UNTUK KALANGAN SENDIRI

EDISI KE-2

BAHAN AJAR MATA KULIAH

BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun Oleh:
Ferawaty Puspitorini, S.S,. M.Pd
Haris Hamdani, S.Pd.I,. M.Pd

Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya

2022
Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris
Edisi ke-2
(Untuk Kalangan Sendiri)
Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya
Copyright © Sekretariat MKWU dan MKDU, 2022

Ukuran : 18,2 x 25,7cm : 104 ; iv halaman

Penyusun :
Ferawaty Puspitorini, S.S,. M.Pd
Haris Hamdani, S.Pd.I,. M.Pd

Editor :
Prof. Drs. Tatang Ary Gumanti, M.Buss., Acc., Ph.D

Desain Sampul dan Layout : Dr. Hj. Silvia Nurlaila, S.Pd., S.E, M.M
Penerbit Ubhara Jaya Press

ISBN :

Penerbit : Ubhara Jaya Press

Jl. Raya Perjuangan, Marga Mulya
Bekasi Utara, Jawa barat 17121.
Tel : (021) 88955882, 88955871
Email : [email protected]

Cetakan Pertama, November 2020

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang

Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin
tertulis dari penerbit.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover .................................................................................................................. i
Foreword by the Rector Ubhara Jaya .................................................................. ii
Preface ................................................................................................................. iii
Table of Content.................................................................................................. iv

UNIT 1 SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT ..................................................... 1

UNIT 2 PARALLEL STRUCTURES ............................................................. 8
UNIT 3 TENSES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINOUS,
SIMPLE PAST, AND PRESENT PERFECT) ................................. 14
UNIT 4 PASSIVE VOICE ................................................................................ 33
UNIT 5 SUBJUNCTIVE................................................................................... 38
UNIT 6 PHRASES (PARTCIPAL, INFINITIVE, AND GERUND) ............ 43
UNIT 7 RELATIVE CLAUSE AND ADVERB CLAUSE ........................... 49
UNIT 8 FINDING MAIN IDEA ...................................................................... 56
UNIT 9 FINDING STATED AND UNSTATED DETAILS ......................... 65
UNIT 10 FINDING PRONOUN REFERENCE............................................. 72
UNIT 11 DETERMINING THE MEANING FROM SIMPLE WORDS ... 80
UNIT 12 DETERMINING THE MEANING OF DIFFICULT WORDS ... 87
UNIT 13 DETERMINING WHERE THE SPECIFIC
INFORMATION IS FOUND ........................................................... 95

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 103

ATTACHMENT
• About Author
• Rencana Pembelajaran Semester
• Surat Perintah Rektor

iv
 UNIT

SUBJECT VERB
1
STARTER:
AGREEMENT
What is Subject Verb Agreement ?

Subject-verb agreement means that the sentence is grammatically correct .

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or
plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is
plural, its verb must also be plural. Subject-verb agreement is very important
because without it, the reader can be confused.

Examples :

The study of languages is very interesting

singular subject singular verb
Several theories on this subject have been proposed
plural subject plural verb

The expressions such as together with, accompanied by, along with, and as
well as have no effect on the verb.

Examples :

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
singular subject singular verb
Mr. Agus, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
singular subject singular verb

Note : If the conjunction and is used instead of one of these phrases, the verb
would then be plural.

Example :

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

plural subject Plural verb

1
Words that always take singular verbs and pronouns

The words in the box below must be followed by singular verbs and pronouns in
formal written English.

any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun

anybody nobody somebody
anyone no one someone
anything nothing something

Every + singular noun each + singular noun

everybody
everyone either*
everything neither*

*either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.

Examples :

Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line.

Something was under the house.
Nobody works harder than John does.
If either of you take a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.

None/No

None can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which
follows it.

none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

Example :
None of the counterfeit money has been found.

None + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

Example :
None of the students have finished the exam yet.

2
No can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows
it.

No + singular noun + singular verb

Non – count noun

Example :
No example is relevant to this case.

No + plural noun + plural verb

Example :
No examples are relevant to this case.

Either / Neither

When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or
plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural.
If or and nor appears alone, the same rule applies. Study the following sentences.

Examples :

Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.

plural noun plural verb
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
plural noun plural verb
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
singular noun singular verb
Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.
singular noun singular verb
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
singular noun singular verb
John or George is driving a car.
singular noun singular verb

There is / There are

The following box presents the rules of there is and there are.

there is
there was + singular subject or noun – count noun
there has been

3
 there are
there were + plural subject
there have been

Examples :

There was an accident last night.

singular singular
There was water on the floor where he fell.
singular non-count
There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.
singular singular
There were too many people at the party last week.
plural plural

Check your understanding

Direction : Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences!.

1. Neither Bill nor Mary ( is/are ) going to play tonight.

2. Skating ( is/are ) better than going to another movie tonight.
3. A number of reporters ( was/were ) at the conference yesterday.
4. Your glasses ( was/were ) on bureau last night.
5. A pair of jeans ( was/were ) in the washing machine this morning.
6. Each student ( has/have ) answered the first three questions.
7. The crowd at the basketball game ( was/were ) wild with excitement.
8. There ( has/have ) been too many interruptions in this class.
9. Neither Jill nor her parents ( has/have ) seen this movie before.
10. Either John or his wife ( make/makes ) breakfast each morning.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. The man whom I ____ with ____ 11. The regulations of the
the dean of our faculty. administration from the
curriculum.
A) was talking/ were
B) were talking/ were A) stem
C) can talk/ were B) stems
D) was talking/ was C) stemming
D) are stemmed

4
2. The aims of the course ____ me 12. Few students who ____ playing
willing to begin. football missed the class.

A) makes A) would be
B) were made B) could be
C) make C) had
D) making D) were

3. Students' minds ____ about the 13. The children of the man who
order of structures. works with me ____broken the
window this morning.

A) has been confused A) were

B) have been confused B) have
C) had confused C) had
D) have confused D) has

4. The weight of the apples ____. 14. The men of the community ____
not support the leader.
A) were varied
B) vary A) does
C) varying B) have
D) varies C) has
D) do

5. The police ____ to be careful since 15. One man among the crew ____
the criminal was dangerous. into the water every week.

A) were told A) can be diving

B) were telling B) dives
C) was telling C) had dived
D) was saying D) is diving

6. Some of the old beautiful buildings 16. Do you know the woman ____
____. next to the window?
A) is being replaced by the new
ones A) stands
B) have been reconstructing for B) stood
the last threedecades C) is standing
C) were concerned with them a lot D) standing
D) are surrounded with new high
ones

5
 7. Neither the man nor his son ____ 17. All the furniture I bought ____ at
convinced of theidea. my home now.

A) had A) are
B) has B) was
C) was C) is
D) have D) were

8. Only when each of the committee 18. He and I ____ good friends but
members ____reading the now we ____ anymore.
instructions then can you ____
them to the hall.
A) have been / don't talk
A) would fi nish / took B) am / don't tal king
B) is finishing / be taking C) were / won't talk
C) finish / take D) were / aren't tal king
D) finishes / take

9. Either Hasan or Fatih ____ to the 19. Although every student in my

meeting this evening. class ____ the schedule,
one of my students always ____
A) are coming late to the class.
B) come
C) is coming A) know / come
D) have come B) knows / coming
C) know / comes
D) knows / comes

10. After the meeting, he said a great 20. If he ____ early, we ____ catch
deal of advice ____. the last train on time.

A) were given A) comes / will be able to

B) has been given B) will come / will
C) had been given C) is coming / can
D) have been given D) will come / will

Bibliography

Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.

6
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet
https://www.englishtestonline.com

7
 UNIT

PARALLEL
2 STRUCTURES
STARTER: What is the parallel structure ?

Parallel structures mean expressing ideas of equal importance with the same
grammatical structures. The series of parallel structures elements are connected
with the connectives and, or, and but, as well as with the paired conjunctions
both…and, not only…but also, either…or, and neither..nor.

Review of Parallel Words and Phrases

A series of information in a sentence must be put into parallel structures.

Examples :

Words : A word is a single unit of language that can be represented in writing or

speech.

Nouns : We liked both the hamburgers and hotdogs.

Adjectives : He felt neither guilty nor sorry for what he had done.
Adverbs : The students did the task not only carefully but also thoroughly.
Gerunds : Sarah likes both singing and dancing
Infinitives : We need neither to rush nor to linger; we have a schedule to
follow.
Phrases : A phrase is a group (or pairing) of words in English. A phrase can be
short or long, but it does not include the subject-verb pairing necessary to make a
clause.

Participial : Recognizing his weaknesses but not knowing how to overcome

them, he kept making mistakes in his work.
Infinitive : To complete her paper and (to) do it well, Madonna made
thorough research.
Gerund : Daniel enjoys going to the beach or going to the mountains.
Prepositional : His hard work has earned him respect not only from his peers but
also from his professors.
Verb : He has to finish his studies or leave his parent’s house.

8
Noun : The visitors admire the beautiful landscape and the varied flower
collections of the botanical garden.

Check your understanding.

Direction : Find the mistakes in the following sentences. Correct them!.

1. On mother’s day, children buy either gifts or give beautiful flowers for
their mothers.
2. The students not only read more books but also they join courses to
prepare them for the final examination.
3. Travelling abroad and try out typical foods from different countries are my
dreams.
4. My friends and I neither hate or enjoyed the math lecture.
5. The tenants can park their cars either in the basement nor in front of the
apartment building.
6. Both strength or courage are needed in the competition.
7. My parents said I had to choose either studying architecture and pursuing a
career in music.
8. Not only adults and teenagers enjoy watching shop operas on TV.
9. The play did not only make people laugh but also shedding tears.
10. The new subject taught is to make students aware of the latest but the more
sophisticated technology.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Not only did Hank despise the 11. When Indah takes her beagle for a
way June chewed with her walk, Maudy enjoys sniffing for
mouth open, _________ edible garbage, _, and lunging at
finding her wet towels all over squirrels.
the bathroom floor.
A) howls at bicyclists
A) but also disliked B) howling at bicyclists
B) but also disliking C) she howls at bicyclists
C) but he also disliked D) she enjoys sniffing
D) but the way June

9
2. To protect her delicate hands, 12. Bonkers, our ninety-pound golden
Wijaya will not rake the yard, retriever, chews on furniture,
do the dishes, or __________. __________, and snots up the car
windows—inconveniences we did
A) refuses to scrub the bathtub not anticipate when we adopted
B) won't scrub the bathtub him.
C) scrub the bathtub
D) Protect her delicate A) would drag us around the
neighborhood during walks
B) he drags us around the
neighborhood during walks
C) drags us around the
neighborhood during walks
D) the neighborhood she around
during walks

3. When Delores realized that her 13. After Malika cashes her paycheck,
father had made lima beans and the money goes to her savings
rice for dinner, she ________, account, cappuccino fund, and
claimed to feel nauseous, and __________.
excused herself from the table.
The bag of stale popcorn in her
A) paying her credit card bill
room would tide her over until
B) toward her credit card balance
breakfast.
C) credit card balance
D) cashes her paycheck
A) clutched her stomach
B) was clutching her stomach
C) did clutch her stomach
D) until her over Breakfast

4. We searched the car 14. In Professor Curall's office, Ruben

trunk,________, and the top of feigned the flu. He hoped to be
the refrigerator, but we could excused from class, get an
not find the box of cornflakes extension on his paper, and
that we do remember buying. __________.

A) looked on the pantry

A) spend the afternoon playing
shelves
tennis with his friends
B) on the pantry shelves
B) to spend the afternoon playing
C) the pantry shelves
tennis with his friends
D) D. the box of cornflakes
C) then to spend the afternoon
playing tennis with his friends
D) to spend excused from class

10
5. In preparation for her run, 15. Fira saw very little of the horror
Shanti_________, applied movie, for she shut her eyes
sunscreen, and inserted her __________, when she heard the
earbuds. monster's footsteps in the dead
leaves, and when characters started
A) tightened her shoelaces screaming.
B) was tightening her
shoelaces
A) when the violins began to play
C) did tighten her shoelaces
B) while listening to the violins
D) brightening skincare for
play
skin
C) during the violin music
D) of the horror movie

6. Andin was expecting a visit 16. Neither __________ nor the

from her mother, so she spent ineffective air conditioner rattling
the day cleaning the shelves of in the window will deter Tiffany
the refrigerator, scrubbing mold from loving the freedom of her
from the bathroom tile grout, first apartment.
and __________.
A) when the inconsiderate
A) she removed dog hair from neighbors played loud music
the sofa cushions B) the inconsiderate neighbors
B) removing dog hair from the playing loud music
sofa cushions C) playing loud music by the
C) removed dog hair from the inconsiderate neighbors
sofa cushions D) loving first apartment
D) Teresa remove dog hair
from the sofa cushions

7. Aldi not only missed his one- 17. We hate having dinner at Aunt
year anniversary with Adrianna Ida's house because she is a vegan
__________. health nut. Baked tofu, _______,
and decaffeinated tea do not make
a satisfying meal!
A) but he also forgot his
mother's birthday
B) but also forgot his mother's A) vegetables steamed with no oil
birthday or seasoning
C) but also forgetting his B) steamed vegetables
mother's birthday C) vegetables that are flavorless
D) but they also forgot his D) vegetables with oil
mother's birthday

11
8. We looked everywhere for the 18. Ola and Astrid bang on Boen's
car keys under the sofa door when they need heavy
cushions, __________, and on furniture moved, after they have
the counters and tabletops. All clogged the garbage disposal, and
along, Andrew had them in the __________.
front pocket of his jeans!
A) having discovered a spider in
A) our search included the the bathtub
trash can B) upon the discovery of a spider
B) searching for them in the in the bathtub
trash can C) if they find a spider in the
C) in the trash can bathtub
D) NewJeans D) need more furniture

9. When Noodle the poodle 19. Syanaz kicked the back of

realized that the leash meant a Vincent’s desk,______, and poked
bath, not a walk to the park, he his arm with her sharp pencil, but
growled, pulled, and he would not bend to the side so
__________. that she could get a glimpse of his
quiz answers.
A) was leaping like a fish on a
line A) blew on his neck
B) he was leaping like a fish B) she blew on his neck
on a line C) blowing on his neck
C) leaped like a fish on a line D) study at work
D) fish on a line

10. With the humans out of the 20. Bathing Noodle, our poodle,
house, Skeeter had to decide requires four arms to hold him in
either to shred a roll of toilet the tub, towels to mop up the
paper or __________. water, and __________.

A) chew another hole in the A) raincoats which will keep us

sofa arm dry
B) chewing another hole in the B) raincoats to keep us dry
sofa arm C) raincoats as protection against
C) if he wanted to chew the oncoming deluge
another hole in the sofa arm D) raincoats pop mie
D) sofa arm with chewing another
hole

12
Bibliography

Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet
https://www.chompchomp.com

13
 UNIT

TENSES
3 (Simple Present, Present Continous, Simple Past,

STARTER : What is Tenses ?

and Present Perfect)

In grammar, the definition of tense is a verb's quality that shows time in which an
act, state, or condition occurs or occurred. Tenses form the backbone of the
English language. The tense, which is most appropriate to express the idea, should
be used, else the statement/question would express something opposite to what
you wanted to state or write. Correct use of tense will imply the use of correct
form of verb with proper auxiliary. There are some tenses that will be learned in
this unit, include Simple Present Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Simple Past
Tense, and Present Perfect Tense.

Simple Present
STARTER: What is the simple present ?
This tense is usually not used to indicate present time. However, it is to
indicate time now with the stative verbs.

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

do/does base

Examples :

Fajar always swims in the evening. (Habitual action)

Mario usually walks to school. (Habitual action)
They understand the problem now (Stative verb)
The coffee tastes delicious (Stative verb)

14
EXERCISE
A. Use the present simple affirmative form!
1. I ________ (go) shopping with my brother.
2. We sometimes ________ (use) a dictionary in class.
3. My friends ________ (study) Italian at their school.
4. School ________ (finish) at three o´clock.
5.You ________ (live) near me.
6. He ________(like) rap music.
7. She ________ (do) her homework before dinner.
8. We ________ (play) tennis in school on Wednesday afternoon.
9. I ________ (watch) TV in the evening.
10. My mother ________ (teach) art.
B. Write the sentences in negative form!
1. I study French.
_____________________________________________
2. School finishes at two o´clock.
_____________________________________________
3. You copy from other students.
_____________________________________________
4. We think English is easy.
_____________________________________________
5. My friends play volleyball.
_____________________________________________
6. I watch TV on Saturday morning.
_____________________________________________
7. She speaks Chinese.
_____________________________________________
8. The dog likes cats.
_____________________________________________
9. They listen to pop music.
_____________________________________________
10. I play with my hamster every day.
_____________________________________________
C. Write the sentences and finish the short answers!
1. live / at / you / Do / school / ?
_____________________________________________
No, ___________________
2. in / students / Do / the canteen / ? / eat
_____________________________________________
Yes, ___________________
3. to school / your brother / on Saturday / ? / Does / go
_____________________________________________
No, ___________________

15
 4. live / near / Do / your friends / you / ?
_____________________________________________
Yes, ___________________
5. at / school/ finish / Does / three o´clock / ?
_____________________________________________
No, ___________________

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Okto __________ eats fast food 11. Sri : __________ do you usually
because it’s unhealthy go to bed at weekends?
Purwati : At 10:00 pm.
A) usually
B) sometimes A) How often
C) often B) What time
D) never C) How many
D) Which one

2. Dio __________ cycling to keep 12. They always __________ their

fit and healthy. lunch in the school lunchroom.

A) often go A) don’t eat

B) often goes B) eat
C) go often C) doesn’t eat
D) goes often D) eats

3. My brother __________ wearing 13. _________ your uncle _________

super hero costumes. as a builder in London?

A) likes A) does / work

B) doesn’t like B) do / work
C) like C) does / works
D) don’t like D) do / works

4. Asep : Where __________ your 14. __________ it __________ a lot

grandmother __________? in spring and autumn in Paris?
Anjar : In a small cottage.
A) Does / rains
A) do / lives B) Do / rain
B) does / lives C) Does / rain
C) do / live D) Do / rains
D) does / live

16
5. Alin : __________ do you brush 15. Nhomi : Who __________ the
your teeth? floor in your family?
Mr.Bell: Twice a day. Aderia : My dad.

A) How many A) vacuums

B) How long B) doesn’t vacuum
C) How often C) vacuum
D) How much D) don’t vacuum

6. Sandha : __________ does your 16. __________ takes out the trash in
English teacher go to school? your family?
Firman : By car
A) Who
A) How B) What
B) Where C) When
C) What D) Where
D) Who

7. Faisal is so lazy. He __________ 17. Rijal : __________ they ever

enough and he gets bad marks. watch cartoons at school?
Supriadi : No, they __________.
A) study
B) don’t study A) Does / does
C) studies B) Does / doesn’t
D) doesn’t study C) Do / do
D) Do / don’t

8. My best friend Lawrance always 18. When __________ you usually

________ to music before he __________ your dog for a walk?
________ to bed.
A) does / take
A) listen / go B) do / takes
B) listens / goes C) do / take
C) listens / go D) does / takes
D) listen / goes

9. Our neighbour always ________ 19. Lilis : __________ does your

his dog before he ________ to sister go after school?
work. Rahma : To the chess club.

A) feed / go A) Who
B) feed / goes B) Where
C) feeds / go C) What
D) feeds / goes D) When

17
10. Nany likes eating ice cream, but 20. My friend and I __________
she __________ drinking soda. guitar course every Saturday at
16:00.
A) don’t like
B) like A) play
C) doesn’t like B) plays
D) likes C) take
D) takes

Present Continous Tense

Present Continuous uses to express the idea that something is happening now, at
this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening
now.

Examples:

1. You are learning English now.

2. You are not swimming now.
3. Are you sleeping?
4. I am sitting.
5. I am not standing.

Grammar Spot

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

USES

• Things happening now : I’m watching the whiteboard.

• Temporary situations : She’s staying with her aunt.
• Future Plans : We are having an exam next Friday
FORM

• Afirmative : I’m drinking tea / He is working at home.

• Negative : I’m not drinking tea / He isn’t working.
• Interogative : Are you drinking tea / is he working at home?
TIME EXPRESSION

Now, at the moment, today, this week...

18
Exercise

A. Present continuous (Change these sentences into Present Continous)

1. I ___________ (watch) a reality show on TV.
2. My favourite team ___________ (win)!
3. Someone ___________ (swim) in the sea.
4. Two people ___________ (cook) dinner on the beach.
5. We ___________ (not watch) a soap opera.
6. I ___________ (not do) my homework.
7. Mum ___________ (read) a magazine.
8. My brother ___________ (not listen) to the radio.
9. Dad ___________ (not cook) dinner.
10. Tara ___________ (talk) by phone.

B. Completing Dialogs

Heru goes to visit Angga. He meets Angga at their housing complex and asks
Angga what other people in Angga’s house are doing. Look at the pictures and
write the dialogs. Look at the example.

(Angga’s Father – fix bicycle)

Heru : Hi Angga. Is your father at home ?

Angga : Yes, he is.
Heru : What is he doing ?
Angga : He is fixing his bicycle

( Angga’s Cousin’s – clean window )

19
 Heru : ___________________________ ?
Angga : ___________________________
Heru : ___________________________ ?
Angga : ___________________________

3.

(Angga’s Mother – wash clothes )

Heru : __________________________ ?
Angga : _________________________
Heru : _________________________ ?
Angga : __________________________

4.

(Angga’s Brother – wash car )

Heru : __________________________ ?
Angga : __________________________
Heru : __________________________ ?
Angga : ____________________________

5.

(Angga’s Son – watch television )

20
 Heru : __________________________ ?
Angga : ____________________________
Heru : __________________________ ?
Angga : ____________________________

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Ridwan _____________ a letter 11. Lukman __________ a snowman.

to her aunt in Newcastle. He is snowballing his friend Andri.

A) is writing A) is making
B) are writing B) are making
C) is writing C) isn’t making
D) are writeing D) aren’t making

2. Hany and Andri ________ 12. Our neighbour ______________ a

married. They look so cute. flowerbed in his garden at the
moment.
A) is getting
B) isn’t getting A) are weeding
C) are getting B) aren’t weeding
D) aren’t getting C) is weeding
D) isn’t weeding

3. They ______ working in the 13. Mr. and Mrs. Smith _________ at
office today because they are on the moment. They are just lying in
holiday. their bed.

A) are A) are sleeping

B) aren’t B) aren’t sleeping
C) is C) is sleeping
D) isn’t D) isn’t sleeping

4. Mrs. Sujono _______ some pills 14. I _______ hiking with my friends
at the moment because she has a because I’ve got a broken leg.
terrible headache.
A) not going
A) is taking B) are not going
B) are taking C) is not going
C) isn’t taking D) am not going
D) aren’t taking

5. Mr. Sudarto _____ some packages 15. Hartati is helping her mum with the
right now. He seems quite busy. housework. She is dusting the
furniture _________.

21
 A) aren’t delivering
B) isn’t delivering A) tomorrow
C) are delivering B) at the moment
D) is delivering C) yesterday
D) next week

6. I ________ at the call center now, 16. Mrs. Risa is getting angry as some
Donna so I can’t go shopping with students _____ to her during the
you. lesson.

A) am not working A) are listening

B) am working B) aren’t listening
C) is not working C) is listening
D) is working D) isn’t listening

7. Mitha is _______ in his desk and 17. Anto : ______ is Stefanus’s little
________ to his English teacher brother _______?
carefully. Maria : To school.

A) sitting / listening A) Where / going

B) listening / sitting B) What / doing
C) sits / listening C) Who / coming
D) listens / sitting D) Which / running

8. Mr. and Mrs. Manurung ______ 18. I ______ for the song contest at the
into the ballroom at the moment. moment. Please be quiet!

A) is walking A) is practice
B) am walking B) is practising
C) are walking C) am practise
D) walking D) am practising

9. I think Jonathan ___ losing the 19. The kids ________ playing at the
race because the others ___ monkey bars. They are ____ now.
running faster.
A) isn’t / swinging
A) is / are B) isn’t / sliding
B) isn’t / are C) aren’t / swinging
C) are / is D) aren’t / sliding
D) aren’t / is

22
10. It ____ outside. It is just snowing. 20. Shinta : Why ____ Fred sleeping?
Nadih : Because mosquitoes _____
A) aren’t snowing disturbing him.
B) isn’t snowing
C) aren’t raining A) is / aren’t
D) isn’t raining B) is / are
C) isn’t / aren’t
D) isn’t / are

Simple Past Tense

STARTER

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a
completed action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past
tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past
and action duration is not important.

All of us have memories of happy and sad times. We like to remember pleasant
times, yet, we may not be able to forget sad times. What memories did the musical
group The Carpenters refer to in their song Yesterday Once More?. Their song
was a hit in the ‘70s, and it goes like this :

Yesterday Once More

When I was young, I'd listen to the radio

Waitin' for my favorite songs
When they played, I'd sing along
It made me smile

Those were such happy times and not so long ago

How I wondered where they'd gone
But they're back again just like a long lost friend
All the songs I loved so well

Every sha, la, la, la

Every woo, woo still shines
Every shing-a-ling-a-ling
That they're startin' to sing so fine
When they get to the part
Where he's breakin' her heart

23
 It can really make me cry
Just like before, it's yesterday once more

Lookin' back on how it was in years gone by

And the good times that I had
Makes today seem rather sad
So much has changed
It was songs of love that I would sing to then
And I'd memorize each word
Those old melodies still sound so good to me
As they melt the years away

Every sha, la, la, la

Every woo, woo still shines
Every shing-a-ling-a-ling
That they're startin' to sing so fine
All my best memories
Come back clearly to me
Some can even make me cry
Just like before, it's yesterday once more

Write the past tense from

1. Dance........................................ 1. Wash...............................................
2. Plan........................................... 2. Work...............................................
3. Clean........................................ 3. Shave..............................................
4. Type......................................... 4. Carry...............................................
5. Study........................................ 5. Listen..............................................
6. Shop......................................... 6. Turn................................................
7. Look........................................ 7. Ask..................................................
8. Play.......................................... 8. Answer............................................
9. Empty...................................... 9. Push................................................
10. Stop........................................ 10. Wait.............................................

24
GRAMMAR SPOT

FORM

Most regular verbs. Add –ed to change to past tense

• Final e : add d
• Final Consonant + y : change y to i, + ed
• Vowel (a,e,o) + w,x,y : add ed
• Vowel + consonant : double the final consonant + ed
• Consonant + vowel + consonant : double final consonant
MEANING

• The event is in the past.

• The event is completely finished.
USE

• To talk about actions that happened at a spesific time in the past.

• To describe events that happened over a period of time in the past but not
now.
• To talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in the past.

Regular Verb + ed = (Dance > Danced)

English Verb

Irregular Verb list = (Sing > Song )

EXERCISE

A) Chilli’s friend Della was on holiday in Jamaica. Read her letter to

Chilli and complete it with the correct verbs.

* invited * stopped * talked * stayed * travelled * enjoyed

* didn’t sleep * didn’t get * watched * was * listened

25
 Dear Chilli,

I had a fantastic holiday in Jamaica. It was hot and the sea was blue and
lovely.

I ……………… by plane from London to Kingston. I really ………………..

the flight. It was eight hours long but I …………………..at all because I
…………………. so excited. During the flight I ………………….. to music,
………………….. a film and ……………….to the girl in the seat next to me.

I …………………… with my aunt and uncle in Kingston.They

…………………. me on a trip to Montego Bay.We …………………. at an
Orchid Farm. It was brilliant. On my last night there I ……………………
to bed until there o’clock in the morning!

See you soon!

Love, Della

B) Answer the questions:

1. Did she go to Jamaica?
2. How did she go to Kingston?
3. How was the weather?
4. What did she do on the plane?
5. Did she visit her grandparents?
6. Did she like the Orchid Farm?
7. When did she go to bed on her last night?
8. Where is Jamaica?
9. What do the tourists do in Jamaica?
10. How is the life for Jamaican people?

C) Complete these sentences in the PAST TENSE, using the correct verb!

* play * enjoy * watch * listen * talk * phone

* stop * walk * travel * like * stay

I watched the late film on TV last night.

1. We really ………………….. the concert last night. It was great!

2. She ………………… with friends in Brighton last summer.
3. Italy ………………… very well in the last World Cup.
4. Her parents ………………….. by train from Shanghai to Moscow.
26
 5. I ………………….. you four times last night but you were out.
6. We …………………. along the beach yesterday. It was lovely.
7. She …………………. the film but she didn’t like the music.
8. The men ………………….. work at exactly one o’clock.
9. I ……………………. to the new Sting album yesterday. It’s great.
10. They ………………… to us about their trip to Madagascar. It was
very interesting.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Marni gave her father a nice 11. Afgan ___ sad yesterday morning
present on his birthday because his friends ___ with him.
__________ .
A) was / were
A) two days later B) was / weren’t
B) next Monday C) were / was
C) every week D) were / wasn’t
D) last Tuesday

2. Dony _________ a red car from a 12. Where _______ Frankie ______
friend last month. for jogging last weekend?

A) sold A) was / go
B) bought B) did / go
C) told C) was / went
D) thought D) did / went

3. I ______ in the science lab when I 13. Mr. Diky _______ buy anything
_______ the tube. from the mall becuase he _____
have any money with him.
A) was / dropped
B) were / dropped A) didn’t / didn’t
C) was / drop B) wasn’t / wasn’t
D) were / drop C) didn’t / wasn’t
D) wasn’t / didn’t

4. Mrs. Eko _________ some pills 14. Lyodra _________ at a party last
last night because she _____ ill. Friday and she _____ all night.

A) take / were A) was / dance

B) took / were B) were / dance
C) take / was C) was / danced
D) took / was D) were / danced

27
5. Ririn : How ______ you ______ 15. Starla : What _______ the matter
go to school yesterday? with Finn last month?
Niko : On foot. Febby : He _______ the measles.

A) did / went A) was / had

B) were / went B) were / had
C) did / go C) was / have
D) were / go D) were / have

6. Febian : _______ did your mother 16. There __________ thousands of

_______ two years ago? soldiers in the battle and they all
Nila : At a call center. _________ bravely.

A) Where / work A) were / fought

B) Where / worked B) was / fighted
C) What / work C) were / fighted
D) What / worked D) was / fought

7. Rendy : __________ did your 17. Jono: __________ did Wagito

uncle __________ for the clothes? __________ her lunch yesterday?
Anita : 100 dollars. Jeny : At the canteen.

A) How many / pay A) What / ate

B) How much / paid B) Where / ate
C) How many / paid C) What / eat
D) How much / pay D) Where / eat

8. Mr. Aldebaran _______ usually 18. Elvis Presley __________ a great

hungry because he ________ have singer. He __________ in
any money to buy food. the USA.

A) was / did A) was / live

B) was / didn’t B) were / live
C) were / did C) was / lived
D) were / didn’t D) were / lived

9. Imam _______ very fast, but the 19. Aan _________ some of the
other runners _______ faster than milk on the table, but he ______
him. it at all.

A) run / were A) didn’t drink / liked

B) ran / was B) drank / didn’t like
C) run / was C) didn’t like / drank
D) ran / were D) liked / didn’t drink

28
10. ____ instrument ______Erwin 20. Mr. Roni _______ awake all
play for his friends this morning?. night becuase there __mosquitoes
everywhere.
A) Which / was
B) Where / did A) were / was
C) Which / did B) were / were
D) Where / was C) was / were
D) was / was

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives
speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or
ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present
perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In
addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American
English.
The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an
indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and
continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last hour).

How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with
the past and with the present.
There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense, which are :

1. experience,
2. change, and
3. continuing situation.

How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

The structure of the present perfect tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + V3 (past participle)

has/have

Examples
1. Sofyan has traveled around the world
2. Hasan has seen this movie three times

29
 3. Budi has lived in the same house for twenty years.

Check your understanding

Direction : Use either present perfect or the simple past in the following
sentences.

1. Agus (see) ___________________ this movie before.

2. Fadhil(work) _______ in the same place for thirty-five years, and he is not
planning to retire yet.
3. We (not, begin) ___________________ to study for the test yet.
4. Joan (travel) _____________________ around the world.
5. Dayat (call) _____________________ his employer this morning.
6. We (written) _______________________ our reports yet.
7. Gibran (already, read) __________________ the entire book.
8. Joko (go) ______________________ to spain last year.
9. Mardi (wash) _____________________ the dishes after dinner.
10. Lisa (buy) ________________________ a new bicycle yesterday.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. My little brother, Dimas _____ his 11. Sue is running back home because
pyjamas and brushed his teeth. He it______ started hailing heavily.
can go to bed now. She must be quicker.

A) have worn A) have

B) has worn B) has
C) haven’t worn C) haven’t
D) hasn’t worn D) hasn’t

2. Our neighbour ____________ me 12. My aunt, Cici has read twelve

an invitation card for her novels ______the summer holiday
wedding party. started.

A) have given A) for

B) haven’t given B) since
C) has given C) yet
D) hasn’t given D) just

30
3. Toni and Lisa___ played tic-tac- 13. Oh god! I ___ lost my way. I have
toe recently. got a map, but I ___ understood it
yet.
A) have A) has/hasn’t
B) has B) hasn’t/has
C) haven’t C) have/haven’t
D) hasn’t D) haven’t/have

4. Look at that naughty girl! She has 14. Linda and Rendy _____ slept yet.
_______ pushed her friend. They are awake.

A) just A) hasn’t
B) already B) has
C) yet C) haven’t
D) ago D) have

5. Alifa is on a Europe tour now. He 15. My cousin, Kevin is sad because

_____ to thirteen different cities he has just _______ the water
so far. bottle.

A) have gone A) broken

B) have been B) broke
C) has gone C) break
D) has been D) breaked

6. Ary : I ____ seen you for a long 16. Maria hasn’t eaten his lunch _____
time? Where have you _____? because he doesn’t like spinach at
Anita : On holiday in Turkey. all.

A) have/been A) just
B) haven’t/been B) yet
C) have/gone C) already
D) haven’t/gone D) since

7. Mr.Ridwan ______ anything yet. 17. I ____ just _____ a hotdog from
He is still looking at the menu. the fast food restaurant around the
corner.
A) hasn’t eaten
B) has eaten A) have/bought
C) haven’t eaten B) haven’t/bought
D) have eaten C) has/bought
D) hasn’t/bought

8. Now that the hosts of the party 18. Ganang : ________have Rita and
___________, the band can start her friends played so far today?
playing. Zahra : Just hide and seek.

31
 A) hasn’t come A) Where
B) haven’t come B) Which
C) has come C) Who
D) have come D) What

9. Dimas and his sister are not at 19. Mr. Lutfi ________ on a strict diet
home now. They have _____out. lately. He only eats salad for lunch
every day.
A) run
B) left A) has gone
C) been B) have gone
D) gone C) has been
D) have been

10. My best friend, Sara has planted a 20. The Haikal have lived in this small
lot of trees ____. She loves nature cottage ____ about ten years.
so much.
A) since
A) last week B) for
B) yesterday C) just
C) recently D) yet
D) an hour ago

Bibliography

LBPP LIA. 2010. LIA Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test 3. Jakarta: PT
Indonesia Printer.
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet
https://www.englishwsheets.com

32
 UNIT

4 PASSIVE VOICE
STARTER : What is Passive Voice?
A sentence can be either in the active or passive voice. In an “active” sentence,
subject performs the action. when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the
verb, it is called the passive voice!.
To make an active sentence into passive, follow these steps.
1. Place the complement of the active sentence at the beginning of the passive
sentence.
2. If there are any auxiliaries in the active sentence, place them immediately after
the new subject agreeing in number with the subject.
3. Insert the verb be after the auxiliary or auxiliaries in the same form as the
main verb in the active sentence.
4. Place the main verb from the active sentence after the auxiliaries and be in the
past participle.
5. Place the subject of the active sentence after the verb in the passive sentence
preceded by the preposition by.
6. Remember that in a passive sentence sometimes the actor is unknown or
unimportant. As a result, by can be eliminated completely.

Forming the passive voice

form of “be” verb + V3 (past participle)

The following table presents the examples of the active and passive voices based
on the tenses.

33
 Auxiliary verb + sample V3
Tense Examples
(past participle)
Wine is made from grapes.
Present simple am, is, are + made
Many cars are made in Japan.
The document is being sent right now.
Present progressive am, is, are + being + sent I am being sent to work in the London
office.
John was invited to speak at the
conference.
Past simple was, were + invited
We were invited to Daniel and Mary’s
wedding.
The dog was being washed when I got
home.
Past progressive was, were + being + washed
Their cars were being washed while they
were in the mall shopping.

The contract will be signed tomorrow.

Future (will) will be + signed The documents will all be signed by
next week.
A bridge is going to be built within the
next two years.
Future (going to) am, is, are + going to be + built
New houses are going to be built in our
neighborhood.

That start-up has been sold for $5

million.
Present perfect has, have + been + sold
The rights to his book have been sold for
$250,000.

The new manager had been hired before

John left the company.
Past perfect had + been + hired
All the employees had hired before the
store opened.

The car will have been loaded by the

time he gets home.
Future perfect will + have been + finished
The crates will have been loaded by
then.
A passport can only be issued at the
embassy.
Modals: can/could can, could + be + issued
He said the documents could be issued
within the week.
A babysitter has to be arranged for this
evening.
have to, has to, had to + be +
Modal: have to
arranged Joan’s travel plans have to be arranged
by December.

Criminals must be stopped before they

Modal: must must + be + stopped
commit crimes.

34
All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active
voice.

Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put
into the passive, such as, arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur
sleep, etc.

Check your understanding

Direction: Fill in the correct passive form of the verb in parentheses!.

Examples :
1. After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
2. The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not pay)

Exercise:
1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
3. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____ due to the
storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10. The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the filming is finished.
(is/add)

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. This problem by your brother 11. My father wrote this book. It ___
yesterday by my father

A) was solved A) will be wrote

B) is solved B) was written
C) will be solved C) was write
D) solves D) is written

35
2. This clock ____ in 1750. 12. Rony scored a goal. Yes, a goal
____ by Bronson.
A) is made
B) is making A) is scored
C) was made B) scored
D) will be made C) will be scored
D) was scored

3. This house was__ my grandfather. 13. This job ____ by my friend next
week.
A) build for
B) build by A) is done
C) built for B) did
D) built by C) will be done
D) was done

4. Was the window pane _____ the 14. This exercise will ___ at home by
children?. me.

A) Broke A) be doing
B) broken by B) do
C) broke for C) have done
D) broken for D) be done

5. All the beds were _________ my 15. Many writters were ______
grandmother. Shakespeare.

A) made by A) influence by
B) made for B) influenced by
C) make by C) influence for
D) make for D) influenced for

6. Mr Ramadan _____ this book. 16. The money ...…. stolen by the
thieves if you leave it there.
A) is translated
B) translated by A) Was
C) translated B) has been
D) was translated C) will be
D) is

7. We will ______ by that teacher. 17. This policeman ____ that man.

A) be teached A) was arrested by

B) have taught B) arrested for
C) be taught C) arrested
D) been taught D) will be arrested

36
8. This mansion ____ in 1750. 18. Many things ____ in this house.

A) is built A) is said
B) was built B) are said
C) will be built C) they say
D) builded D) they are said

9. This ear will _____ Soon. 19. They will _____ this car soon.

A) be bought A) be bought
B) be buying B) buying
C) buy C) buy
D) is bought D) is bought

10. The jar ______ by the maid. 20. The centre forward ____ a goal.

A) was broken A) was scored

B) broke B) scores
C) is broken C) is scored
D) breaks D) has scored

Bibliography

Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

37
 UNIT

5 SUBJUNCTIVE
STARTER : What is Subjunctive ?

The Subjunctive in English is the mood of a verb that always comes in the
simple/base form. The subjunctive mood of verbs comes after some certain
verbs indicating that one person wants/insists/desires another person to do
something. Those certain verbs are called subjunctive verbs.
Subjunctive Verbs :

Advise Demand Prefer Require Ask

Insist Propose Stipulate Command Urge
Recommend Suggest Decree Order Request

The Structure of Subjunctive Mood:

Sub (1) + Subjunctive Verb (any tense) + that + Sub (2) + Base Form of
Verb + Complement

Examples :
Jaka has advised that Alfin go to movies.
Riski insisted that I work on my paper.
The principal demands that we study hard.

However, the subjunctive verbs with the conjunction ‘that’ always follow the
subjunctive mood (first structure).

There are some adjectives also that create a subjunctive mood. These adjectives
come after the ‘be verbs’ along with the conjunction ‘that’ and create a
subjunctive mood for the next verb. These adjectives are called subjunctive
adjectives.

38
Subjunctive Adjectives :

Advised Necessary Urgent Required Important

Obligatory Mandatory Suggested Recommended Imperative

Structure :

It + Be Verbs (any tense) + Subjunctive Adjective + that + Sub + Base Form

of Verb + Comp

Examples :
It was advised that Alex go to movies.
It is imperative that I work on my paper.
It was necessary that we study hard.

Check your understanding

Direction : Correct the errors in the following sentences. If there are no errors,
write correct!.

1. The teacher demanded that the student left the room.

2. It was urgent that he called her immediately.
3. It was very important that we delay discussion.
4. She intends to move that the committee suspends discussion on this issue.
5. The king decreed that the new laws cook took effect the following month.
6. I propose that you should stop this rally.
7. I advise you take the prerequisites before registering for this course.
8. His father prefers that he attends a different university.
9. The faculty stipulated that the rule be abolished.
10. She urged that we found another alternative.

39
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. If Hairul ____ the cat, she would 11. My mother___ me not to stay out
have taken him home. after 10.

A) had seen A) would prefer

B) saw B) would rather
C) didn’t see C) prefers
D) hadn’t seen D) would prefer it if

2. ______his lunch, Adra went back 12. Lena would prefer it if the
to his desk. children_____ home.

A) Having A) stay
B) Having finished B) stayed
C) Hadfinished C) staying
D) Having finish D) have stayed

3. _____ you have 20 dogs in your 13. After _____big lunch, joan took a
house!. nap.

A) Imagine A) having ate

B) Provided B) have eaten
C) Supposed C) eating
D) Imagining D) eats

4. _____the company to sue us, we 14. The parents_____the teachers

would lose a lot of money. gave daily homework to their
children.
A) Had
B) Should A) prefer
C) Were B) would prefer
D) provided C) would prefer it if
D) would rather it if

5. The doctor recommends that 15. Via would rather ____ to the
she____for three days. conference last week.

A) not work A) have flown

B) not to work B) have flew
C) works C) to fly
D) doesn’t work D) fly

6. It was reported that 16. I wish Nadih____ at me all the

Tya____kidnapped yesterday. time.

40
 A) get A) would stare
B) got B) stared
C) gets C) wouldn’t stare
D) has gotten D) couldn’t stare

7. It’s time we ____ out for pizza. 17. _______ old enough, you could
watch the movie.
A) go
B) have gone A) were you to be
C) went B) were you
D) had gone C) should you be
D) had you been

8. Be that as it ____, you still need 18. _____where to go, she asked for
to do your homework. directions.

A) come A) Not have known

B) may B) Had she not known
C) can C) Were she not to know
D) is D) Not knowing

9. The drug dealers demanded that 19. Arman was so sick that he would
the boy____immediately. rather______to work yesterday.

A) pay to them A) not go

B) pays to them B) didn’t go
C) pay them C) not to have gone
D) pays them D) not have gone

10. _______Anila show up before 20. It is advisable that she_____

10:00, ask him to come to my from the others.
office.
A) separate
A) Had B) be separate
B) Should C) be separated
C) If D) separates
D) Were

Bibliography
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
41
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet
https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/subjunctive

https://www.ESLprintables.com

42
 UNIT
PHRASES (PARTICIPIAL,

6 INFINITIVE, AND
GERUND)
STARTER : What is Participial Phrase ?

A participial Phrase is a phrase preceded by a participle – present or past

participle. Participial phrases function as an adjective serving to modify nouns in
sentences. Present participles are active in meaning, but past participles are
passive in meaning.

Examples :

The crying baby woke Mr. Binion.

(The baby was crying).

The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors.

(The flowers were blooming).

Frozen food is often easier to prepare than fresh food.

(The food had been frozen).

The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions.

(The men had been imprisoned).

STARTER : What is Infinitive Phrase?

An infinitive phrase is a phrase preceded by an infinitive –to + verb. In sentences,

infinitive phrases can act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. Look at the following
sentences.
Examples :

He lacked the strength to resist the temptation.

(Adjective, modifying strength)

To buy a house, I took a loan from the bank.

(Adverb, modifying took a loan)

43
Everyone wants to go shopping.
(Object of wants)

His ambition is to become a pilot.

(Subject Complement)

STARTER : What is Gerund Phrase ?

A gerund phrase is a phrase by a gerund-verb + ing. Gerund phrases function as

nouns (among others, as subject of verb, object of verb, object of preposition, and
appositive). An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that renames the noun next
to it. It serves the purpose of adding information about another noun.

Examples :

Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy.

(Subject)

John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark.

(Object of enjoyed)

I am not interested in studying biochemistry.

(Object of interested)
The professor’s passion, reading good books, keeps him up late many nights.
(Appositive, explaining passion)

Check your understanding

Direction : Underline the phrase. Decide which ones are wrong. Correct the
mistakes!.

1. Doctors are using nano technology, making possible by advanced

technology, in medical treatment.
2. The seemingly simple decision appointed him as a leader caused
controversy.
3. My goal is passing my exams with good marks.
4. Winy is good at motivated other people.
5. Reading good books can be very soothed.

44
 6. We plan leaving early for Singapore tomorrow.
7. I am reluctant welcoming the guests.
8. The teacher is really pleased seeing his students’ performance.
9. She could not resist to eat the plum she found in the fridge.
10. He suggested to go to Bandung for a vacation.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. Missing the target completely, Joni 16. The girl appearing in the play is a
turned red with embarrassment. friend of mine.

A) John turned red A) The girl appearing

B) turned red with embarrassment B) appearing in the play
C) Missing the target completely C) appearing in the play is a
D) the target completely friend
D) is a friend of mine

2. The girl wearing the purple dress is 17. Bursting with pride, the mothers
the president of the class. watched their children in the
play.
A) The girl wearing the purple dress
B) wearing the purple A) Bursting with pride
C) president of the class B) mothers watched
D) wearing the purple dress C) watched their children
D) children in the play

3. The actor making the funny face won 18. All of the sad people saw the
the lead role. wrecked airplane.

A) The actor making A) sad

B) making the funny face B) people
C) making the funny face won the C) wrecked
lead role D) airplane
D) won the lead role

4. The wounded heroine smiled at the 19. In the cold water, the frightened
young soldier. man grabbed the red buoy.

A) wounded A) cold
B) heroine B) water
C) smiled C) frightened
D) young D) grabbed

45
5. The rising sun appeared on time. 20. The students applauded the
winning team.
A) rising
B) sun A) students
C) appeared B) applauded
D) time C) winning
D) team

6. The new students hope ________ in 21. Dr. Awira is a brilliant and
many of the school's social activities. dedicated scientist who had
expected to be selected as the
A) including director of the institute. She was
B) being included very surprised not ________ the
C) to include position.
D) to be included
A) having offered
B) having been offered
C) to have offered
D) to have been offered

7. Kayas appears ________ some 22. Rizky got into trouble when he
weight. Has he been ill? refused ________ his briefcase
for the customs officer.
A) having lost
B) having been lost A) opening
C) to have lost B) being opened
D) d) to have been lost C) to open
D) d) to be opened

8. We would like ________ to the 23. The owner of the building supply
president's reception, but we weren't. store doesn't mind ________ his
customers discounts when
A) having invited they buy large quantities.
B) having been invited
C) to have invited A) giving
D) to have been invited B) being given
C) to give
D) to be given

9. Dany made a bad mistake at work, 24. They were fortunate ________
but his boss didn't fire him. He's from the fire before the building
lucky __ a second chance. collapsed.

46
 A) having given A) rescuing
B) having been given B) to have rescued
C) to have given C) to rescue
D) to have been given D) to have been rescued

10. Marry's children are used to 25. Ayu didn't expect ________ to
________ after school every day. Bill's party.
They don't have to walk home.
A) asking
A) picking up B) being asked
B) being picked up C) to ask
C) be picked up D) d) to be asked
D) pick up

11. Nila mentioned ________ in an 26. Adit always remembers

accident as a child, but he never told ________ in the garage so that
us the details. the driveway is free of other cars.

A) having injured A) parking

B) having been injured B) being parked
C) to have injured C) to park
D) to have been injured D) to be parked

12. The stockbroker denied ________ of 27. Even though he was much
the secret business deal. younger than the other children,
Sandra demanded ________ in
A) having informed the game they were playing.
B) having been informed
C) to have informed A) including
D) to have been informed B) being included
C) to include
D) to be included

13. Clara gave such a good speech that I 28. The Jefri wanted to give their son
couldn't resist ________ loudly when every advantage. However, they
she finished. now regret him by providing too
many material possessions.
A) applauding
B) being applauded A) having spoiled
C) to applaud B) having been spoiled
D) to be applauded C) to have spoiled
D) to have been spoiled

47
14. The nurse suggested ________ two 29. I'm sure it's not my fault that
aspirins. Peter found out what we were
planning. I don't remember
A) taking ________ anyone about it.
B) being taken
C) to take A) having told
D) to be taken B) being told
C) to tell
D) to be told

15. Faroman really didn't mind 30. We were shocked to hear the
________ by the party to celebrate news of your ________.
his fortieth birthday although he told
his friends that they shouldn't have A) having fired
done it. B) having been fired
C) to be fired
A) surprising D) d) to have been fired
B) being surprised
C) to surprise
D) to be surprised

Bibliography
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet

https://www.GrammarFlip.com
https://www.grammarbank.com

48
 UNIT
RELATIVE CLAUSES

7 AND ADVERB
CLAUSES
STARTER : What is Relative Clauses ?
What is a relative clause? A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It
has a subject and verb, but can't stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes
called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more
information about a noun.

The following table presents the relative pronouns:

Subject Object Possessive

who who/whom whose
which which whose
that that -

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us

more about people and things:

Lord Tardjo, who is 76, has just retired.

This is the house which Andika built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.

We use:

Who and whom for people

Which for things
That for people or things.

Two kinds of relative clause

There are two kinds of relative clause:

49
1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking
about:

Maria is the woman who discovered radium.

This is the house which Andika built.
In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which:

Maria is the woman that discovered radium.

This is the house that Andika built.
We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause:

This is the house that Andika built. (that is the object of built)

2. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing
or situation:

Lord Tardjo, who is 76, has just retired.

We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
I met Resti in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise.

With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from
the rest of the sentence.

Check your understanding

Direction 1 : Combine the two sentences into a single sentence with relative
clauses.
1. Fadlan bought a camera. The camera has three lenses.
2. Frankie is the man. We are going to nominate Frank for the office of treasurer.
3. The doctor is with a patient. The patient’s leg was broken in an accident.
4. Jonathan wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president.
5. Jane is the woman Jane is going to China next year.

Direction 2 : Reduce the relative clauses in the following sentences.

1. Gilang is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the
convention.
2. All of the money that was accepted has already been released.

50
3. The papers that are on the table belong to Putri.
4. The man who was brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl who is drinking coffee is Munaroh.

STARTER : What is Adverb Clauses?

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that modifies the main verb in the
independent clause. Adverbial clauses always start with a subordinating
conjunction and must connect to an independent clause to make sense.
Review of Adverb Clauses of Time, Place, and Reason

Adverb clauses of time, place, and reason indicate, respectively, the time of, the
place of, and the reasons for the action or events stated in the main clauses. Look
at the subordinate conjunctions commonly used to begin the three clauses.

Time Place Reason

When Where Because

While
Before wherever As
Since
since
Until
Whenever
As long as
After
as

Examples :

As the professor was giving a lecture, she was eating a sandwich quietly
As long as there are good novels, film directors will make them unto movies.
We will meet where the others have decided.
Her parents moved to this city since she was five.

Check your understanding

Direction : Find the mistakes in the sentences below. Correct them.

1. I will leave where you are through with the dishes.

2. Marsha is sleeping with her mother because of she is afraid of ghosts.

51
3. Tasya lost one of her eyes w\which she was three years old.
4. Bianca lives when the road crosses the river.
5. Because his illness, Jihan could not take his final tests.
6. Wherever there is a student meeting, Arnold is present.
7. Because her carelessness, Tania lost her money.
8. I will pick you up where you are ready.
9. My parents bought me a car which I graduated.
10. The power went out where he was taking a shower.

Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions

1. The man ____ she lives with a 16. I will not write you a letter
crook. anymore _____I get one from
you
A) who
B) whose A) since
C) which B) after
D) whom C) until
D) as

2. She gave me a box lid___ was 17. Did anybody come to see me__ I
damaged. was out ?

A) who A) while
B) whose B) since
C) of which C) for
D) whom D) before

3. I prefer using a bank, services ___ 18. ____ I Said before, I will never
are reliable. forgive them unless I am paid
back.
A) who
B) whose A) As if
C) which B) As
D) whom C) However
D) As though

4. Shanti is the only person____ Via 19. When we saw the dog running
offered to help. towards us we ran away _____we
could.

52
 A) who A) faster
B) whose B) as fast as
C) which C) so soon as
D) whom D) not slowly as

5. Help is needed for falimies___ 20. _____ you may go in the world,
homes were flooded. you can’t find such a beaufitul
country like turkey.
A) who
B) whose A) Where
C) which B) Since
D) whom C) Wherever
D) When

6. Aldy was a distant cousin___Lina 21. It looks____it is going to rain

had never met before. soon.

A) who A) alike
B) whose B) as though
C) which C) such as
D) whom D) since

7. This is the kind of flour___ we 22. I have been very bussy thinking.
usually use for baking. Of the event ___ you said it to
me.
A) who
B) whose
C) which A) since
D) whom B) when
C) until
D) before

8. Saskia Sungkar was the only 23. ___youre a guest in my house. I

person_______offered to help. won’t argue with you.

A) who A) although
B) whose B) then
C) which C) now
D) whom D) now that

9. There is an oil-painting on the 24. Finish you homework, ___ you

dining room wall painter ___ was can go to the cinema.
a famous artist.

53
 A) who A) after
B) whose B) before
C) of which C) then
D) whom D) until

10. They were a group of the college 25. ____you like___dislike milk, you
friends___ I hadn’t seen for should drink it every day.
several years.
A) Whether / or
A) who B) Not only / but also
B) whose C) Booth / and
C) which D) Either / or
D) that

11. It is a small town ___ population 26. _____a big storm is about to
has been rising steadily. come, we must evacuate this
place as soon as possible.
A) who
B) whose A) then
C) which B) now that
D) whom C) now
D) though

12. She gave me a box ____ had a 27. ____ I feel very tired, you want
damaged lid. me to do some more work. Are
you trying to kill me?
A) who
B) whose A) Sometimes
C) which B) While
D) whom C) Whenever
D) In case

13. Dime is the smallest coin _____ is 28. I can’t stand my roommate
used by American People. anymore I must change my room
____ possible.
A) who
B) whose A) as far as
C) which B) until
D) whom C) as long as
D) as soon as

54
14. The people____built Stonehenge 29. I climbed a high tree ___ I could
lived several thousand years ago. get a better view of the ocean.

A) who A) in order that

B) whose B) such that
C) which C) in order to
D) whom D) so as to

15. Archilleus, ____ was the son of an 30. ____ I do not like to play soccer,
immortal sea nymph was killed by I play only when my friends
arrow to the heel. insist.

A) who A) since
B) whose B) but
C) which C) in case
D) whom D) otherwise

Bibliography
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Pyle, Michael A and Page, Mary Ellen Munoz. 2002. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation
Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech India pvt. ltd.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2001. How to Prepare for the TOEFL. 10th Edition. Galgotia
New Delhi: Publications pvt. Ltd.

Internet
https://www.ISLCollective.com
https://www.englishtestonline.com

55
 UNIT

FINDING MAIN
8 IDEA
Every reading passage on the paper TOEFL test will include a multiple-choice
question about the passage's main idea. You may be asked to identify the topic,
subject, title, primary idea, or main idea on the TOEFL test. The main ideas may
be easily found by studying the topic sentences, which are most likely found at
the beginning of each paragraph. To determine the main idea, look at the
beginning of the paragraph.

Example :

The passage:
No trip to New York City is complete without sampling treats of
European and Central European Jewish origin, such as bagels and lox,
Romanian pastrami on rye, chopped liver, cheesecake, or matzoh ball
Line soup, from one of the city's famed Jewish food stores or delicatessens.
(5) Many classic Jewish delis have closed their doors, including Reuben's,
but the famous Katz's Delicatessen and the Second Avenue Deli
continue to serve traditional Jewish deli specialty foods to a grateful
clientele of native New Yorkers and international tourists.

Line If you are looking for smoked or pickled fish, kippered salmon,
(10) whitefish, lox, and herring in sour cream sauce, go to Barney
Greengrass' The Sturgeon King or Russ & Daughters. Visit the East
Village's Chocolate Bar for a delicious chocolate egg cream if you are
looking for a frothy, thirst-quenching beverage.
Line The egg cream is a traditional New York treat invented in 1890 by
(15) Jewish candy store owner Louis Auster in Brooklyn, New York.

Whatever your personal preferences are, there is a Jewish specialty

food for you. For lunch, try a puffy, hot knish or a warm and tasty
brisket sandwich the next time you visit New York City. Go for the
Line gold if you're really hungry! At Katz's Deli, dig into a towering,
(20) overstuffed corned beef, chopped liver, and coleslaw sandwich. Are
you getting hungry yet?

56
 The question:
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A) New York taste sensations
B) food in the Big Apple
C) ethnic sandwiches
XD) Jewish specialty food in New York
Chart of the Key Information

MAIN IDEA QUESTION

HOW TO What is the topic of the passage?

IDENTIFY What is the subject of the passage?
THE QUESTION What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the author’s main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
WHERE TO FIND The answer to this type of question can generally be
THE ANSWER determined by looking at the first sentence of each
paragraph.
HOW TO ANSWER 1. Read the first line of each paragraph.
THE QUESTION 2. Look for a common theme or idea in the first lines.
3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage
to check that you really have found the topic
sentence(s).
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices.
Exercise :
Passage One (Questions 1-3)
Science has always been used to discover new ways to do things.
However, technological change has accelerated in the last 50 years.
For example, the invention of the silicon chip ushered in revolutions in
Line electronics and computing. Furthermore, biological research has
(5) resulted in significant advances in medicine. Living creatures can even
be cloned by biologists. Computers are now possible thanks to new
types of electronic circuits. Computers and communications
advancements alter how people use information. For one thing, they
increase the rate at which data can be transmitted.
Line
(10) Computing was the first and most basic application of computers. That
is, performing tasks such as solving math problems. We now use
calculators to solve problems that were previously solved on
computers. Electronic circuits have become more powerful.
Line Computers are faster at solving problems. Powerful computers can
Line
(15) perform billions of calculations per second. Computers are very useful
(15)
57
 because of their ability to compute quickly. They are used to guide
rockets and satellites into space, for example, and air traffic controllers
use them to monitor airline traffic. Many automobiles make use of
Line computers. Banks also use computers to keep track of their customers'
(20) accounts.

Technology has also had a significant impact on how people

communicate. People can find information on the Internet. Businesses
use the Internet to promote their products. The Internet is used by
Line governments to disseminate information. Furthermore, people all over
(25) the world can communicate with one another via chat rooms and
electronic mail (or e-mail). As a result, the use of the Internet has
increased dramatically. There were only 50 Internet sites in 1993, and
traffic was doubling every 100 days. Electronic technology has
Line influenced the global economy. Computer robots, for example, are
(30) now used in the production of many products, including automobiles.
Banking can now be done electronically thanks to advances in
communication technology. Technological advancements have both
positive and negative consequences for businesses and workers.

Line Rapid communication and information transmission have aided in the

(35) transformation of workplaces all over the world. Many white-collar
workers now "work from home." They work from home using a
computer. Businesspeople can conduct transactions from almost
anywhere in the world. They work with telephones, fax machines, and
Line computers. The Internet can provide workers with the information
(40) they require in an instant. Some professionals no longer have to report
to their workplaces.

Manufacturing is influenced by technology. Robots do jobs that used

to be done by humans. As a result, many businesses have reduced their
Line workforce. The shift in employment is from blue-collar to high-tech
(45) industries. Many employees are forced to improve their skills in order
to keep their jobs. This is because high-tech industries require more
technical workers. High-tech workplaces are mostly found in
developed countries. The United States, Japan, and Western European
Line countries are examples of industrialized countries. This is a problem
(50) for developing countries. Because of technology, developed countries
dominate less developed countries. Technology aids in giving
developed countries control over economic aid to developing
countries. Technology also gives the developed nations better military
Line equipment. They can use this equipment to control the governments of
(55) less-developed countries.

58
1. Which of the following would be the best title?
A) Technology Changes People’s Lives.
B) The Influence of Computers.
C) Information Spreads in New Ways.
D) The Workplace Changes.

2. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Computers are found in lots of different places.
B) Technology keeps powerful countries strong.
C) Technology has changed white-collar jobs.
D) New technology is growing quickly.

3. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

A) Technology changes how people communicate.
B) Computers were originally used like calculators.
C) Technology affects the world economy.
D) Technology has changed blue-collar jobs.

Passage Two (Questions 4-6)

Most people would not walk into a meeting and attempt to dominate the
discussion. They do not interrupt people in the middle of their
sentences. Even well-meaning people can engage in the online
Line equivalent of these activities. These people could benefit from some
(5) "netiquette" instruction." Netiquette is a set of informal rules that apply
to people who 'talk' on the internet "to one another via personal
computers. Consider these guidelines to be Internet etiquette. The
Internet connects you to a global community through e-mail,
Line newsgroups, and chat rooms. Etiquette is essential in any community,
(10) whether online or in person. When you understand the unspoken rules
and remember how people prefer to be treated, you are more likely to
be accepted in a community.

Flaming is something you should avoid when communicating online.

Line Flaming occurs when a hostile online message is sent. Avoid sending
(15) such messages if you want to build positive relationships online. Some
Internet users believe that occasional "flaming" is acceptable "is
acceptable. These users argue that when people are face to face, anger is
appropriate. It should also be appropriate for use online. Few, however,
Line advocate "flame wars." "—a lengthy exchange of insults between a few
(20) people. This type of discussion can take over a newsgroup or chatroom.
Many newsgroups have written policies governing the types of
messages that are permitted. When you subscribe, you will frequently
receive an e-mail with these rules. When you first join a newsgroup,

59
 Line spend some time reading messages without responding to them. You
(25) can learn the unwritten rules of a group by observing what people write.

People frequently use the Internet in the hope of saving time rather than
wasting it. You can assist them by sending them brief messages. Make
it a habit to get to the point quickly. If you create your own website, use
Line simple graphics to reduce download time. Complex graphics take a long
(30) time to download, which can frustrate users. Regularly update your
page and include your e-mail address. Finally, allow others to read their
own e-mail messages. Reading other people's e-mail is the same as
opening their mailboxes. There is no nonverbal communication when
Line communicating via computer. This means no hand gestures or facial
(35) expressions. In a face-to-face conversation, you use nonverbal cues to
help you understand another person's message. However, when your
connection to another person is only through words on a screen, those
cues vanish.

Line Use humor, particularly sarcasm, with caution. A joke that is funny
(40) when told to a person may offend someone when written down and sent
via computer. Use emoticons with caution, especially. Emoticons are
keyboard character combinations that represent emotions, such as). (At
the end of the previous sentence, turn the book sideways to see a
Line smiling face.) Emoticons are casual. They might not be suitable for
(45) some Internet-based communications. For example, you would not
want to send e-mails with emoticons to someone who might hire you
for a job. Netiquette also means avoiding messages That Appear In All
Uppercase Letters. Using the shift key to make capitals is equivalent to
Line shouting during a face-to-face conversation. Remembering that the
(50) person on the other end is a human being is at the heart of netiquette.
(45) Netiquette author Virginia Shea suggests remembering the first rule of
netiquette by asking yourself one question whenever you are at the
keyboard: Would you say it to the person's face?

4. Which of the following would be the best title?

A) Behind Every Computer is A Person
B) Practice “Netiquette”: Be Kind While You Are Online
C) Putting Out the Flames
D) Keeping the Medium Mind

5. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

A) Sending someone a hostile message online is called flaming.
B) Flaming creates positive relationships online.
C) Flaming is beneficial for someone in communicating online.
D) Flame wars cannot dominate a chatroom.

60
 6. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
A) People utilize internet for wasting time.
B) Complex graphics can make people relax in downloading the file.
C) Respecting people’s time and privacy is important.
D) Reading people’s e-mail is the same as opening letters from their
mailboxes.

Passage Three (Questions 7-8)

Maine's coastline is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight
line from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city
would be approximately 225 miles long. Following the coastline
Line between these points would take you more than ten times as long. This
(5) irregularity is caused by what is known as a drowned coastline. The
term derives from the Ice Age's glacial activity. The entire area that is
now Maine was once part of a mountain range that towered above the
sea. However, as the glacier descended, it exerted enormous force on
those mountains, causing them to sink into the sea.
Line
(10) As the mountains sank, ocean water rushed over the remaining land,
forming a network of twisting inlets and lagoons with contorted grottos
and nooks. The highest points of the former mountain range, closest to
the coast, remained as islands. Mt. Desert Island was one of the most
Line well-known of the glacier's left-behind islands. Marine fossils
(15) discovered here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the shoreline
level prior to the glacier.

Maine's 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline guards nearly

2,000 islands. Many of these islands are small and uninhabited, but
Line others are thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of Maine's
(20) largest and most beautiful coast islands. Mt. Desert, which measures 16
miles by 12 miles, was almost formed as two distinct islands. Somes
Sound, a seven-mile-long stretch of deep and narrow water, almost
splits it in half.

Line Mt. Desert Island, particularly its main settlement, Bar Harbor, has long
(25) served as a summer retreat for the wealthy. However, Bar Harbor has
recently emerged as a thriving arts community. The unspoiled forest
land known as Acadia National Park, however, is the best part of the
island. Because the island is located on the boundary between the
Line temperate and subarctic zones, it supports both zones' flora and fauna,
(30) as well as beach, inland, and alpine plants.
It is also located on a major bird migration route and serves as a resting
area for many birds.

61
 Acadia National Park was established in 1916, which means that this
Line natural monument will be preserved and accessible to all people, not
(35) just the wealthy.
Acadia visitors can learn about nature from park naturalists and enjoy
camping, hiking, cycling, and boating. They could also spend time at
the archaeological museum learning about the island's Stone Age
inhabitants.
Line
(40) Cadillac Mountain offers the best view of Mount Desert Island. This
mountain is the highest point on the Atlantic coast, rising 1,532 feet.
You can look back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean
from the summit and admire the beauty created by a retreating glacier.

7. What is the best title for the passage?

A) Acadia National Park
B) Maine’s Glacial Past
C) The Best View on Mt. Desert Island
D) The Tiny Islands

8. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?

A) The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to
themselves.
B) Acadia National Park is one of the smallest of the national parks.
C) Due to its location and environment, Mt. Desert Island supports an
incredibly diverse animal and plant life.
D) On Mt. Desert Island, there is great tension between the year-round
residents and the summer tourists.

Passage Four (Question 9-10)

The immune system has the same level of complexity as the brain and
nervous system combined. The immune system's ability to defend the
body is dependent on a dynamic regulatory communications network
Line made up of millions and millions of cells. These cells, which are
(5) organized into sets and subsets, pass information back and forth like
clouds of bees swarming around a hive. As a result of this sensitive
system of checks and balances, an immune response that is prompt,
appropriate, effective, and self-limiting is produced.

Line The ability to distinguish between self and nonself is central to the
(10) immune system. When immune defenders come into contact with cells
or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules, they act quickly to
eliminate the intruders. Almost every cell in the body contains unique
molecules that identify it as self. Normally, the body's immune defenses
do not attack tissues that contain a self-marker. Instead, immune cells

62
 Line
(15) and other body cells coexist peacefully, a condition known as self-
tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a
nonself molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the foreign
body's specifics. The immune system responds appropriately to
Line subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules. This so-
(20) called immune system memory is not inherited, with the possible
exception of antibodies passed during lactation. Regardless of whether
a virus has infected your family, your immune system must "learn"
from encounters with the many millions of distinct nonself molecules in
Line the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning entails producing the
(25) necessary molecules and cells to match and counteract each nonself
invader.

An antigen is any substance capable of eliciting an immune response.

Antigens should not be confused with allergens, which are typically
Line harmless substances (such as ragweed pollen or cat hair) that stimulate
(30) the immune system, triggering the inappropriate and harmful response
known as allergy. A virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, or even a
portion or product of one of these organisms can be an antigen. Tissues
or cells from another person (except an identical twin, whose cells
Line contain identical self-markers) can also act as antigens; the immune
(35) system rejects transplanted tissues because it recognizes them as
foreign. Even nourishing proteins will be rejected by the body unless
they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary,
nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness
Line through intricate and distinctive shapes called epitopes that protrude
(40) from its surface.

Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, have several types of

epitopes on their surface; some may have hundreds. Some epitopes will
stimulate an immune response more effectively than others. Only in
Line unusual circumstances does the immune system mistake self for nonself
(45) and launch a misdirected immune attack. As a result, autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosis
may develop. These diseases' painful side effects are caused by a
person's immune system attacking itself.

9. What is the best title for the passage?

A) The Specific of the Foreign Body
B) Foreign or Nonself Molecules
C) Antigen Functions
D) Immune Functions

63
10. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A) The human body presents an opportune habitat for microbes.
B) One of the immune system’s primary functions is the allergic response.
C) The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self
and nonself
D) An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response

Bibliography

Benz, Cheryl. 2006. Reading College 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Chesla, Elizabeth. L. 2009. Reading Comprehension Success in 20 Minutes a Day.
New York: Learning Express, LLC.
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.

64
 UNIT
FINDING STATED
9 AND UNSTATED
DETAILS
A stated detail question focuses on a single fact from the passage rather than the
entire passage. The passage typically provides the answers to these questions in
the correct order, and the correct response is frequently a repeat of the
information provided in the passage.
It may be necessary for you to determine an answer that is not stated, mentioned,
or true in the passage. Three of the responses are stated, mentioned, or true in the
paragraph, however one answer is not, according to the question's format.

Example I:

The passage:
Advanced technology can provide us with a variety of options for
improving security and speeding up communication. As a result of
technological advancements, advanced weapons have been developed
Line to ensure security and power in global competition. Technology has
(5) also enhanced our means of communication, not only through television
and radio, but also through faxes, e-mail, cellular phones, and the
Internet, all of which have become common in the last decade. These
technological advancements have a global impact and continue to
change societies.

The question:
1. According to the passage, advanced weapons are made …..
A) to send the e-mails
B) to help people develop television
C) to connect people in communication
X to establish security in global competition
D)

Example II:
The passage:
Who would not want to drive a fast car? Technology, on the other hand,
shapes the style of individual transportation. There are cars that run on
batteries to reduce pollution caused by exhaust fumes in polluted cities.

65
 Line For those who are concerned about the environment, one of these
(5) vehicles may be ideal. Other cars are designed to be smaller in order to
save gas. With gasoline prices rising, some people prefer to drive a
vehicle that uses little gas. Then there are those who prefer the comfort
of a large car regardless of how much gas it consumes. Of course, the
Line powerful cars driven by the very powerful can be small, but they still
(10) consume a lot of gas. They are stylish and expensive to buy and to
maintain. Pick your style!

The question:
1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word “the powerful cars”?
A) They are small.
X They consume little gas.
B)
C) They are stylish.
D) They are expensive to maintain.

CHART OF THE KEY INFORMATION

STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY According to the passage ……

THE QUESTION It is stated in the passage ……
The passage indicates that ……
The author mentions that ……
Which of the following is true …..?

WHERE TO FIND The answers to these questions are found in order in

THE ANSWER the passage.

HOW TO ANSWER 1. Choose a key word in the question.

THE QUESTION 2. Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for
the key word or idea.
3. Read the sentence that contains the key word or
idea carefully.
4. Look for the answer that restates an idea in the
passage.
5. Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices.

“UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTION

HOW TO IDENTIFY Which of the following is not stated…?

THE QUESTION Which of the following is not mentioned….?
Which of the following is not discussed…?
All of the following are true except…..
66
 WHERE TO FIND The answers to these questions are found in order in
THE ANSWER the passage.

HOW TO ANSWER 1. Choose a key word in the question.

THE QUESTION 2. Scan in the appropriate place in the passage for
the key word (or related idea).
3. Read the sentence that contains the key word or
idea carefully.
4. Look for answers that are definitely true
according to the passage. Eliminate those
answers.
5. Choose the answer that is not true or not
discussed in the passage.

EXERCISE
Passage One (Questions 1-3)
"Genie" is another true story about an abandoned child. Genie (not her
real name) was locked in a room in her parents' Los Angeles suburban
home for ten years as a child. Her story was told in the film Secret of
Line the Wild Child, which aired on the Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
(5) in 1997. The film focused on significant events in Genie's life. Genie's
father apparently thought she was mentally retarded when she was born.
As a result, he persuaded his wife that they should confine the girl to a
room. Genie's parents left her food while she was sleeping, but they did
not interact with her.
Line
(10) Genie's situation was discovered by officials when she was thirteen.
They imprisoned her parents and placed Genie in government custody.
Scientists began studying Genie with research funds. Genie explored
her surroundings by touching everything and everyone, according to
Line psychologist James Kent. Unlike Aveyron's wild boy, Genie eventually
(15) learned to speak and understand language. Linguist Susan Curtiss
assisted Genie in learning one hundred words in one year.
Psychological tests, however, revealed that she was mentally retarded.
Researchers were unsure whether Genie was born with mental issues or
Line became ill as a result of her lack of human contact. When the PBS film
(20) was made in 1997, Genie was still living in government adult care
homes.

1. The passage indicates that Genie lived …….

A) with her parents in a big city
B) happily with her parents
C) with her parents in a suburban home
D) with alone in a small village

67
 2. According to the passage, what is the concern of the film Secret of the Wild
Child?
A) The ways Genie learn language
B) Meaningful occurrences in Genie's life
C) The care given by Genie’s mother
D) The ways Genie try to escape

3. According to the passage, how did Genie explore her surroundings?

A) She interacted with animals
B) She ran away from the humans
C) She touched everyone and everything
D) She looked at the objects carefully

Passage Two (Questions 4-6)

The Hope Diamond, weighing 44.5 carats, is the world's largest blue
diamond.
It is also one of the most popular attractions at Washington, D.C.'s
Line Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The Hope
(5) Diamond is flawless and invaluable. Ownership of this gem, however,
has not always been a stroke of good fortune.

The Hope Diamond is a relic of a 112-carat Indian diamond stolen

from the Hindu goddess Sita's statue. Anyone who obtained the gem
Line was cursed by the enraged goddess. When the stone arrived in France,
(10) the spell began to work.
It was sold to Louis XIV of France. The gem was cut into a 67-carat
jewel by Louis. He became ill and died of smallpox after wearing it
once. The stone was then passed on to Louis XVI and his wife, Marie
Line Antoinette. Their unfortunate fate was to lose their heads during the
(15) French Revolution.

At the end of the French Revolution, the gem was stolen once more. It
reappeared 38 years later in London. Henry Thomas Hope, a British
banker and gem collector, recut it and purchased it. We do not know
Line what misfortune Henry Hope experienced. However, Lord Francis
(20) Hope inherited the Hope Diamond in 1890. His wife soon left him for
another man. Lord Hope was eventually forced to sell the diamond in
order to avoid bankruptcy. His unfaithful wife died penniless.

For decades, the diamond's owners' plight was chronicled. It was

Line given to an exotic dancer by an Eastern European prince. He later
(25) became jealous and murdered her. Another owner was killed in a car
accident with his wife and children. Finally, Evalyn Walsh McLean
purchased the Hope Diamond in 1911. She was a wealthy socialite
from the United States. She was unconventional at times. She had her
68
 Line Great Dane, for example, wear the diamond to greet partygoers. She
(30) stated that she did not believe in the curse of the diamond. However,
she experienced a number of personal tragedies while in possession of
the gem. Her son was killed in a car crash. Her daughter died from a
sleeping pill overdose, and her husband went insane.

Line After Dame McLean died in 1947, the diamond's final owner, Harry
(35) Winston, purchased it. Eleven years later, he donated it to the
Smithsonian. Winston sent the stone to the museum in a plain brown
wrapper, without explaining his actions. The Hope Diamond now has
a place of honor in the museum's newly renovated Hall of Gems,
possibly putting an end to its colorful but sometimes tragic history.

4. It is stated in the passage that the present diamond becomes 44.5 from 112
carats because ……
A) it was cut only once by Louis XIV into a smaller diamond.
B) it was cut at least twice.
C) when diamonds get older some of the carats disappear.
D) it was lost during the French Revolution.

5. According to the passage, the last sentence in paragraph, “Their bad

misfortune was to lose their heads in the French Revolution,” means …..
A) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette went crazy.
B) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were always having bad luck.
C) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed.
D) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette lost the French Revolution.

6. It is stated in the passage that the Hope Diamond finally ended up ……

A) in the United States.
B) in France.
C) in England.
D) in India.

Passage Three (Questions 7-8)

In the late 1700s, sightings of a wild boy running naked in the Caune
Woods of Aveyron, France, caused quite a stir. The boy was allegedly
abandoned or abandoned by his parents at a young age and grew up
Line with animals. This Aveyron Wild Boy was eventually apprehended by
(5) hunters and transported to Paris. He appeared to be around eleven years
old at the time.

Scientists in Paris expected to see what philosopher Jean-Jacques

Rousseau referred to as the "noble savage." After all, here was a human
being who had grown up unaffected by society's ills. Instead, scientists

69
 Line
(10) discovered a frightened creature that moved like a wild animal and ate
garbage. He spent most of his time silently rocking but would snarl and
attack anyone who tried to touch him.
Despite the scientists' efforts over a decade, the boy never learned to
speak. He was never able to live unguarded among other people.
Line
(15) Could this Wild Boy have been "cured" by psychologists? Most likely
not. Children have recently been rescued from years of confinement in
closets and other environments that have isolated them from human
contact. These children, without exception, have found it extremely
Line difficult to learn language and interact with others. Cases like these
(20) highlight the importance of early social contact for normal human
development.

They emphasize the importance of learning as much as possible about

early development and what can help or hinder it. And they are relevant
Line to the nature-nurture debate. To be more specific, to what extent is
(25) development a product of what we are born with—our inherited
biological nature? To what extent is development a result of what the
world provides in terms of environmental nurturing?

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage about the wild boy
of Aveyron?
A) He was captured by hunters.
B) He had grown up with animals.
C) He was abandoned by his parents.
D) He was well dressed with the clothes.

8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage about the

frightened creature found by scientists?
A) He moved like a tame animal.
B) He ate garbage.
C) He attacked anyone who tried to touch him.
D) He spent most of his time silently rocking.

Passage Four (Question 9-10)

Hypnosis is an intriguing technique that is occasionally used in
psychological treatment. It all started in the 1700s, when an Austrian
doctor named Frank Mesmer became famous for his ability to use
Line "mesmerism" to treat a variety of physical problems. Mesmer's
(5) technique was a forerunner of hypnosis.

The term hypnosis is derived from the Greek word hypnos, which
means "sleep." People who are hypnotized, on the other hand, are not

70
 sleeping. Their minds are alert and active. Hypnosis is a condition
Line caused by certain techniques. Typically, hypnosis begins with
(10) suggestions that the subject feels calm and sleepy. The hypnotist then
directs the subject's attention to a series of motions, such as a swinging
watch or necklace. When a person is hypnotized, he or she is not aware
of what he or she is doing.

Line The hypnotist has complete control over the subject. As a result, some
(15) people believe hypnosis is a risky activity. Doctors can use hypnosis to
help their patients, but they must exercise caution when doing so.

9. All of the following are true about hypnosis EXCEPT. …..

A) the meaning of hypnos is “sleep”.
B) people’s minds are active when being hypnotized.
C) the word hypnosis comes from the Greek word hypnos.
D) people who are hypnotized are sleeping.

10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage about the things that
hypnotists do in hypnosis?
A) They help doctors in treating the patients using hypnosis.
B) They control what the person does.
C) They focus on the person’s attention.
D) They use necklace or swinging watch.

Bibliography
Benz, Cheryl. 2006. Reading College 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Fellag, L. R. 2006. College Reading 2. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.

71
 UNIT
FINDING
10 PRONOUN
REFERENCE
You may occasionally be asked to identify the noun to which a pronoun refers on
the TOEFL Reading Comprehension test. Remember that a noun is typically
employed in the passage first, followed by the pronoun that refers to it. To find
the noun, look before the pronoun.

Example:

The passage:
Huge storms are hurricanes. The Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and
Gulf of Mexico are known for having warm waters where they typically
occur. Although they are known by different names, hurricanes can also
Line arise in other places of the world. They are known as "typhoons" in the
(5) Pacific Ocean, close to Japan, China, and the Philippines.

A hurricane's "eye" revolves counterclockwise in a hurricane. The

storm's center is located here. They travel over the warm oceans,
expanding in size and vigor. They produce torrential rain, brisk gusts,
Line and enormous ocean waves. The majority of hurricanes stay at sea, but
(10) occasionally they make landfall. Then they severely injure automobiles,
trees, and buildings.

Hurricanes are categorized, ranging from 1 to 5. The least powerful

hurricane is a Category 1. It features winds that range from 119 to 153
Line kilometers. The strongest hurricane is a Category 5. The wind speed
(15) exceeds 249 kilometers per hour. This hurricane is extremely deadly.
Fortunately, Category 5 hurricanes are rare.

Every hurricane has a name. This allows us to follow the storms as they
travel across the ocean. There are usually male or female names for
Line hurricanes. The season's first storm, like Andrew, starts with the letter
(20) A. The second, like Bertha and so on, starts with the letter B.

Summer and fall are hurricane season in the Atlantic. It begins on June
1 and lasts until November 30. There are occasionally hurricanes during
different seasons of the year. September is when it peaks. The sea is at
its warmest at this time. About six hurricanes hit this area every year.

72
 Line
(25) However, hurricanes (also known as typhoons) are constantly present in
the northwestern Pacific.

The question:
1. The pronoun “they” in line 4 refers to ……
A) names
X hurricanes
B)
C) places of the world
D) warm waters

CHART OF THE KEY INFORMATION

PRONOUN REFERENTS

HOW TO IDENTIFY The pronoun “…..” in line X refers to which of the

THE QUESTION following?

WHERE TO FIND The line where the pronoun is located is generally given
THE ANSWER in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is
generally found before the pronoun.

HOW TO ANSWER 1. Find the pronoun in the passage. (The line where
THE QUESTION the pronoun can be found is generally stated in the
question).
2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.
3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun
carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices.

EXERCISE
Passage One (Questions 1-2)
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is a small portable
radio receiver. It looks like a mobile phone. You can hold it in your hand
or put it in your pocket. Sometimes it is equipped with a watch or a
Line telephone. GPS devices can also be found in cars, planes or ships. Some
(5) of these devices, such as the Garmin GPSMAP 60, have electronic maps
so you know exactly where you are. For example, in a city, they can tell
you the name of a street.

There are three parts to the Global Positioning System. The first part is
Line the receiver. You can hold it in your hand, or have it fixed into your car,
(10) plane, etc. The second part is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The
satellites carry atomic clocks and transmit radio signals. The receiver

73
 will contact at least four satellites. It measures the distance of each
satellite using radio waves and times. The receiver then calculates its
Line exact location. The third part of the system is a network of ground
(15) stations. They are found all over the world. They control the satellites
and make sure they are working well.

The US Department of Defense designed the system for the military. The
first satellite was launched into space in 1978. In the 1980s, the
Line government made the system available to everyone – free of charge. In
(20) 1998, there were 24 satellites in orbit around the world. If a satellite ages
or breaks, a new satellite is sent to replace it.

Some people believe that the GPS will become as ubiquitous as mobile
devices in the future. They are getting more affordable and precise. The
Line GPS has new applications as well, including tracking criminals. Maybe
(25) they will develop into watches. You will not ever get lost again because
everyone will have one!

1. The pronoun “They” in line 15 refers to …..

A) satellites
B) radio waves
C) times
D) ground stations

2. The pronoun “it” in line 21 refers to ….

A) satellite
B) the world
C) orbit
D) space

Passage Two (Questions 3-4)

The use of music and the healing process for individuals with a range of
medical illnesses was the subject of a recent Wellcome Trust-funded
study. To find proof of the positive benefits music has on health,
Line researchers, health professionals, and musicians have collaborated on this
(5) study.

For a very long time, music has been utilized to treat patients with
various issues. Ancient Greeks first noted its curative effects circa 400
BCE. More recently, during the two world wars of the previous century,
Line medical professionals treated traumatized patients with music therapy. It
(10) has also been utilized with individuals who have long-term pain and
learning difficulties. It is currently used as a treatment for numerous
disorders, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

74
 There is mounting evidence that listening to music can alter our bodies
Line physically and enhance our health. Patients in the Wellcome Trust study
(15) were asked to listen to musical performances over the course of three
years at the Chelsea and Westminster hospital in London. It was
discovered that as a result, stress levels were markedly decreased,
recuperation durations were accelerated, and less medicines were
required.
Line
(20) The general state of health contributes to these excellent results. It is
common knowledge that people are more likely to feel better and recover
from illness quicker when they are cheerful and have a positive outlook
on life. This joy is increased and the healing process is aided by music.

Line Not all of these advantages, though, are directly related to an

(25) improvement in general wellbeing. Other impacts of music exist,
although they are not yet fully understood. Scientist and musician
Professor Robertson claims that some musical effects are puzzling and
are currently the subject of additional research. The rhythms and tones of
Line music have been hypothesized to excite the brain and transmit electrical
(30) signals to the limbs and muscles.

But the sciences want verifiable data and solid evidence. Since studies
have relied primarily on anecdotal evidence, many in the medical field
still do not understand the therapeutic effects of music. These recent
Line studies might show doctors that music is an effective treatment for a
(35) wide range of ailments. In the future, doctors might even "prescribe"
music, but that might be a long way off.

3. The pronoun “it” in lines 11 refers to ……

A) music therapy
B) cancer
C) pain
D) treatment

4. The pronoun “they” in line 22 refers to …..

A) medicines
B) excellent results
C) people
D) recuperation durations

Passage Three (Questions 5-6)

In the fight against lung cancer, a new experimental vaccine has
produced encouraging results. In a tiny Texas study, a vaccination

75
 created by researchers at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas,
Line USA, both cured some patients of lung cancer and reduced the disease's
(5) progression in others.

The results of this tiny trial were positive, according to the researchers.
The participants in these trials included 43 lung cancer patients. Ten of
these patients had the condition in its early stages, while thirty-three had
Line it in its advanced stages. They received the vaccination by injection
(10) every two weeks for three months, and they had three years of close
observation. In three of the patients with advanced cancer, the illness
vanished, and in the remaining patients, it remained dormant for five to
twenty-four months. In the early phases of the sickness, however, there
was little difference in the patients.
Line
(15) The immune system of the patient is used in this novel vaccine. It is
injected into the arm or leg and is customized for every patient. It
activates the immune system, which after realizing the cancer cells are
dangerous launches an assault and wipes them out.

Line The vaccine might work well against other cancer types. Although more
(20) research is required before this type of treatment can be widely
employed, it offers enormous hope for the treatment of cancer in general.

5. The pronoun “They” in line 9 refers to …..

A) trials
B) participants
C) stages
D) researchers

6. The best pronoun “it” in line 16 refers to …..

A) leg
B) patient
C) immune system
D) vaccine

Passage Four (Question 7-8)

Dr. Doxiadis and his associates examined the various sites. Then, they
came up with a report that listed two potential locations: one outside
Karachi and the other to the north of Rawalpindi. Both locations offered
benefits and drawbacks. Where was the location to be?
Line
(5) These three sections each played a unique role. While Rawalpindi would
continue to be the regional hub for business and industry, Islamabad
would function as the country's capital for its administrative and cultural

76
 needs. The national park, the third component of the concept, was
designed to offer area for farming, relaxation, and education.
Line
(10) After giving careful thought to a number of variables, including
transportation, the availability of water, economic factors, and factors of
national interest, it was decided between these two possibilities. Finally,
a location was selected, and on February 24th, 1960, the new capital was
Line given the name "Islamabad" and a master plan was created. The national
(15) park, the neighboring city of Rawalpindi, and Islamabad itself were each
given their own parts in this master plan.

Instead of attempting to resolve these issues, the administration chose to

establish a new capital city. A commission was created in 1959 to look
Line into potential sites for this new metropolis. A well-known architect and
(20) city planner named Dr. Doxiadis was chosen to serve as the
commission's advisor.

The history of Islamabad's selection as the country's contemporary

capital is discussed in this article. Karachi served as the nation's capital
Line as soon as Pakistan's new state was established in 1947. However, due to
Line a number of issues like the temperature and the condition of the old
(25)
(25) structures, Karachi found it challenging to maintain this position.

Islamabad is a bustling metropolis with about a million residents right

now. It offers a comfortable climate, an unpolluted environment, a lot of
Line water, and several green places. It has broad, tree-lined streets, beautiful
(30) government structures, and efficiently run bazaars and shopping malls.
The new capital is a fantastic illustration of wise urban planning.

7. The pronoun “They” in line 1 refers to …..

A) Dr. Doxiadis and his associates
B) various sites
C) potential locations
D) benefits

8. The best pronoun “it” in line 28 refers to …..

A) environment
B) climate
C) Islamabad
D) water

Passage Five (Question 9-10)

The Palm Islands, the world's largest artificial islands, are being built in
Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). They will extend the nation's

77
 coastline by 120 kilometers and are being developed as vacation,
recreational, and residential resorts.
Line
(5) Construction commenced in 2001 after four years of preparation and
careful study of the environmental challenges. The first two islands were
built by Dutch engineers who had prior expertise reclaiming land from
the sea. A region of the sea with shallow water serves as the location for
Line all three islands. The construction site is sprinkled with sand that has
(10) been retrieved from the ocean floor. The islands are nonetheless quite
exposed to the sea's currents and tidal movements despite the fact that
the shallow water makes this process easier. Sand is held in place by
rocks, creating a huge crescent-shaped structure. The breakwater
function of this shields the islands from the sea.
Line
(15) The first two islands are in the shape of date palm trees and consist of a
trunk and 17 fronds, or leaves, coming off the trunk. The first island,
named Palm Jumeirah, has three five-star hotels in the trunk, and luxury
homes in the leaves. It is astonishing that when these homes went on sale
Line in 2004, they were all sold within three days. Jebel Ali, the second palm,
(20) was established in 2002 and is intended to be a hub for entertainment. A
water theme park, homes on stilts in the water, and six marines are all
proposed.

With a length of 14 km and a width of 8.5 km, or an area larger than

Line Paris, the Palm Deira is intended to be the largest of the three islands.
Line
(25) According to engineers, a billion cubic meters of rock and sand will be
(25)
needed. Residential buildings, marinas, shopping centers, sports
facilities, and clubs will all be included. Both locals and tourists will be
able to use these.
Line
Line The World Islands, additional man-made islands, are now being built
(30)
(30) close to the Palm Jumeirah. They are made up of 300 private islands that
have been arranged to resemble the continents of the world. They will be
used as resorts, estates, private residences, and community islands. These
man-made islands are without a doubt one of the wonders of the modern
Line world. Additionally, they will continue to promote Dubai as one of the
(35) top tourism attractions in the area.

9. The pronoun “They” in line 19 refers to …..

A) date palm trees
B) two islands
C) luxury homes
D) five-star hotels

78
10. The best pronoun “They” in line 30 refers to …..
A) continents
B) The World Islands
C) Tourists
D) sport facilities

Bibliography

Harrison, Richard. 2007. Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Study Skills
Level 1 Student’s Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Philpot, S, Curnick, L, Liz, Soars, J. 2007. Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and
Study Skills Level 3 Student’s Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

79
 UNIT
DETERMINING THE

11 MEANING FROM
SIMPLE WORDS
You may occasionally be asked to interpret the meaning of a simple word that
you frequently come across in everyday English on the TOEFL Reading
Comprehension portion. Instead of providing the word's usual, everyday
meaning, you should clarify its meaning in this context because that is what the
TOEFL test is looking for.
Example:
A line from the passage:
………. He put his answer this way ……

The question:
1. The word “put” is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A) set
B) handed
X expressed
C)
D) placed

Chart of the Key Information

VOCBULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING SIMPLE WORDS

HOW TO “What is the meaning …. ?”

IDENTIFY “Which of the following is closest in meaning to … ?”
THE QUESTION The word is a simple word, one that you see often in
everyday English.
WHERE TO FIND The question usually tells you in which line of the
THE ANSWER passage the word can be found.
HOW TO ANSWER 1. Find the word in the passage.
THE QUESTION 2. Read the sentence that contains the word carefully.
3. Look for context clues to help you understand the
meaning.
4. Choose the answer that the context indicates.

Exercise:
Passage One (Questions 1-3)
When news broke that the oldest known case of a person killed by a

80
 shark involved a member of Japan’s Jōmon culture around 3,000 years
ago, two researchers took special notice.

Line During an excavation of a boy's skeleton that showed signs of a fatal

(5) shark encounter in 1976, anthropological archaeologist Jeffrey Quilter
of Harvard University and bioarchaeologist Robert Benfer of the
University of Missouri in Columbia both took part. The boy's right hip
and right forearm bone bore deep bite marks resembling those made by
Line sharks, according to the scientists, and his left leg was missing.
(10) According to Benfer, "successful shark bites typically include tearing
off a limb, sometimes a leg, and digesting it." The boy's arm wounds
were probably the consequence of an unsuccessful attempt to fend off a
shark.

Line Radiocarbon dating indicated that the teen, whose remains were
(15) discovered at a Peruvian village site called Paloma, died around 6,000
years ago before being placed in a grave unlike any others in his
community, says Benfer, who directed investigations at Paloma in 1976
and in three more field seasons that concluded in 1990. That could
make the teen the oldest known shark attack victim.
Line
(20) Quilter went on to describe the youth’s shark-related injuries in two
paragraphs in a 1989 book, Life and Death at Paloma. But the results
were never published in an academic journal. On July 26, Quilter and
Benfer sent the snippet to the Jōmon researchers via email.
Line Archaeologist J. Alyssa White of the University of Oxford, who headed
(25) the Jōmon team, said, "We were unaware of their allegation until today,
but are interested to speak to them about it in more detail."

About 3.5 kilometers from Peru's Pacific shore, Paloma is hidden

behind hills. Around 7,800 and 4,000 years ago, small groups of people
Line lived there sporadically in reed homes that were shaped like spheres.
(30) Residents of Paloma mostly fished, gathered edible plants, or dove for
shellfish. The majority of Paloma's 201 discovered human tombs were
dug beneath or next to reed homes. But the young man with the
amputated leg was buried in an open space in a large, oval pit that had
Line not been filled. The remains of a grid of canes that had been linked
(35) together and covered with a number of woven mats to create a cover or
roof over the body were discovered by excavators. A seashell, a sizable,
flat rock, and numerous ropes, one of which had intricate knots and a
tassel at one end, were buried with the body.

81
1. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “notice” in line 3?
A) observation
B) piece of paper
C) a warning
D) a formal document

2. The word “placed" in line 16 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) to put someone in a situation
B) to arrange to get something
C) an area or a building
D) a particular position

3. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “journal” in line
22?
A) a diary
B) a record of thoughts
C) a written record of what someone has done each day
D) a serious magazine or newspaper that is published regularly.

Passage Two (Questions 4-6)

A lake is any naturally occurring body of inland water that feels larger
than a pond. The world's lakes are incredibly diverse, with some
locations sharing many characteristics with seas. This holds true for
Line southeast Siberia's Lake Baikal. With a maximum depth of 5387 feet,
(5) the lake is the deepest on Earth and a Unesco World Heritage Site.

Lake depth can be measured in two ways: By the distance from the
surface to its deepest point, and by the average depth of the lake as a
whole. The Russian lake holds the world record in both these
Line categories. Its mean depth is 2486 feet, which is greater than the Burj
(10) Khalifa skyscraper in Dubai. If two Burj Khalifas were stacked on top
of each other at Baikal's deepest point, less than 50 feet of the top spire
would poke past the lake's surface.

Lake Baikal boasts another impressive distinction: It is approximately

Line 25 million years old, which means it is the oldest lake on the planet.
(15) The depth and age of this freshwater body have allowed a variety of
organisms to evolve and flourish in isolation. Half of the 60 fish species
that live there cannot be found anywhere else on Earth, earning the
body the title the "Galapagos of Russia." Baikal is also home to the
nerpa, the only exclusively freshwater seal species known to science.
Line
(20) The world's deepest lake has been threatened recently after supporting a

82
 vibrant ecosystem for millions of years. Pollution from shoreline
development has harmed the lake's distinctive plant and animal
populations. The site has been protected from some of the most
Line alarming development plans by local conservationists, including
(25) proposals for an oil pipeline and a nuclear plant close by, but preserving
the natural wonder is a never-ending struggle.

4. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “surface” in line 7?
A) appearing in a particular way but not always showing the truth
B) the outer or top part or layer of something
C) working on the top of the land
D) to cover a road or other area with a hard surface

5. The word “record" in line 8 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) to keep information for the future
B) to store sounds using electronic equipment so that they can be heard or
later
C) a piece of written information about something that is kept so that people
can refer to it later
D) a piece of information of an event that is stored in a computer

6. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “body” in line
15?
A) the whole physical structure that forms a person
B) a large area of water
C) the painted metal shell of a vehicle
D) a group of people who have joined together for a particular reason

Passage Three (Question 7-8)

A teenage Steve McQueen and other actors flee from a gelatinous slime
that threatens to absorb everything in its path in the 1958 movie The
Blob. The cult classic was remade with Kevin Dillon in 1988, and both
Line films make the blob into the Michael Myers of sludge—a highly
(5) motivated, heartless entity of sheer malevolence—to overcome an
apparently ridiculous premise.

Unexpectedly, The Blob's central substance was inspired by a real-life

event. Joe Keenan and John Collins, two Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
Line police officers, claimed to have witnessed something fall from the sky
(10) on September 26, 1950. They looked around and discovered a strange,
moving goo hanging from a telephone pole. When Collins reached out
to touch it—apparently, he was not well-versed in the rules of horror
movies—it left behind a sticky residue and then simply evaporated. No

83
 Line explanation was ever presented as to the origin of this substance or
(15) whether the officers had misinterpreted the situation.

The two did, however, request assistance, which resulted in four law
enforcement officers verifying this unusual story. Eight years later,
local filmmakers Jack Harris and Irvine H. Millgate produced The Blob
Line after it became somewhat of a media story. Although not specifically
(20) based on the occurrence in 1950, their proximity made it likely that they
were aware of it.

Over the years, similar occurrences have been reported, and the unusual
substance has been dubbed pwdre ser, which is Welsh for "the rot of the
Line stars."Although it is not truly feasible, some people have tried to
(25) explain the substance as some sort of liquefied meteorite. (Meteorites
do not melt and would not survive entry into the atmosphere.) It is more
plausible the stuff is just animal regurgitation of some kind. But when
one such incident occurred in Scotland in 2009, scientists failed to find
any DNA in samples.

7. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “substance” in line
14?
A) the most important part of what someone has said
B) relationship to real facts
C) material with particular physical characteristics
D) importance to real facts

8. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “samples” in line
30?
A) to try a small amount of a product
B) a small amount of a product that shows someone thinking of buying it
C) a small amount of a substance that is tested to find out whether it
contains a particular substance
D) a group of people chosen from a larger group

84
Passage Four (Question 9-10)
Around 100 million years ago, dinosaurs with feathers, including the
ancestors of birds, may have had to contend with pests resembling lice.
Two pieces of Myanmar amber from the middle of the Cretaceous
Line Period were discovered to contain a newly discovered ancient bug
(5) species known as Mesophthirus engeli, along with preserved dinosaur
feathers.

According to study published in Nature Communications on

December 10th, 2019 the fossils are the earliest examples of insects
Line feasting on feathers. According to Taiping Gao, a paleoentomologist at
(10) Beijing's Capital Normal University, the previous record-holder was a
fossilized louse that existed roughly 44 million years ago.

M. engeli looks somewhat like modern lice, with teeth and a thick,
wingless body. The insects also have anatomical traits seen in other
Line ectoparasites — those that live outside of their host’s body. In one
(15) piece of amber that Gao and colleagues analyzed under a microscope,
the team found nine insects on or near a feather. That feather had
damage holes toward its end, but not near its base — a pattern that also
occurs when lice chomp on modern birds’ feathers.

Line Luis Chiappe, a bird-focused paleontologist at the Natural History

(20) Museum of Los Angeles County, argues that modern birds molt to
replace worn-out or damaged feathers. According to him, the new data
suggest that parasite-host interactions that would have harmed feathers
started at least 100 million years ago, which may be one of the origins
of birds' ability to molt.

9. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “piece” in line 15?
A) a gun
B) a coin with a stated value
C) something that has been created by an artist
D) a part of something

10. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “holes” in line 17?
A) a problem in a discussion
B) an empty space in an object
C) something that has not been explained
D) a difficult situation

85
Bibliography

Bates, Sofie. 2019. Licelike Insects Munched on Dinosaur Feathers around 100
Million Years Ago. ScienceNews. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/licelike-insects-ate-dinosaur-feathers-
around-100-million-years-ago
Bower, Bruce. 2021. A Skeleton form Peru Vies for the Title of Oldest Known
Shark Attack Victim. ScienceNews. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/peru-skeleton-oldest-known-shark-
attack-victim
Debczak, Michele. 2022. What is the Deepest Lake in the World?. MentalFloss.
Retrieved from https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/what-is-deepest-lake-in-
world
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Rossen, Jake. 2021. The Real-Life Creepy Blob that Inspired the Blob.
MentalFloss. Retrieved from
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/639625/the-blob-horror-movie-true-
story

86
 UNIT
DETERMINING THE

12 MEANING OF
DIFFICULT WORDS
On the TOEFL test, you may occasionally be asked to define a difficult word
that you are not expected to know. In this instance, the passage will make it quite
obvious what the word implies.

Example:

The passage:
In many nations, it has become a big societal trend for elderly people to
live more independently rather than with their offspring. They frequently
take pride in maintaining their independence and do not want to burden
Line their families. However, if more senior citizens choose to live with their
(5) adult children rather than alone or in nursing institutions, society would
benefit significantly. There are several reasons why this would work in
some situations but not all, including the fact that everyone in the family
would profit and that society might be better able to adapt to the
significant demographic shifts that are expected in the coming years.
Line
(10) The benefits of extended families extend across all generations. It is
typical to hear grandparents and great-grandparents express that being
around kids makes them feel younger. Most grandparents and great-
grandparents like spending time with their grandchildren. Additionally,
Line parents can save money by having their older relatives watch their
(15) children rather than paying for daycare.

There are many advantages for the kids, and it is obvious that what is
healthy for them is excellent for the entire family. For several reasons,
family care is more likely to be of higher quality than care provided at a
Line child care facility. Because family members are more familiar with the
(20) children and because there are fewer kids to look after in a family home
than in a daycare facility, it will be more sensitive to their requirements.
Additionally, families tend to be more emotionally invested in a child's
development than individuals who care for children as a job. A benefit of
Line this type of care is that it helps build family ties because of the increased
(25) interaction between members. Another factor is the knowledge that
grandparents and great-grandparents have gained from the years spent
rearing their own offspring. But it is important to keep in mind that
childcare facilities offer workers with professional training that family

87
 Line members rarely have access to, as well as additional possibilities for social
(30) interaction with other kids outside of the context of the family home.
Thus, child care facilities do have a role to play in raising children, but
their use must be weighed against the benefits of at-home care.

The predicted changes in practically every country's demography result in

Line yet another advantage to society. People are living longer as healthcare
(35) advances. Additionally, birth rates are declining in the majority of
developed nations. Both of these trends work to reduce the future number
of persons in working age and raise the proportion of elderly people in the
population. As a result, government services like free or reduced-cost
Line nursing homes and health care cannot continue at the same pace into the
(40) future. As a result, alternative methods of caring for the elderly must be
taken into account, such as families caring for their own elderly parents.
However, this needs to be supplemented with some government
assistance, albeit at a lower level than it is now, in order to avoid
Line individuals from having to quit their jobs or cut back on their working
(45) hours in order to care for aging relatives.

In summary, the benefits of encouraging more elderly people to live with

their children or grandchildren are considerable and, overall, provide
advantages for all members of the family .and offer a way to deal with
Line demographic shifts. However, some level of support services would still
(50) be necessary in many cases. Therefore, the elderly should be encouraged,
where reasonable, to move in with their children while welfare services
should be tailored to support this.

The question:
1. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “welfare” in line
51?
A) Ailment
B) Sorrow
X Prosperity
C)
D) Calamity

CHART OF THE KEY INFORMATION

VOCBULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING DIFFICULT WORDS

HOW TO IDENTIFY “What is the meaning …. ?”

THE QUESTION “Which of the following is closest in meaning to … ?”
The word is a difficult word, one that you probably do
not know.

WHERE TO FIND The question usually tells you in which line of the
THE ANSWER passage the word can be found.

88
 HOW TO ANSWER 1. Find the word in the passage.
THE QUESTION 2. Read the sentence that contains the word
carefully.
3. Look for context clues to help you understand the
meaning.
4. Choose the answer that the context indicates.

EXERCISE
Passage One (Questions 1-3)
The demands of integrating into a new culture can be a substantial
source of stress for immigrants. Setting up a new life in one's adopted
nation can be challenging, especially when there are linguistic and
Line cultural barriers, as well as few career or training prospects. Pressure to
(5) acculturate, or to adopt the beliefs, language preferences, and habits of
the host or dominant culture, is a substantial source of stress. How does
the stress brought on by acculturation, which is the outcome of this
strain, influence adjustment and mental health?

Line What we have learned is that relationships between acculturation and

(10) psychological adjustment are complex. Some researchers find that
acculturated Hispanic Americans are more likely to develop
psychological disorders than their less acculturated counterparts. Others
have discovered that Mexican Americans who were born in the US
Line typically exhibit higher rates of psychiatric issues than recent Mexican
(15) immigrants. However, other researchers have shown a correlation
between greater rates of sadness and anxiety among Hispanic
Americans and their level of acculturation.

We should be aware that a variety of factors play a role in the process

Line of successfully integrating into a new society as we attempt to make
(20) sense of these contradictory findings. For instance, stress brought on by
financial difficulties plays a significant role in adjustment issues for
both immigrant groups and members of the host society. And
difficulties faced by poorly acculturated immigrants in gaining an
Line economic foothold in the host country may lead to anxiety and
(25) depression. Not surprisingly, a study of immigrant Chinese children in
the United States showed more adjustment problems among those
living in more economically stressful situations. Yet acculturation can
lead to an erosion of traditional family networks, which in turn may
increase vulnerability to psychological disorders in the face of stress.
Line
(30) In conclusion, the psychological adjustment of immigrant groups may
be influenced by elements including economic opportunity, language
competency, and ties to a social network of people with whom one can
relate and seek support. Keeping your ethnic identity may help reduce
the negative impacts of stress. Studies on Asian Americans demonstrate

89
 Line
(35) that keeping one's ethnic identity while creating contacts with the
majority culture results in less stress than withdrawing and separating.
Withdrawal falls short of adequately preparing the individual to adapt
and work effectively in a heterogeneous culture. But the fact that Asian
Line American teenagers with a greater sense of ethnic identity tend to be
(40) more psychologically stable and to have higher levels of self-esteem
than their less attached peers should not come as a surprise.

1. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “acculturation” in
line 9?
A) tiding
B) assimilation
C) specimen
D) solace

2. The word "anxiety" in line 24 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) blessing
B) contentment
C) joy
D) worry

3. Which of the following has the same meaning as the word “vulnerability” in
line 29?
A) asset
B) fragment
C) exposure
D) help

Passage Two (Questions 4-6)

The nature vs. nurture argument concerns whether aspect of a person is
more significant: their inherited traits, which include genes, or their
unique experiences and upbringing. Scientists have been researching
Line the reasons for unique personalities, behaviors, and physical traits for
(5) many years.

The nature versus nurture debate poses a very complicated scientific

question: how do scientists figure out which one plays a greater role in
the development of a person? Many scientists study twins that have
Line separated at birth to answer this research question. Twins are used by
(10) scientists because they have identical genes, which make it simpler to
examine how an individual's environment affects them. Do you believe
identical twins reared in separate households would develop the same
personality as adults?

90
 Line The view that humans acquire all or almost all of their behavioral traits
(15) from “nurture” was termed tabula rasa, Latin for “blank state,” by
philosopher John Locke. According to this theory, only environmental
factors may influence how humans develop. Native language is one
example of a feature that is totally influenced by a person's
Line surroundings. No matter where they are born, children can acquire any
(20) language with equal ease, according to studies.

According to historical definitions, "nurture" refers to parental care for

a child, with a focus on the mother. Now, some people view this phrase
as the environmental (non-genetic) component of a person's
Line surroundings. This new meaning of "nurture" has been enlarged to
(25) cover everything a person encounters in daily life, including
advertisements, media, education, peer influences, and home
surroundings. It no longer only refers to a person's parental upbringing.

Some scientists have concluded that a person’s nature – meaning the

Line traits they got from their parents – have more power in determining a
(30) person’s identity than how they are nurtured, or raised. Qualities that
are developed prior to birth are inherited traits. Some genetic
characteristics, like eye color, are very heritable. Some illnesses or
disorders are inherited as well. Environments still play a role in the way
Line a sickness impacts a person's life, though; for instance, people who are
(35) born with a condition may live a long time depending on how they are
treated. Additionally, some non-genetic elements have a high
heritability. For instance, social status and financial success are two
non-genetic traits that are typically passed down via families.

4. The word “nurture” in line 6 is closest in meaning to …….

A) hardship
B) oversight
C) development
D) ignorance

5. The word "acquire" in line 14 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) enhance
B) obtain
C) surrender
D) Divide

91
 6. The word "traits" in line 29 is closest in meaning to ……….
A) paths
B) notions
C) characteristics
D) choices

Passage Three (Questions 7-8)

In 1923, Evangeline I. Gilbert filed a patent for an “appliance for
producing dimples,” which was essentially a metal face strap with two
knobs that left depressions in the wearer’s cheeks. While it is unlikely
Line the invention had any lasting effects, its mere existence is evidence that
(5) many people consider dimples an attractive, coveted feature. The
zygomaticus major, the muscle that goes from your cheekbone to the
corner of your mouth and lifts that corner when you grin, is the leading
idea for the cause of this endearing abnormality, according to Bustle.
Line The zygomaticus major muscle in humans with no dimples is one
(10) continuous band; however, in some of our counterparts with dimples,
researchers have discovered that the muscle actually forks close to the
mouth. Where this "double or bifid zygomaticus major" divides, a
dimple is seen when they grin. However, the zygomaticus major has not
Line been definitively linked to all dimples; it is also plausible that changes
(15) in other facial muscles can influence the development of dimples.

Another unsolved mystery is how some of us have those unusual facial

muscles that result in dimples. Many scientists concur that genetics
holds the key to the puzzle because it is typical for parents with dimples
Line to have children with dimples. Dimples were once thought to be a
(20) dominant trait, meaning that if both parents have them, their children
would also have them. However, recent research has shown that this is
not always the case. Now, as Healthline explains, dimples are more
often considered an “irregular dominant trait,” which basically means
Line that there are some exceptions to the rule. Much like multiple facial
(25) muscles—rather than just the zygomaticus major—could cause dimples
in some people, dimple inheritance could be impacted by a combination
of genes, instead of just one.

In conclusion, there is undoubtedly more to learn about dimples than

Line we now realize. We can be relatively certain of this, though: As cute as
(30) dimples are, they probably are not worth having a metal device clamped
to your face.

92
7. The word “coveted” in line 5 is closest in meaning to …….
A) abjure
B) desire strongly
C) dismal
D) mythical

8. The word "inheritance" in line 26 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) the amount of confidence felt by a person
B) belief in something that is not true
C) a feeling of strong dislike
D) possession gained through someone’s death

Passage Four (Questions 9-10)

With the discovery last month of three more planets orbiting nearby
stars, the number of proposed extrasolar planets now totals more than
50. The three objects were found with a high-precision spectrograph
Line that analyzes starlight beaming into the 4-meter Anglo-Australian
(5) Telescope near Coonabarabran, Australia. Researchers have used the
telescope since 1998 to search for planets among 200 nearby stars in the
southern sky.

The smallest of the three planets, orbiting at a distance roughly one-

Line tenth that of Mercury around the sun, is at least 84 percent as massive
(10) as Jupiter and is located within roasting distance of its parent star. In
just three days, that brand-new discovery completes an orbit around its
star. The heaviest of the bodies, with a minimum mass that is almost
twice that of Jupiter, orbits its parent star, mu Ara, in the constellation
Line Altar in slightly over 2 Earth years and travels in an elliptical orbit. The
(15) average separation of the planet from its parent star is only somewhat
bigger than that of Mars from the sun.

The middle-weight object, which seems the most intriguing, is at least

1.26 times as massive as Jupiter. It has a circular orbit and lies at an
Line Earthlike distance from its parent star, epsilon Reticulum. It orbits its
(20) star every 426 days. Located in the constellation Net, this planet has the
largest circular orbit of any planet yet detected outside the solar system,
notes theorist Alan P. Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
(D.C.)

Line This is encouraging that we will eventually discover planets with the
(25) mass of Jupiter and orbits similar to Jupiter, he says. According to Boss,
these planets would serve as a shield to protect inner Earthlike planets
from comets and other space junk because they are far farther away
from their parent star than Earth is from the sun. The search for planets

93
 Line is conducted by the discovery team, which includes Chris Tinney of the
(30) Anglo-Australian Observatory. A planet orbits its star, which causes it
to oscillate. By observing a periodic shift in the frequency of the star's
light emissions, scientists may measure that wobble.

9. The word “beaming” in line 4 is closest in meaning to …….

A) shine brightly
B) dark and gloomy
C) very vivid in color
D) difficult or impossible to understand

10. The word "intriguing" in line 17 is closest in meaning to ……….

A) fascinating
B) mythical
C) Wholesome
D) amusing

Bibliography
Avery, John and Fellag, L, R. 2006. College Reading 3. Houghton Mifflin
Company. New York.
Coewn, Ron. 2001. A Trio of New Planets. ScienceNews. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/trio-new-planets
Cox, Kathy. English for Academic Purposes. 2004. Sydney: Pearson Education.
Gutoskey, Ellen. 2020. Why Do Some People Have Dimples?. Mental Floss.
Retrieved from https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/632681/why-some-
people-have-dimples
Philips, Deborah. 2004. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Staff, CommonLit. 2015. The Nature vs. Nurture Debate. COMMONLIT.
Retrieved from https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/the-nature-vs-nurture-
debate

94
 UNIT
DETERMINING

13 WHERE THE SPECIFIC

INFORMATION IS
FOUND
On the TOEFL test you will sometimes be asked to pinpoint where in the passage
a piece of information is situated. The response selections will give possible
locations for the information. The ideal strategy for answering this kind of
question is to carefully read the question to ascertain the information you need,
then skim the lines provided in the responses to find it.

Example:

The passage:
The American Psychological Association examined various intelligence
studies in 1996. These studies are summarized below. Intelligence is
influenced by heredity. We do not, however, understand how genes
Line affect IQ. Education is crucial for the growth of intelligence. We do not,
(5) however, know exactly what aspects of education are crucial for
intelligence.

When it comes to IQ, there are no significant disparities between men

and women. There are some variations in particular skills, though. Men
Line typically perform better in math, and women on verbal skills. Tests of
(10) intelligence can forecast academic performance. They are able to
forecast high grades. They can also forecast how many years a person
will spend in school. Not all types of intelligence are revealed through
IQ testing. They do not explain to us how to be creative, wise, or
sensitive.
Line
(15) Researchers continue to study the role of genes in intelligence. In May
1998, Robert Plomin reported the discovery of a gene that is linked to
high intelligence. Reports in September 1999 claimed that scientists
changed a gene in mice to make them more intelligent. Genes are not
Line the whole answer to the question of what makes us intelligent. More
(20) research will tell us more about intelligence.

95
The question:
1. Where in the passage does the author discuss the differences in specific
abilities between men and women?
A) Lines 2-4
X Lines 8-11
B)
C) Lines 13-15
D) Lines 16-18

Chart of the Key Information

QUESTIONS ABOUT WHERE IN THE PASSAGE

HOW TO IDENTIFY Where in the passage….?

THE QUESTION
WHERE TO FIND The answer can be in any of the lines listed
THE ANSWER in the answers to the question.
HOW TO ANSWER 1. Choose a key word or idea in the
THE QUESTION question.
2. Skim the lines in the passage that are
listed in the answers to the question.
You should skim for the key word or
idea.
3. Choose the answer that contains the
line numbers of a restatement of the
question.
Exercise:
Passage One (Questions 1-3)
There are various types of websites, including those for government,
education, commerce, and organizations (.gov) (.org). The prejudice of
the individuals who built and manage each website will be reflected in
Line it. You can judge how accurate the information you find there by
(5) knowing whose site it is. You should take note of the website's type
when browsing it.

Every website serves a distinct purpose. Sites run by the government

and schools typically aim to inform the public about essential or
Line practical topics. Conversely, commercial websites are made to market
(10) goods and/or services. Expect businesses with commercial websites to
highlight their own goods and services while downplaying any flaws or
shortcomings. Be prepared if they indicate that the goods and services
offered by their rivals are superior. Be aware that such claims may or
Line may not be accurate, and that they should be verified before being taken
(15) at face value.

96
 A fact is a truth that is generally acknowledged by knowledgeable
individuals. Contrarily, an opinion is a conviction or a finding that not
everyone shares. It is critical to distinguish between fact and opinion.
Line Online news is more difficult to differentiate between fact and opinion
(20) than it is on TV or in periodicals. This is so that anyone can express
their thoughts online.

It is possible that assertions made as facts are untrue. (Even the most
honest people occasionally make mistakes, and not everyone is.)
Line Imagine hearing, "The divorce rate has tripled in the past 20 years."
(25) This is written as a factual assertion. To be sure, you should likely
double-check this information. To discover if other Internet sites,
books, or magazines concur with this statistic, you can check them out.
Take into account all the information you have located before making
Line this choice. This contains the type of proof that the opinion is supported
(30) by. Keep in mind that your own observations and experiences are valid
sources of evidence.

1. Where in the passage does the author mention the function of commercial
websites?
A) Lines 7-9
B) Lines 9-12
C) Lines 18-19
D) Lines 21-23

2. Where in the passage does the author state the distinction between fact and
opinion?
A) Lines 16-18
B) Lines 19-21
C) Lines 22-24
D) Lines 25-27

3. Where in the passage does the author state the fact which is easier to be told
on TV?
A) Lines 5-8
B) Lines 11-13
C) Lines 19-21
D) Lines 22-25

Passage Two (Questions 4-6)

Numerous minerals have fascinating lives as gemstones. Precious or
semiprecious minerals with attractive color, luster, or crystal shape are
called gemstones. Gemstones can be polished or cut. Some gems are

97
 Line extremely rare, including diamonds and emeralds. Others are rather
(5) typical. The most typical ones are crystals of typical silicates that create
rocks.

When the right circumstances are present, minerals can evolve into
gemstones that have massive, flawless crystals. There are two main
Line ways that this occurs. One method is the subsurface cooling and
(10) crystallization of molten rock, or very hot liquid rock. Another
technique is when extremely high pressure and heat are applied to
preexisting rock.

Cracks in the nearby colder rocks are frequently filled with molten
Line rock. It creates beautiful crystals in the fissures. Massive crystals can
(15) form from the molten rock if the area is large enough. A single
pyroxene crystal measuring more than 12 meters (40 feet) long and 2
meters (6.5 feet) wide was discovered in South Dakota. It was over
8,000 kilos heavy (8 tons). As a result of this process, gems like topaz,
tourmaline, and beryl are also created.
Line
(20) When heat and pressure modify the rock, gemstones may also develop.
As a result, new minerals are produced that are more stable in the
altered environment. For instance, heat and high pressure can form
rubies and sapphires from rocks containing aluminum.

Line The diamond is another precious gem. High pressures cause it to

(25) change from a dull crystal to a stunning crystal from an ordinary
carbon. More than 150 kilometers (90 miles) below the earth's surface
is where diamonds form. Where hot gas has forced hot liquid rock from
deep inside the earth to the surface, diamonds are most frequently
Line found. Diamonds are carried upward with this molten rock. It creates a
(30) spherical object that resembles a water pipe. Kimberlite pipes are the
term used for these diamond-rich formations. Deep in the earth is
typically where kimberlite pipes are found. They are called after the
South African city of Kimberley. Siberia, India, Australia, Brazil, the
Line Northwest Territories of Canada, southern and central Africa, and the
(35) western United States all have kimberlite pipelines.

The diamonds found in gem-quality kimberlite pipes are extremely rare.

Only one in every 200 kimberlite pipes in southern Africa contains
enough diamonds to justify the exorbitant expense of extracting them.

4. Where in the passage does the author discuss the methods that minerals form
gemstones?
A) Lines 3-5
B) Lines 5-7

98
 C) Lines 9-12
D) Lines 13-15

5. Where in the passage does the author discuss the measurement of pyroxene
crystal in South Dakota?
A) Lines 2-4
B) Lines 5-7
C) Lines 9-11
D) Lines 15-18

6. Where in the passage does the author discuss the creation of new minerals
by the heat and pressure to the rock?
A) Lines 13-15
B) Lines 21-23
C) Lines 24-26
D) Lines 30-32

Passage Three (Question 7-8)

Huge amounts of the Earth's water were frozen during the previous Ice
Age by the accumulation of glaciers. Sea levels were thus lower, which
made it possible for people to migrate across ice sheets in various
Line regions of the world. The Ice Age in North America carved out a land
(5) route across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia to Alaska.
Sometime near the conclusion of this Ice Age, the first settlers
appeared. The mastodon was one of the herds of wild creatures that
moved across the flat, treeless plains of the Beringia land bridge.
Line Siberian hunters eventually followed these creatures to North America.
(10) The likelihood is that they had no idea they were approaching a
different continent. The native Americans of North and South America
descended from these emigrants. The National Geographic journalist
Thomas Canby spent a year working with archaeologists as they looked
Line for prehistoric graves across the Americas. From his experience, Canby
(15) envisioned the type of world that might have greeted the first
Americans:

What a wild world it was! To see it properly, we must board a time

machine and travel back into the Ice Age. The northern half of North
Line America has vanished, buried beneath ice sheets two miles thick.
(20) Stretching south to Kentucky, they buckle the Earth's crust with their
weight .... Animals grow oversize.... Elephant-eating jaguars stand tall
as lions, beavers grow as big as bears, South American sloths as tall as
giraffes. With arctic cold pushing so far southward, walrus bask on
Virginia beaches, and musk-oxen graze from Maryland to California.

99
 Line
(25) When the first Americans landed is a mystery. According to some
academics, the migration over the land bridge started as early as 40,000
BC. Some claim it happened as recently as 12,000 BC. In many other
places of the world, archaeologists have discovered evidence that early
Line humans traversed land bridges. The earliest inhabitants of Ireland may
(30) have traveled across a land bridge to England about 7,000 BC and to
France in 16,000 BC. There may have been land bridges that linked
southern Europe and North Africa. Up until around 8,000 BC, it was
considered that Australia and New Guinea were connected by a land
bridge in the Pacific Ocean.

7. Where in the passage does the author discuss the ancestors of the native
Americans of North and South America?
A) Lines 2-5
B) Lines 6-7
C) Lines 9-12
D) Lines 14-17

8. Where in the passage does the author discuss the time of the migration across
the land bridge?
A) Lines 4-7
B) Lines 10-14
C) Lines 17-20
D) Lines 25-27

Passage Four (Question 9-10)

Between the 1500s and the 1800s, about 15 million Africans were
abducted and transported to various locations in the New World. When
roughly 20 black individuals arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619,
Line slavery was officially established in England's American colonies. In
(5) the thirteen colonies, there were 500,000 slaves by 1776. The
Declaration of Independence, which declared that the thirteen colonies
had united to form the United States, was adopted by the American
colonists on July 4 of that year. Despite the Declaration's claims that
Line "all men are created equal" and had the right to "Life, Liberty, and the
(10) pursuit of Happiness," slavery was legal in all thirteen of the new states,
and slaves were not granted these fundamental liberties.

Massachusetts was the first state to forbid slavery in 1780. Slavery was
abolished in the North by the middle of the 1800s, and other northern
Line states soon followed. However, Southern landowners continued to
(15) increase the number of slaves they owned, particularly after the cotton
gin was invented in 1793 and made cotton a very lucrative crop. One
seventh of all Americans—3.2 million slaves—lived in the South in

100
 1850. While many of the slaves worked as "King Cotton" farmers,
Line some were domestic servants, and others with specialized trades like
(20) carpentry or hairdressing worked in the city and brought in substantial
sums of money for their owners.

It is difficult to imagine the harshness of slave existence. Picture that

work having no more rights than a horse or a cow, your master has the
Line power to kill you or rape your mother and sisters if he so chooses.
(25) Working sixteen hours a day in a cotton, tobacco, or rice field. Being
spanked by an overseer if you get behind in your work. Eating only old
corn and bacon. Wearing your only set of clothes every day; when you
are away from home, you have to show a pass to every white person
Line you meet and pray in the "Negro section" of the church, where the
(30) white preacher warns you that you'll go to hell if you disobey your
master or flee. You also have to watch helplessly as your relatives are
sold to different owners, never to see one another again. Finally,
visualize that if you are discovered attempting to flee, you might be
Line burned with a hot iron, severely beaten, or even burned to death. If you
(35) can picture everything, you could start to have a sense of what slavery
was like.

One of history's most thrilling chapters is the tale of the slaves who
escaped in search of freedom. The fugitives frequently made their way
Line through the woods at night while being led by the North Star. The
(40) Underground Railroad, a system of safe houses built by abolitionists
where runaways could eat and rest on their journey north, frequently
assisted them. Many American families still take great satisfaction in
having ancestors who escaped slavery or housed fugitive slaves in their
Line houses. However, very few of these tales have been preserved in
(45) writing. The fugitives were typically unable to document their
experiences since they had never been taught to read or write.
Thankfully, just a few accounts of runaway slaves were recorded in
writing. A number of runaway slaves who attended school then wrote
Line about their experiences, frequently adopting fictitious names to make it
(50) harder for their former masters to find them. Then, in 1865, the North
won the Civil War against the South, thus abolishing slavery in the
United States. More former slaves who had no fear of going back to
slavery wrote about their escapes.

9. Where in the passage does the author discuss that the slaves worked with
several skills?
A) Lines 2-4
B) Lines 5-7
C) Lines 9-12
D) Lines 17-21

101
10. Where in the passage does the author discuss the ways that slaves escaped?
A) Lines 25-28
B) Lines 34-37
C) Lines 38-42
D) Lines 43-46

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 Ferawaty Puspitorini earned her Bachelor's Degree From
Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing LIA Jakarta in 2007 and earned
her Master's Degree from Department of English Education at
University of Indraprasta PGRI in 2012. She taught as a lecturer
of English Education Program at University of Indraprasta PGRI
until 2018. She has been teaching as a lecturer of Fakultas
Ekonomi dan Bisnis at Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya
since 2018. She has some scientific papers published: " The
Correlation Between Students Vocabulary Achievement at the Second Grade of
SMPN 9 Kota Bekasi" (Majalah Forum Ilmiah Universitas Jakarta 2013),
"Penggunaan Aplikasi Android Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris" (Prosiding
KNIT ke-2 NUSA MANDIRI 2016), "Pengenalan Webquests Dalam Pembelajaran
Bahasa Inggris" (Faktor Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan 2016 ), "Problem In
Translating Collocation In President Barack Obama Speech "Muslim World”: New
Beginning At Cairo, Egypt" (Prosiding ISTL ke-3 Universitas Indonesia 2016).
"Strategi Pembelajaran di Perguruan Tinggi Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19" (Jurnal
Kajian Ilmiah/JKI Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya 2020).
 Haris Hamdani born on January 31, 1987 in Majalengka,
obtained the Bachelor’s degree in 2012 from Institut Agama
Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon and Master’s degree from
Universitas Negeri Semarang, both in the field of English
Language Education. He has been an English lecturer at
Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya since 2020. He has some
scientific papers published “Applying BBC Learning English
Application in Students’ Vocabulary Mastery” (Lexeme: Journal
of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, 2021), “Students’ Perception on the Use of
Cake Application to Improve Speaking Skill” (JALL: Journal of Applied
Linguistics and Literacy, 2022), and “Analysis of the Use of English Loanword in
the Cyber Crime Column in Kompas Digital Newspaper” (ETERNAL: English
Teaching Journal, 2022). He has been active in community service “Sosialisasi
Quizizz sebagai Media Pengenalan Bahasa Inggris bagi Guru RA kecamatan
Kertajati Kabupaten Majalengka, 2021” in Majalengka, “Pelatihan Pengetahuan
dan Penerapan Kalimat Efektif pada Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris di RA
Bani Barun Majalengka, 2022” in Majalengka, “Upaya Peningkatan Literasi dan
Numerasi melalui Adaptasi Teknologi di SD Negeri Srijaya 04 Bekasi, 2022” in
Bekasi, and “Optimalisasi Media Ajar dalam Pengajaran Berbasis Digital di SD
Negeri Muktiwari 01, 2022” in Bekasi.