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INTRODUCTION:
MATTER AND Classifications of Matter
MEASUREMENT
Solid rigid, definite volume and shape.
Liquid relatively incompressible fluid,
definite volume, takes shape of
container.
Gas easily compressible fluid, no fixed
volume or shape.
Chapter 1
The three forms of matter Pure Substances and Mixtures
- solid, liquid and gas -
are referred to as the states of matter. A pure substance is a kind of matter that
cannot be separated into other kinds of
matter by any physical process.
A mixture is a material that can be
separated by physical means into two or
more substances.
Get two types of mixtures:
– A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that
is uniform in its properties throughout
given samples.
– A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that
consists of physicallly distinct parts, each
with different properties.
Note : A phase is one of several homogeneous
materials present in the portion of matter under
study.
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Basic Distillation Setup
Separation of Mixtures
Examples to separate heterogeneous mixtures:
- Magnetic
- Filtration
Examples to separate homogeneous mixtures:
- Distillation
- Chromatography
Separation of Mixtures by Paper Separation of Mixtures by Column
Chromatography Chromatography
Elements and Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of
Laviosier defined an element as a two or more elements chemically
substance that cannot be decomposed by combined.
any chemical reaction into simpler
substances.
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Physical and Chemical Changes
A physical change is a change in the form of Intensive vs Extensive Properties
matter but not in its chemical identity.
Example:
- Dissolution of salt. Extensive property: is dependent on the
- Distillation amount of substance in a system.
eg. mass, volume etc.
A chemical change or chemical reaction is a
change in which one or more kinds of matter Intensive property: is NOT dependent on
are transformed into a new kind of matter or the amount of substance in a system.
several new kinds of matter. eg. density, temperature, pressure etc.
Example:
- The rusting of iron.
In flow-diagram form:
Physical Measurements
Chemists characterise and identify substances by
their particular properties. To determine many of
these properties requires physical measurements.
In a modern chemical laboratory, measurements
often are complex, but many experiments begin
with simple measurements of mass, volume, time,
and so forth.
Units of Measurement The Length of a Steel Rod
Any measurement consists of three interlinked
concepts:
a measured number
a unit
a measure of the uncertainty
If you repeat a particular measurement,
you usually do not obtain precisely the
same result, because each measurement
is subject to experimental error.
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SI Base units and SI Prefixes SI Base Units
The International System or SI was
adopted in 1960 and is a particular choice
of metric units.
There are seven base units from which all
other units can be derived.
In SI a larger or a smaller unit for a
physical quantity is indicated by a SI
prefix.
SI Prefixes
Length, Mass and Time
Self study
Temperature Converting from one temperature
scale to another
TK TC 273.15 K
9
TF TC 32 o F
5
TF 32 oC
5
TC
9
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Derived SI units
Example:
In winter the average low temperature of
interior Alaska is –30°F. What is the
temperature in degree Celsius? And in Kelvin?
Area Volume
Once base units have been defined for a Volume is defined as
system of measurement, then other units length cubed and has
can be derive. the SI unit of cubic
meter (m3).
SI unit of area
= (SI unit of length) x (SI unit of length)
1 L = 1 dm3 and 1 mL = 1 cm3
Density Which is more dense?
The density of an object is its mass per unit
volume.
m
d =
v
Suppose an object has a mass of 15.0 g and a
volume of 10.0 cm3
Then:
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Alternate Example Alternate Example
Using Density to relate Mass and Volume
Calculating the Density of a Substance
A sample of gasoline has a density of 0.718
Oil of wintergreen is a colourless liquid used as g/mL. What is the volume of 454 g of gasoline?
a flavouring. A 28.1 g sample of oil of
wintergreen has a volume of 23.7 ml. What is the m
d =
density of wintergreen? v
Dimensional Analysis Example
Calculate the volume, V, of a cube, given s,
Dimensional analysis the method of the length of one of its sides.
calculation in which one carries along the units
for quantities V = s3 , if s = 5.00 cm
The advantages of this are:
– The correct units for the answer follow
automatically.
– Errors are more easily identified.
eg. when the final units are nonsense
NO guesswork in the final units
Alternate Example
Converting Between Units.
Converting Units: Metric Unit to Metric
What is 5 liters in terms of cm3? Unit
We know: 1 mL = 1 cm3 A sample of sodium metal is burned in chlorine
gas, producing 573 mg of sodium chloride. How
Therefore: many grams is this? How many kilograms?
5L 573 mg
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Number of Significant Figures
Converting Units: Metric Volume to
Metric Volume Number of significant figures number of
digits reported for the value of a measured
An experiment calls for 54.3 mL of ethanol. or calculated quantity, indicating the
What is the volume in cubic meters? precision of the value.
We know: 1 mL = 1 cm3 Scientific notation is the representation of
Therefore: a number in the form:
A x 10n
eg. 3x10-8 m
Sig. Fig. Rules!
Determine the number of sig. fig.’s in the following:
All digits are significant except zeros at
the beginning of the number and possibly 27.53 cm
terminal zeros.
eg. 0.00231 59000
39.240 cm
Terminal zeros ending at the right of the 102.0 g
decimal point are significant.
eg. 0.2540
0.00021 kg
Terminal zeros in a number without an 0.06080 L
explicit decimal point or may not be
significant. 0.0002 L
Sig. Fig.’s in Calculations Example:
Suppose you have a substance believed to be cis-
Multiplication and division: platin and, in an effort to establish its identity, you
– result must have as many sig. fig.’s as measure its solubility.
there are in the measurement with the
least number of sig. fig.’s. You find that 0.0634 g of the substance dissolves in
25.31 g of water.
Addition and Subtraction: The amount dissolving in 100.0 g is :
– result must have same number of
decimal places as there are in the 0.0634 g cis-platin
100.0 g of water x
measurement with the least number of 25.31 g of water
decimal places.
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Exact Numbers & Rounding
In performing the calculation
100.0 X 0.0634 ÷ 25.31, An exact number is a number that arises
when you count items or sometimes when
you define a unit.
the calculator display shows
0.2504938.
The conventions of significant figures do
NOT apply to exact number.
We would report the answer as
eg. suppose you want the total mass of 9 coins
when each coin has a mass of 3.0 grams.
The calculation is:
because the factor
has the least number of
significant figures Rounding is the procedure of dropping
nonsignificant digits in a calculation and
adjusting the last digit reported.
Example One more Example
Perform the following calculations, rounding
the answers to the correct number of sig. fig.’s.
92.34 x (0.456 - 0.421) =
5.8914
Remember :
1.289 x 7.28 0.458 - 0.421 =
Now considering sig. fig.’s:
Therefore answer =
