form in all coordinate
systems.

Or, more succinctly, the famous quotation from physicist John Archibald
Wheeler (1911–2008) states that:

‘Matter tells space how to curve.

Space tells matter how to move.’

The astrophysicist Kim Griest [12] asserted the fundamental

importance of general relativity when he wrote:

‘Most physicists don't study general relativity [GR] because

it only differs from Newton's gravity theory and from
special relativity in a few cases. But GR is Nature's choice -
whenever GR differs from Newton, GR has been shown to
be right. It is how Nature actually works, and requires a
radical rethinking of physical reality.’
In short, relativity is a triumph of human reason, and as such deserves
the widest possible audience. However, to really understand even the
basics of the theory we have to tackle some quite challenging
mathematics, and that is what we are going to attempt to do.

Chapter 1 sets the ball rolling by introducing the necessary foundation

mathematics needed to progress through the rest of the book, from
the basic definition of a function, through calculus and simple vectors,
to our first metric tensor. For those with little mathematical background
this chapter will be a baptism of fire. Emerging from the flames, we
advance invigorated into Chapter 2. I don't see how it's possible to get
to grips with relativity without understanding at least some of the
physics it supplanted. To that end, this chapter comprises a brisk
discussion of Newtonian mechanics, with more time spent, deservedly I
trust, on Newton's wonderful theory of gravitation, including a neat
little detour on how to plot the orbit of a hypothetical planet around
the Sun. In Chapter 3 we move on to special relativity and the strange
world of Minkowski spacetime, including the counter-intuitive
phenomena of time-dilation and length contraction. After developing
our spacetime intuition with the geometrical assistance of spacetime
diagrams we progress to a more algebraic approach using the Lorentz
transformations. We end this chapter by looking at how special
relativity reformulates the laws of mechanics.

The next three chapters develop the mathematics that underpins

general relativity. First, a brief introduction to the concept of the
manifold and the all important metric tensor . Next we look at
vectors, one-forms and tensors in order to ease us into the
mathematics of curvature, including connection coefficients, parallel
transport of vectors, geodesics and the Riemann curvature tensor.
Chapter 7 pulls these various strands together to take us to the star of
the show: the Einstein field equations. On the way we meet the
equivalence principle (Einstein's ‘happiest thought’), geodesics in
spacetime and the energy-momentum tensor. In Chapter 8 we see
how, given appropriate non-relativistic conditions, the equations of
general relativity approximate to the ultra-successful formulations of
Newtonian mechanics. The next chapter introduces the Schwarzschild
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Sant'Érmo, taken for faire weather for Mariners, or a presaging of faire
weather.
Santẻrna, artificiall Borax to solder mettals.
Sánti, Saints, Holy-men, Hallowes.
Santificáre, to sanctifie, to hallow.
Santificatióne, sanctification, hallowing.
Santificatóre, a sanctifier, a hallower.
Santimónia, sanctitie, holinesse.
Santimónio, the profession of sanctitie or of holinesse.
Santióne, a law or decree established, an ordinance made with a penaltie.
Santità, sanctitie, holinesse, holidome.
Sánto, holy, Saint-like, sacred. Also deuout, pure, inuiolable, spotlesse.
Also a Saint, a holy man, a religious man. Also safe against iniurie.
Santóccio, a little Saint-like man, a holy-seeming puritane. Also a God-
father.
Sántola, a God-mother.
Santolína, Field-cipres, Lauander-cotton. Also a sillie Saint-like woman.
Sántolo, a God-father.
Santónico, a kind of Wormewood.
Santoréccia, a kind of hearbe.
Sánto régio, winter or garden Sauerie.
Santuário, a Sanctuarie, a Church, a Chappell, a holy priueledged place.
Santúccio, as Santóccio.
Santúzza, a sillie Saint-like woman.
Sanúro, a fish called in Latin Alphesta.
Sánza, sanse, without, besides.
Sánza chè, besides that, without that.
Sanzalággio, as Sensalággio.
Sanzaláre, as Sensaláre.
Sanzále, as Sensále.
Sanzaría, the office or trade of a Broker.
Sanzáro, a Broker. Also a Pursiuant.
Saórna, any ballast for Ships. Also a common sinke. Also the pumpe in a
Ship.
Saornáre, to ballast a Ship. Also to scoure a sinke. Also to pumpe a Ship.
Sápa, Cuit or sodden wine. Also a kind of galantine or venizon sauce.
Sapadóre, a silliebub made of wine or vertiuice and milke.
Sápe, a kind of venemous Serpent called a Horne-fretter.
Sapérci ẻssere, for a man to know how to keepe his ranke.
Sapẻrda, a kind of shell-fish yeelding a very stinking sauour.
Sapére, sò, sẻppi, sapúto, to know by the minde, to wot, to wisse, to ken,
to vnderstand and perceiue well. Also to taste of, to smacke of, to smell
of.
Sapére, knowledge by the minde, wit, heed, skill or remembrance.
Sapére a ménte, to know by heart or rote.

Sapére béne, to know or wot well.

Sapére di buóno, to smell or taste of good.
Sapére di cattíuo, to taste or smell ill.
Sapére di guẻrra, to arte or knowledge warre.
Sapére di legníno, to taste or smell of the caske or wood.
Sapére di múschio, to smell of muske.
Sapér grádo, to ken or acknowledge thankes.
Sapér mále, to know ill. Also to taste or smell ill. Also to grieue or feele
sorrow for.
Sapér mẻglio, to know better. Also to take in better part.
Sapér pẻggio, to know worse. Also to take in worse part.
Sapésmo, spẻcie d'argoménto.
Sapéuole, that may be knowen. Also that wotteth, knoweth, or hath
knowledge of.
Saphéna, a veine running aboue the inner ankle and vpon the foote
toward the toes, namely the great toe where it is diuersly bestowed.
Sáphici, verses called Saphike verses.
Sapiẻnte, sapient, wise, sage, prudent, much knowing, skilfull, discreet.
Sapiẻnteménte, wisely, prudently.
Sapiẻntipotẻnte, mightie in wisedome.
Sapiẻnza, sapience, wisedome, prudence, sagenesse, knowledge of many
things.
Sapínio, as Sapíno.
Sapíno, the Firre-tree of some called the Horne-beame tree or gentle Firre-
tree. Also a kind of pale-coloured Amethist stone.
Sápio, the pitch of the Firre-tree.
Saponáccio, filthy sope, sudge or sopie water.
Saponále, the hearbe Saponária.
Saponáre, to sope, to lather, to wash in sope.
Saponária, the hearbe Sopewort, Struttie, Crowsope or wilde Rose-
campion. Also a Sope-house.
Saponáro, a Soper, a Sope-maker.
Saponáta, a soping, a lathring, a washing in sope. Also sope-sudge. Also a
flim-flam tale.
Sapóne, any kind of sope to wash with.
Saponétti, sope-balles, washing-balles.
Saporággine, sauorinesse, smackishnesse.
Sapóre, a sauour, a relish, a smacke. Also an inward feeling. Also a sent, a
smell, a sauour. Also any sauce to giue meate a good taste.
Saporétti, fine or daintie sauces.
Sapóri, as Saporétti.
Saporífero, sauour-bringing, sauorous.
Saporíre, rísco, ríto, to sauour, to relish, to smacke or taste, to season or
giue a taste vnto.

Saporitaménte, sauourly, smackingly.

Saporitẻlla, a word of kindnesse, as my honysop, my sweetest doue, as
Tortolína saporitẻlla, my sweet turtle-doue.
Saporíto, sauoured, relished, smacked, seasoned or giuen a taste vnto.
Also sauourie, relishing or tasting well.
Saporosità, sauournesse, relish.
Saporóso, sauourie, relishing, well tasting.
Sáppia, that I, he or she may know.
Sápro, a kind of potion for the Collike.
Sapróne, a kind of rotten cheese.
Saprosíne melóse, sweet daintie morsels.
Sapúta, a witting, a kenning, a knowledge, notice, information.
Sapúto, knowen by the minde, wotted, wist or kend. Also tasted or smelt
of. Also a wise, skilfull or wittie and much-knowing man.
Sarà, he, she, or it shall be.
Saráca, a Sprat, or as some say a Pilchard.
Saracẻlla, a kind of fowle or bird.
Saracéna, Goates-rue or Italian-fitch, or as some call it Saracens hearbe.
Saracinésca, a purcullis ouer a gate. Also a trap-dore. Also a blacke Storke.
Saracinésco, Saracine-like, blacke, barbarous.
Saracíno, a Saracen, a blacke-man, a Sarcen.
Sarafíno, a coine in India worth about a Spanish Ducket.
Saraménto, as Sacraménto.
Saraò, la bẻlla máschera & saraò chè si féce in uagliadólid.
Sárba, Stockefish, some say poore Iohn.
Sarcẻlla, a kind of fowle or bird.
Sarchéro, a weeding hooke. Also a weeder.
Sárchia, a weeding hooke or sickle. Vsed also for an iron-rake, a sarcle.
Sarchiagióne, a sarkling or weeding out of rootes or weedes.
Sarchiáre, to weede out with a sickle. Also to rake. Also to pare, to bare,
to sarcle the rootes of trees from earth or weedes.
Sarchiatóre, a weeder, a sarcler, a raker.
Sarchiatúra, a sarcling, a weeding, a raking.
Sarchiẻllo, a sarcle, a sickle, a weeding-hooke. Vsed also for a rake.
Sárchio, as Sarchiẻllo.
Sarciménto, a seaming or patching.
Sárcina, a burden, a loade, a packe, a cariage, or bag and baggage.
Sarcináre, as Sarcíre.
Sarcinatóre, a patcher, a botcher.
Sarcióne, a kind of precious stone. Also a fault, flaw or scar in some
Emeralds so called.
Sarcíre, to repaire, to patch, to piece, to make whole againe. Also to
recompence, or make a mends for what is donne amisse, to pay
dammages or losses.
Sarcocólla, a gum like incense of a thorny plant in Persia.
Sarcofágo, a stone that the Egyptians were wont to make tombes of,
which in forty daies will consume a body all to ashes, sauing the teeth.
Vsed also for a graue or sepulcher.
Sarcoláre, as Sarchiáre.
Sarcóma, a bunch of flesh in ones nose.
Sárculo, as Sarchiẻllo.
Sárda, as Sardẻlla.
Sardacháte, a kind of Agate-stone.
Sardanẻlla, as Sardẻlla.
Sardaserióne, as Sandasíro.
Sardástro, as Sandástrico.
Sardẻlla, a fish like a Pilchard or Sprat called a Sardell or Sardin, eaten
pickled as Anchouas. Also an Onix or Corneoll-stone much vsed in
seales.
Sardésco, a horse of Sardínia. Also a kind of salt hard cheese.
Sárdia, Ciues, Scalions, Cibols, or Onions.
Sardína, as Sardẻlla.
Sárdio, an Onix or Corneoll stone.
Sardóa, as Sardóna.
Sardóna, an hearbe like smallage which being bitten causeth great
laughing and grinning, whereupon followeth death.
Sardóne, as Sardẻlla.
Sardónia, the hearbe Crowfoote.
Sardónica, as Sardóna.
Sardónico, a kind of stone.
Sardónico ríso, a laughing or grinning without cause, the end whereof is
sorrowfull or tragicall.
Sardónio, a stone in the vpper end like a mans naile, and vnder of the
colour of the fish Sardella, called a Sardonix.
Sarẻbbe mái? may or might it be?
Sarẻbbe mercè, as we say in English, it were a good deed.
Sárga, a cord, a cable, a halter.
Sargálla, a kind of bane or Rats-bane.
Sargáno, copẻrta di sargáni & di dráppi.
Sárge, serges. Also curtines for beds.
Sargẻntíno, a Gunners Lint-stocke.
Sárghe, cordage for a ship.
Sárgia, the stuffe serge or say.
Sargiáre, to hang, to dresse or couer with Sarge.
Sargiẻro, a weuer of Serges or Saies.
Sargiétta, fine serge or say. Also a curtaine.
Sárgo, a piece called a saker. Also a kind of fish in Egypt.

Sargóni, a kind of Vermine or worme. Vsed also for sharp bristles or stings.
Sári, an hearbe growing in waters hauing a hard roote necessary for
Smiths.
Sarióne, a kind of Salmon-trout.
Saríssa, a Iauelin, a Speare or long staffe with a pike at the end.
Sarménti, as Serménti.
Sarmentína, as Sermentína.
Sarmentóso, as Sermentóso.
Sáro, a shrub with leaues like to Papyre-reede.
Sarò, I shall be.
Sárpa, a Vine when it is cut or shred. Also a toole to plucke out teeth with.
Sarpamentáti cẻphali ẻd altri pésci.
Sarpáre, to prune or shred Vines or other trees. Also to pull, to pluck, to
tugge or drag out. Also to cleanse from durt or earth.
Sarpáre l'áncore, to weigh the ancors of a ship.
Sarpatóre, a pruner or shredder of Vines. Also a puller, a plucker, a
dragger.
Sarracinésca, as Saracinésca.
Sarráco, a kind of cart for burthens.
Sárta, a woman Taylour.
Sartagíno, a kinde of earthen panne or pot.
Sartágna, as Currúcula.
Sárte, tacklings, cordage or shrouds of a ship.
Sartẻlla, a kind of wilde Ducke or Mallard.
Sartiáme d'úna náue, the shrouds of a Ship.
Sártie, as Sartiáme.
Sárto, a man-tailour. Also pieced, botched or patched.
Sartóre, a man-tailour. Also a botcher or mender of garments.
Sartoría, a Tailors trade, shop or street.
Sartoríno, a prettie dapper Tailour.
Sartúra, a raking or harrowing.
Sárza, the stuffe Sarge or Saye.
Sasonáre, to season, as Stagionáre.
Sasóne, season, as Stagióne.
Sasonéuole, seasonable, as Stagionéuole.
Sassafrága, as Sassifrága.
Sassaiuóla, as Sassaría. Also as Sassáta.
Sassáre, to stone, to hit with stones.
Sassaría, a quarrie of stones.
Sassáta, a blow with a stone, a stones cast.
Sassatẻlli, small stones, litle pible stones.
Sassátile, stonie, grettie, of the nature of stone. Also liuing or breeding
among stones or grauell. Also all manner of Stone-fish, Sassátile pésce,
Stone-fish.
Sasseità, stonishnesse, qualitie or nature of a stone.
Sásselo, a bird so called. Also he knowes it to himselfe.
Sassétto, any little stone.
Sássi, all manner of stones. Also it is knowen. Also he knowes or wots to
himselfe.
Sassífero, stone-bringing.
Sassificáre, to petrifie or grow to stone.
Sassífico, stone-making, petrifying.
Sassifrága, an hearbe growing in stonie-places, very good against the
stone called Breake-stone or Saxifrage. Some take it for Goates-beard,
Star of Ierusalem, Iosephs-flower or Noone-tide.
Sassifrágo, a breake-stone or stone-breaker.
Sassifríca, as Sassifrága.
Sassinaménto, as Assassinaménto.
Sassináre, as Assassináre.
Sassíno, as Assassíno. Also a litle stone.
Sassitáno, a kind of Needle-fish like a Snake.
Sásso, any kind of rugged stone. Also a stonie rocke, crag or cliffe. Also a
kind of torment vsed anciently in Rome, mentioned by Tacitus.
Sassolíni, any little or pible stone.
Sassóso, stonie, rugged, flintie, grettie, full of stones or rockes, growing in
stonie places.
Sásso uíuo, a naturall hard stone.
Sátana, as Satanásso.
Satanásso, Sathan, a tempter, a seducer, an aduersarie, an enemie to
God.
Satanichíssimo, most diuelish.
Satẻllito, one retained to guard a mans person, a Satelite, an Halbardier or
Yeoman of a Princes guard. Also an Attacher, a Sergeant, a Catchpole.
Sáti, a kind of garden Lectuce.
Satiábile, satiable, that may be satisfied. Also loathsome, wearisome or
queasie.
Satiabilità, as Satietà.
Satiaménto, as Satietà.
Satiáre, to satiate, to glut, to gorge, to satisfie.
Satiatíuo, satiatiue, filling, glutting.
Satiatúra, a glutting, a gorging, a satiating.
Satietà, satietie, cloying, glutting, fulnesse. Also tediousnesse or
loathsomnesse.
Satiéuole, as Satiábile, and by metaphor, tedious, fasheous, yrkesome and
wearisome.
Satieuolézza, as Satietà.
Satieuolménte, cloyingly, gluttingly.
Satíno cagnolétto, a litle prettie, smooth or well fed playing Dog.
Sátio, satiate, glutted, gorged, full-fed, cloied, or satisfied and wearie of.
Sátira, a Satire, an inuectiue rebuking euils, and regarding no person.

Satireggiáre, to write or speake Satires, to inueigh sharpely against

abuses.
Satirésco, Satiricall, inueighing sharply.
Satiriási, as Priapísmo.
Satiriásmo, as Priapísmo.
Satírico, satiricall, sharpe in speeches and with reproch.
Satírio, as Satirióne.
Satirióne, the hearbe Ragwort or Satirion.
Satirísi, as Priapísmo.
Sátiro, a Satire, halfe a man and halfe a Goate. Also as Satirióne.
Sátis, as in Latin, but vsed in Italian before other words as in Satisfáre.
Satisfáre, to satisfie, to content, to please, to make satisfaction.
Satisfattióne, satisfaction, pleasing.
Satisfátto, satisfied, pleased, contented.
Satollánza, as Satietà.
Satolláre, as Satiáre.
Satóllo, as Sátio.
Satóre, a father, a begetter, a creator, a maker. Also a planter or setter.
Sátoro, as Sátio, as Satóllo.
Satrapería, a gouernment or office of a Sátrapo. Also the order, state or
profession of a Sátrapo.
Satrapía, a Prouince, a Country, a Lieutenantship. Also the office of a
Sátrapo.
Satrápico, belonging to a Sátrapo.
Sátrapo, a Gouernour, a president, a Captaine or chiefe Ruler of a
Prouince or Country vnder another, a Chiefetaine, a Chiefe-ruler or
Peere of a Realme, but rather now taken in bad then in good part.
Sattíno, the stuffe called Sattin. Also as Satíno cagnolétto.
Saturábile, as Satiábile.
Saturáre, as Satiáre.
Saturatióne, filling, or glutting.
Saturẻgia, as Saturẻia.
Saturẻia, the hearbe Winter Sauory.
Saturità, as Satietà.
Saturnále, as Saturníno.
Saturnáli, a feast in Rome three monthes after Compitáli, celebrated with
games.
Saturníno, Saturnall, Saturnine, of the nature of Saturne, that is sterne,
sad or melancholike. Also the Saturnall feast or games.
Satúrno, as much to say, a perfect sower of man kinde or founder of
kindomes, the planet Saturne. Also Lead among Alchimists.
Sáturo, as Sátio, satiate, full fed.
Sauámo. Vsed for Erauámo, we were.
Sauáte. Vsed for Erauáte, you were.
Sauátta, any old, ouer-worne shooe.
Sauattáre, to cobble or mend old shooes.

Sauattáro, a Cobler, a Souter of old shooes.

Sauattíno, a Cobler, a Souter of old shooes.
Sauére, as Sapére.
Sauì? wot you? paróla Venetiána.
Sauía, euen now, at this instant, now, now.
Sauiaménte, sagely, wisely, prudently.
Sauiaróne, a great wise man.
Sauieggiáre, to play the wise man.
Sauiézza, as Sapiẻnza, wisdome.
Sauína, as Sabína, the hearbe Sauine.
Sauinẻlla, as Sauína, as Sabína.
Sauíno, a duskie stone, which hauing any stone put vnto it, waxeth bright.
Sáuio, as Sapiẻnte, wise.
Sauiolíno, a nice, selfe-conceited wise-man.
Sauiólo, as Sauiolíno, pretty wise.
Sauiótto, pretty and wise.
Sauíssimo, most wise or prudent.
Sauiúzzo, a silly or meanely wise man.
Sauonáccio, filthy stinking soape.
Sauonáre, to sope or wash with sope.
Sauonáro, a Soper, a Sope-maker.
Sauonáta, as Saponáta, a sopeing.
Sauóne, any kind of sope.
Sauonẻa, a kind of conserue or preserue.
Sauonétti, sope or washing-bales.
Sauóra, ballast or lastage for ships.
Sauoráre, to ballast or ballais a ship.
Sauóre, as Sapóre.
Sauoréggia, the hearbe Winter-sauory.
Sauoreggiáre, as Saporíre.
Sauorẻlla, Winter or Garden-sauory.
Sauorétti, as Saporétti.
Sauoríno puttáno, yongue Winter-sauory.
Sauoríre, as Saporíre.
Sauoríto, as Saporíto.
Sauórna, as Sauóra, or stonie grauell.
Sauoróso, as Saporóso.
Sáura, as Stẻllióne, a greene Lyzard.
Saurétto, a prettie Sorrell nag.
Saurióne, a kind of Mustard-seed.
Sauríta, a stone found in a greene Lizards bellie.
Sáuro, the Sorrell colour of a Horse. Also a greene Lyzard.
Sáuro affocáto, a bright Sorrell colour.
Sáuro metallíno, between a Roane and a Sorrell.
Sáuro scúro, a darke Sorrell.
Sáuso, a Hound, a Spaniell.
Sbacciẻlláre, to vnhuske or vnshale out of the cods as Peason or Beanes.
Sbácco. Looke A sbácco, Gods plentie, enough and to spare, hold-bellie-
hold.
Sbadacchiaménto, a yauning or gaping. Also a gagging of ones mouth.
Sbadacchiare, to yaune or gape for want of sleepe. Also to gag ones
mouth.
Sbadagliáre, as Sbadacchiáre.

Sbadáglio, a gag for ones mouth.

Sbadáre, as Sbadacchiáre.
Sbadataménte, carelesly as at random.
Sbadigliaménto, as Sbadacchiaménto.
Sbadigliacciáre, as Sbadacchiáre.
Sbadigliaménto, as Sbadacchiaménto.
Sbadigliáre, as Sbadacchiáre.
Sbadiglióso, drouzie, gaping, yauning.
Sbagiaffáre, to chat, to prattle, to babble or tattle idly and with vaine-
glorie.
Sbagiaffóne, a vaine-glorious pratler, babler, prater, a boasting tatler or
cogger.
Sbágio, con quel cápo di linẻa si truóua la mẻzzaría délla bócca pẻr uia
d'un sbágio, calándo il perpendícolo.
Sbagliaffóne, as Sbagiaffóne.
Sbaiaffáre, as Sbagiaffáre.
Sbaiaffóne, as Sbagiaffóne.
Sbalancáre, as Spalancáre.
Sbálcio, a kind of honorable habite or attire that the Ladies of Venice were
wont to weare on their heads.
Sbaldánza, vnboldnesse, vnhardinesse.
Sbaldanzíre, zísco, zíto, to disbolden, to grow or make vnbold, to become
vnhardie.
Sbalẻstráre, to shoot off a Crosse-bow. Also to lye for the whetstone, to
thunder out lies.
Sbaligiáre, as Sualigiáre.
Sbalíre, lísco, líto, as Sbasíre.
Sballáre, to vnpacke, to open packes.
Sbalordággine, as Balordággine.
Sbalordíre, as Disballordíre.
Sbalordíto, giddie in the head, distracted out of his sences.
Sbalzáre, to leape forth, to skip or skud away, to hop or prance. Also to
rebound as a ball. Also to bound as a Horse. Also to burst, to streame
or gush out.
Sbálzo, a leaping or hopping, a skip, a prancing, a bound or rebound of a
ball, a bound of a Horse. Also a skudding away in haste. Also a
suddaine gushing out or streaming forth. Also a precipice, an abisse, a
downefall, a steepie rocke, crag or cliffe. Also as Sbálcio.
Sbamfoláre, to exhale, to breath or vent forth.
Sbamfoláta, an exhaling, a venting or breathing forth.
Sbanaceráre, as Sbadacchiáre.
Sbancáre, to vnbench, to remooue or vnhorse from ones seat or standing.
Sbandaménto, a disbanding or scattering.
Sbandáre, to disbandie, to vnbarre, to vnside, to scatter, to open wide
asunder.
Sbandataménte, scattringly, in disbanded manner, confusedly, in forlorne
manner.

Sbandeggiaménto, a banishing, a banishment, a proclamation. Also a

disbanding.
Sbandeggiáre, to banish, to publish by proclamation. Also to disbandie.
Sbandeggiatóre, a banisher, a publike cryer, a proclaimer. Also a disbander.
Sbandigióne, a banishment or proclaiming.
Sbandíre, dísco, díto, as Sbandeggiáre.
Sbandíto, banished, exiled, proclaimed.
Sbanditóre, a banisher, a proclaimer.
Sbaracchiáre, as Sbaragliáre.
Sbarácchio, as Sbaráglio.
Sbaragiáre, as Sbaragliáre.
Sbaragliaménto, as Sbaráglio.
Sbaragliáre, to vnbarre, to put to rout, to scatter, to subuert, to disorder,
to destroy, to disbandie, to breake an armie, to put to confusion.
Sbaraglíno, a game at tables called Lurch.
Sbaráglio, rout, vnbarring, scattring, confusion, hauocke, spoile. Looke A
sbaráglio.
Sbarattaménto, as Sbaráglio.
Sbarattáre, as Sbaragliáre.
Sbarbagliáre, as Sbaragliáre. Also to vndazle.
Sbarbaráre, to plucke vp any hearbe, shrub or plant by the roote.
Sbarbáre, to vnbeard, to cut ones beard.
Sbarbatẻllo, a beardlesse boy, a yongue lad.
Sbarbáto, beardlesse, vnbearded.
Sbarbazzáre, to vnbridle, to vncurbe.
Sbarbazzáto, a horse that hath no curbe, vncurbed.
Sbarbicáre, as Sbarbáre, as Sbarbaráre.
Sbarbieráre, as Sbagiaffáre.
Sbarbieróne, as Sbagiaffóne.
Sbarbocciáta, a thumpe, a rap, a clap, a bang.
Sbarbóne, a shaggie swaggrer or ruffian.
Sbarbozzáre, to vncurbe, to vnbridle.
Sbarcaménto, an vnshiping, a disbarking.
Sbarcáre, to vnship, to disbarke, to land.
Sbarcáta, a disbarking, an vnshipping.
Sbárco, a disbarking, a Wharfe or landing or vnlading place for ships.
Sbardẻlláre, as Sbaragliáre. Also to speake rashly or vnaduisedly all one
knowes. Also to glote or stare with ones eies.
Sbardẻllataménte, carelesly, without respect or aduisednesse, confusedly,
rashly.
Sbardẻlláto, carelesse, respectlesse, or rash in fond and vnaduised
speeches.
Sbarilláre, to vnbarrell.
Sbarlẻffáre, to gash, to slash, to marke or cut ouer the face, to skar. Also
to make moes or mouthes at in mockerie.

Sbarlẻffáto, skarred, gashed or cut ouer the face. Also made mouthes at.
Sbarlẻffo, a skarre, a gash or marke ouer the face. Also a mouthing in
mockerie.
Sbarósole, a kind of night-bird.
Sbárra, a barre, a barring, a let, a hindrance. Also a gate in or a stile ouer
a hedge, an enchaining. Also a barrier. Also a turne-pike, an inclosure of
poles or stakes, a Palisado. Also any battlements vpon walles. Also a
barre in armory. Also a Beare to carry dead corps vpon. Also a cragge of
a Hill.
Sbarragliáre, as Sbaragliáre.
Sbarraglíno, as Sbaraglíno.
Sbarráglio, as Sbaráglio.
Sbarráre, to vnbar, to open wide, to riue in sunder. Also to bar, to embar
or to baricado. Also to split a piece of Ordinance. Also to barry a coate
of armes.
Sbarráre artegliéria, to shoot of Ordinance.
Sbarráto, barred in armory. Look Sbarráre.
Sbarrattáre, as Sbarattáre.
Sbarrattataménte, scatteringly, confusedly, in route or disordered manner.
Sbarratúra d'árme, a barre in armorie.
Sbárro, a barre, an enbarring, a resistance.
Sbasíre, sísco, síto, to swoune, to be ready to yeeld vp the Ghost.
Sbassáre, to abase, to abate, to suppresse, to cast downe, to bring low.
Sbásso, an abating or defalking of any thing.
Sbastáre, to vnpad or vnsaddle a Cariers horse. Also to pare or shaue
downe.
Sbattacchiáre, to beate or clap downe. Also to take the clapper out of a
bell.
Sbáttere, bátto, battéi, battúto, to beate down, to trample, to smite, to
strike, to ouerwhelme. Also to affright or confound. Also to tosse, to
shake, to turmoile. Also to thrash. Also to weather-beate or shake. Also
to abate, to defalke or diminish from.
Sbattezzáre, to vnchristen, to vnbaptize. Also to forsake or forget ones
proper name.
Sbattiménto, a beating, a trampling, a shaking, a tossing, a turmoyling.
Also an abatement or abating.
Sbattitúra, as Sbattiménto. Also a bursting of a horses hoofe.
Sbattúto, beaten downe, trampled, ouerwhelmed, affrighted, confounded.
Also tossed, shaken, turmoiled, weather-beaten. Also thrashed.

Sbauagliáre, as Sbadigliáre. Also to driuell or slauer at the mouth.

Sbauáre, to driuell or slauer at the mouth.
Sbauigliáre, as Sbauagliáre.
Sbauiglióso, as Sbadiglióso, slauery, driuely.
Sbazzigánte, fondly skipping, peeuishly wantoning, frowardly gadding or
ieasting.
Sbẻffaménto, a mocking, a flouting.
Sbẻffáre, to mocke, to flout, to scoffe.
Sbẻffeggiáre, as Sbẻffáre.
Sbẻffeggiatóre, a mocker, a flouter, a scoffer.
Sbẻlaménto, a bleating.
Sbẻláre, to bleate as a sheepe.
Sbẻllettaménto, any painting or bedawbing of womens faces.
Sbẻllettáre, to bedawbe with painting as women doe their faces. Also to
wash or rub away painting.
Sbẻllétto, womens painting.
Sbembráre, as Smembráre, as Sbranáre.
Sbendáre, to vnmaske, to disuaile.
Sberettáre, to vn-cap, to put off cap or hat.
Sberettáte, cappings, hattings. Also greetings.
Sbẻrgáre, to arme with Vsbẻrgo.
Sbẻrgo, as Vsbẻrgo.
Sbẻrlẻffáre, as Sbarlẻffáre.
Sbẻrlẻffo, as Sbarleẻffo.
Sbẻrlingáccia, as Bẻrghinẻlla.
Sbẻrlingacciáre, as Bẻrghinẻlláre.
Sbẻrnia, a kind of friers poore garment or frocke, an Irish rug or mantle.
Sberrettáre, as Sberettáre.
Sbestiáre, to disbeast, to vnbeast.
Sbeuacchiáre, as Beuacchiáre.
Sbeuazzaménto, a quaffing, a tosspotting.
Sbeuazzáre, as Beuacchiáre.
Sbeuecchiáre, as Beuacchiáre.
Sbeuecchiatóre, as Beuacchiatóre.
Sbiácca, as Biácca.
Sbiaccaménto, as Biaccaménto.
Sbiaccáre, as Biaccáre.
Sbiadáre, to depriue of prouander or corne. Also to make pale wan or
sallow.
Sbiadáto, vnprouendred, vnfed with corne. Also pale, wan or sallow. Also
a kind of Azure or bright, Skie-washed colour.
Sbiágio, a byase, a slope, bending wise.
Sbiancáre, to diswhiten. Also to make white or whitish. Also to bedawbe
with white.
Sbiancáto, diswhitned. Also whitned or made whitish, whitish, bedawbed
with white.
Sbiancheggiáre, as Sbiancáre.
Sbiáncido, whitish, pale, wan, leaden-coloured. Also a pale Straw-colour.

Sbiauáre, as Sbiadáre.
Sbiauáto, as Sbiadáto, as Sbiáncido.
Sbiáuo, as Sbiáncido.
Sbiẻttáre, to slide, to glide, to glib.
Sbigottiménto, amazement, astonishment.
Sbigottire, tísco, títo, to amaze, to astonish.
Sbigottíto, amazed, astonished, affrighted.
Sbilẻrciáre, to looke asconse or frowningly vpon.
Sbilẻrcio, squint-looking or asconse.
Sbirbaménto, as Scaltriménto.
Sbirbáto, as Scaltríto.
Sbirráglia, as Sbirrería.
Sbirraría, as Sbirrería.
Sbirrería, the crue, order, company or office of base Serieants or Catch-
poles.
Sbírri a cauállo, Marshals, Satelites, Serieants or Catchpoles on
Horsebacke.
Sbírro, a Catchpole, a Varlet, a base Serieant or officer to arrest men.
Sbisáo, gashed, slashed, marked with some gash or wound or skar ouer
the face.
Sbisciáre, as Sbrisciáre.
Sbíscio, as Sbríscio.
Sbizzaríre, rísco, ríto, to make or become from mad and fantastike wise
and setled againe, to obtain ones longing by doing some humorous
prancke.
Sbizzarírsi, as Sbizzaríre.
Sblisciáre, to slip, to glide or slide vpon Ice.
Sblizzigáre, as Sblisciáre.
Sboccággine, open mouthing, shamelesnesse or impudency in speaking.
Also a mouthing and disboguing or falling into the sea of a Riuer.
Sboccaménto, as Sboccatúra.
Sboccáre, to disbogue, to mouth or fall into the sea as a Riuer doeth.
Sboccáto, open mouthed, shamelesse or impudent in vttering or speaking
all he knowes. Also a horse that is false or ouerhard mouthed. Also
 mouthed into the sea.
Sboccatóio, as Sboccatúra.
Sboccatúra, a mouthing out or falling into the sea of a Riuer.
Sbocconcẻlláre, to mince or morcell small.
Sbóglio, a walme in scalding water.
Sboglíre, to parboile in scalding water.
Sbolgettáre, to vnbudget. Also to pull out of ones pocket.
Sbolláre, to vnseale, to vnbrand.
Sbollársi, to haue plaisters pulled off from sores.
Sbolzonáre, to shut away. Also to conueigh from by stealth and pilfering.

Sbolzonáto, a blow or thumpe with a bolt.

Sbombardaménto, a shooting off or a peale and roaring of Ordinance and
Gunnes.
Sbombardáre, to bumbard, to shoot of peales of Gunnes and Ordinance.
Sboráre, to burst or vent out with violent breathing as water or fire doeth
being closely pend in. Also to wreake, to vent, to vtter or disburthen
ones griefe, passion or anger. Also to vomit, to disgorge or vtter in
dispightfull manner whatsoeuer one knoweth.
Sborfáre, to huffe, to snuffe, to puffe with a kind of snorting as on doeth
in the water. Also to tuffe as a Cat. Also to blow and chafe and fret with
anger.
Sborránza, a venting, a wreaking or bursting foorth with violence. Looke
Sboráre.
Sborráre, as Sboráre. Also to tucke or full clothes in a mill.
Sborratóre, a Cloth-fuller or Tucker. Also that part of a Mill whence the
Meale being grinded falleth out. Also any venting or breaking foorth.
Also a sluse to stop the water or at pleasure let it goe out.
Sborsaménto, a disbursing, a laying out of ones purse.
Sborsáre, to disburse or lay out of ones owne purse.
Sborsatióne, a disbursing, a laying out.
Sbórso, as Sborsaménto.
Sboscáre, to vnwood, to lope, to cut downe or fell wood, trees or
branches, to diswood. Also to driue out of a wood, to rouze a deare.
Sboscatóre, a Wood-feller or cutter.
Sbottáre, to empty any kind of buts or barels. Also to vnswell or vntoade.
Sbottonáre, to vnbutton, to disbutton.
Sbottoneggiáre, as Bottoneggiáre.
Sbotúscia, a word vsed of Dóni in his Mármi, folio. 147.
Sbozzáre, to bungle or slubber vp any worke.
Sbózzi, bodges or bunger-like workes.
Sbracáre, to vnbreech. Also to vnstocke any piece of ordinance.
Sbracáta, Alla sbracáta, shamelesly as it were bare-arst with breeches
down.
Sbracataménte, as Alla sbracáta.
Sbracáto, vnbreeched, breechlesse, open-tailed, bare-arst, shamelesse.
Sbracciáre, to vnbrace, to open wide.
Sbracciársi, to vnbrace ones selfe.
Sbracciáta, a kind of sleeuelesse garment. Also open or without armes.
Sbraceríe, vnbracings. Also vnthriftie, lauish or riotous spendings.

Sbraciáre, to stirre a fire that is raked vp. Also to spend or waste lauishly,
to swagger or as we say to cut it out of the whole cloth, to vaunt, to
cracke, to boast shamelesly. Also to vnbrace or set wide open.
Sbraciáre denári, to spend lauishly, to waste money prodigally as if it were
coles.
Sbragiáre, as Sbraciáre. Also to stalke it or goe stately as one tip-toes.
Sbragliáre, to raile aloud, to scold, to brawle, to chide or exclaime vpon.
Sbraiáre, to bray as an Asse. Also to prattle with bragging indiscretion.
Sbramáre, to haue ones longing, to fill ones desires, to giue one his
wishes.
Sbranáre, to dismember, to teare in pieces, to mangle, to cut into
mammockes.
Sbrancaménto, a pulling, a drawing or tearing from out clawes or clinches.
Sbrancáre, to rid, to free, to vntangle or free from clawes, to vnclinch.
Sbrasciáre, as Sbraciáre.
Sbrasgiáre, as Sbraciáre.
Sbrastiáre, as Sbragliáre.
Sbrattáre, to cleanse, to make cleane.
Sbrauáre, to braue, to swagger.
Sbráuo, a brauer, a swagrer, a hackester.
Sbráuo, a swash-buckler, a brave swagrer.
Sbrazzáre, as Sbracciáre, as Sbraciáre.
Sbriccáre, to play the Sbrícchi.
Sbriccaría, swashing or swagring tricks, all manner of riot or villanie. Also
the crue or profession of Sbrícchi.
Sbrícchi, swash-bucklers, the damned crue, ruffianly-swagrers, riotous
villaines.
Sbricciáre, to slide, to slip or glide as vpon ice.
Sbriccioláre, to crumble or moulder in small pieces. Also as Sbricciáre.
Sbriccóne, a great swagrer, one of the damned crue, a riotous ruffian.
Sbrigaménto, a ridding, a freeing, or deliuerie from troubles or
entanglings.
Sbrigáre, to disintangle, to free or rid from out any trouble or entanglings.
Sbrígli, nine-pins, keeles or scales.
Sbrigliáre, to vnbridle, to vnsnaffle.
Sbrigliáta, a plucke, a twitch or checke giuen with the bridle vnto a Horse
by the Rider.
Sbrignáre, to creepe or sneake vp and downe lurkingly or secretly.
Sbrisáre, as Sbrisciáre.
Sbrisciáre, to goe winding, a side, or a slope as a Snake doth, to creepe or
craule on the ground. Also to slide, to glide, to glib or slip as vpon ice.
Also to tucke or full clothes.
Sbrisciatóre, a creaper, a crauler. Also a slider or glider. Also a Cloth-fuller.

Sbríscio, oblique, crooked, a slope, winding in and out as a Snake. Also a

crauling or creeping.
Sbriscióso, slipperie, sliding, gliding.
Sbrisóso, as Sbriscióso.
Sbrissáre, as Sbrisciáre.
Sbrísso, as Sbríscio.
Sbroccáre, to loosen as one doth a naile or stud. Also to peepe out as a
studs-head.
Sbrócco, a stub, a rafter, a single quarter of timber.
Sbroffáre, as Sborfáre. Also to dash, to sprinkle. Also to squirt with water.
Sbrogliáre, to disimbroile, to disintangle, to vnsnare, to rid from troubles.
Sbrógne, píglia un pẻzzo di sbrógne grósso mẻzzo pálmo.
Sbróia, a scalding with hote water.
Sbroiáre, to scald with hote water.
Sbroiáta, as Sbróia.
Sbruccáre, to picke cleane.
Sbruccioláre nell'orécchio, to buzze in ones eares.
Sbrúffa, a huffing, a snuffing, a puffing. Also a sprinkling, a dashing. Also
a tuffing of a Cat. Also a blowing and chafing. Also a gust of winde.
Sbruffáre, as Sbroffáre, as Sborfáre.
Sbruffoláre, as Sbroffáre.
Sbucáre, to boare or make full of holes. Also to vnhole. Also to peepe as
out of a hole. Also to vnden or rouze a Deare, to start a Hare, to spring
a Partridge, &c.
Sbucciáre, as Sbucáre. Also to pill or plucke bare and cleane. Also to pare,
to shaue, to vnbarke or vnrinde trees. Also to rid out of a place.
Sbucináre, as Bucináre.
Sbudẻlláre, to vnbowell, to panch, to vngut.
Sbudẻllataménte, as wee say with heart and liuer, or with all the guts.
Sbuffánte, huffing, puffing, snuffing, blowing, breathing, tuffing as a Cat.
Sbuffáre, as Sbroffáre, as Sborfáre.
Sbuffoneggiáre, as Buffoneggiáre.
Sbuffóso, puffing and chafing with anger.
Sbusáre, as Sbucáre, to make hollow.
Sbúso, hollow, concaue, voide, full of holes.
Sbuttafattóre, a foolish factor, a drudge, a pick-thanke knaue, a
petiefogger.
Scábbia, any scab, manginesse, itch, tetter, scuruie or scurfe.
Scabbiósa, scabious or scuruie-grasse.
Scabbióso, scabbie, scabbed, mangie, scuruie, itchie. Also rugged or
rough.
Scabẻllo, any kind of stoole.
Scabẻllo d'appóggio, a leaning stoole, any stoole with a backe.
Scábie, as Scábbia. Also a tickling enticement to pleasure.

Scabinẻlla, scabious or scuruie-grasse.

Scabiósa, scabious, scuruie-grasse.
Scabióso, as Scabbióso.
Scabrítia, as Scabrosità.
Scábro, rugged, rough, stonie, harsh, grettie. Also a kind of flie breeding
of any carrion, namely of a Horse.
Scabrosità, roughnesse, ruggednesse, harshnesse, grettinesse,
stonishnesse.
Scabróso, as Scábro.
Scacaccazzáre, to beshite, to becacke, to beray, to blurt, to blot, to defile.
Scacarnícolo, a cheater, a shifter, a conniecatcher, a slie cozener.
Scacazzáre, as Scacaccazzáre.
Scacazzatúre, beshitings, shitten trickes. Also blurs, blots, dashings.
Scaccário, a checker-bord. Also a Princes Exchecquer.
Scaccáto, checkie, gobonie, or counter componie in Armorie.
Scaccheggiáre, to play at Chesse. Also to checkie, to gobonie or counter-
compony any coate of armes.
Scaccheggiáto, as Scaccáto.
Scácchi, chesse men to play at chesse with. Also checkie, gobony or
countercompony in armory.
Scácchi acúti, Lozens or fuzels in armory.
Scacchiére, as Scaccário.
Scáccia, the mouth or seach of a bit.
Scacciaménto, a chasing or driuing away.
Scacciapẻnsiére, a kind of Bag-pipe or such Country musicall instrument.
Scacciáre, to chase, to hunt or driue away. Also to expell.
Scacciáta, as Scacciaménto.
Scacciatóre, a chaser, a hunter or driuer away.
Scácco, a Chesse-boord. Also a Checke. Also a childes rattle.
Scácco dáma, a Checke with a Queene.
Scácco di cauállo, a Checke with a Knight.
Scácco di pedína, a Check with a Paun.
Scácco di Rè, a Checke with a King.
Scácco mátto, a Mate, Checke-mate.
Scácco rócco, checke with a Rooke.
Scácco táuola, a blind-mate.
Scadenacciáre, to vnboult.
Scadẻnte, falling, declining.
Scadére, cádo, cáddi, cadúto, to fall from or vnto, to escheat. Also to
chance or befall.
Scadorággine, as Scadóre.
Scadoráre, to itch, to tetter, to mange.
Scadóre, as Pruríto, an itch, a manginesse.
Scadoróso, itchie, full of itch or mange.
Scadúta, a falling from or vnto. Also an escheting. Also a befalling.
Scaduto, fallen from or vnto, escheated, befalne. Also drooped or faded.

Scáfa, a raft of timber or a flote of trees as Záttera. Also a Skiffe, a Cocke-

boate or scallop. Also yongue Beanes or Beanes to the cods. Also the
cods or huskes of Beanes. Also the inner compasse or roundnesse of
the eare. Also a shelfe, a boord or racke in a seller to set barrels or tubs
vpon. Also a dresser boord or shelfe in a kitching. Also the railes or
lettases before a Bakers stall or any other shop. Also a kind of torture or
strait prison.
Scafárca, a bucket, a paile or pitcher to draw water with.
Scafáre, as Scaffáre.
Scafáro, a boate-man, a sculler.
Scáffa, as Scáfa.
Scaffáre, to shale or vnhuske peason or beanes. Also to raile or lettase in.
Looke Scáfa, but properly to stand or fix fast without moouing when
one hath leaped.
Scaffétta, a kind of ladle that Gunners vse to charge their pieces when
they charge them with cartreges. Also a skide or a sled.
Scággia, as Scaglia, a splinter or shiuer.
Scaggiále, a Fisher-mans frocke, a shepheards vpper garment for the
raine, a Marrines rugge-gowne. Also a womans forepart of a kirtle. Also
a safe-gard or an apron. Vsed also for a broad silken girdle.
Scaggiáre, to splint, or splinter, or split.
Scaggiatúra, a splitting, a splinting.
Scaggionáre, to free from any occasion or imputation.
Scáglia, a certaine deuise, gin or sliding net to catch birds. Also a kind of
burling sling. Also the scales of any fish. Also any splinter or shiuer
namely of stones. Also a kind of worme breeding in horses.
Scáglia boccále, a quaffer, a tosse-pot. Also a bottle made of brittle stuffe
and subiect to breaking.
Scagliáre, to scale or vnscale fishes. Also to splint or shiuer. Also to hurle
or fling with violence as out of a sling. Also to worke with scales.
Scagliatóre, a flinger, a hurler, &c.
Scagliétta, any little Scáglia.
Scáglio, any splinter or shiuer. Also a hurle or slinging. Also the arme pits
or arme holes of a man.
Scaglióni, steps or greeses of staires or ladders. Also the teeth of a horse
called the tusses or tuskes.
Scaglióso, scaly, full of scales as some fishes are. Also ful of splints or
shiuers.
Scagnárda, as Scanfárda.
Scagnáre, to frame as a stoole, to vnstoole, to vnseate.
Scagnẻllo, any little stoole, a low stoole, a foote-stoole. Also any little
support. Also the bridge of a Lute or any such corded instrument. Also a
little skid.

Scágno, any kinde of stoole. Also a skide.

Scágno da dẻstro, a close-stoole.
Scáia, as Scáglia.
Scaióla, a kind of stone, lome, or mortar.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com