CONTENTS

Introduction
Interpolation methods(formulae,diagram,example)
Applications in engineering field
Acknowledgement
References/Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Interpolation is the process of calculating a value
between two points on the curve of a function from
the given points which also lie on the same curve.
In other words, interpolation involves the
calculation of new values from the already
available set of values. Using interpolation, the
diverse data can be converted into a concise
function, such that each point in the data passes
through the curve of such function. It is generally
used in geography to predict data points such as
noise level, rainfall, elevation, and so on.
INTERPOLATION METHODS
Interpolation Formula

The unknown value on the data points can be found using the linear interpolation and Lagrange’s interpolation formula.

The linear interpolation formula is given by-

𝑥−𝑥1
y=𝑦1+ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑥2 −𝑥1

Similarly, Lagrange’s interpolation formula is given by-

𝑥−𝑥1 𝜘−𝑥2 … 𝑥−𝜘𝑛 𝑥−𝑥0 𝜘−𝑥2 … 𝑥−𝜘𝑛 𝑥−𝑥1 𝜘−𝑥1 … 𝑥−𝜘𝑛−1
𝑦= 𝑥0 −𝑥1 𝑥0−𝑥2 … 𝑥0−𝑥𝑛
𝑦0+ 𝑥1 −𝑥0 𝑥1−𝑥2 … 𝑥1−𝑥𝑛
𝑦1+….+ 𝑥n−𝑥0 𝑥0−𝑥1 … 𝑥n−𝑥𝑛−1
𝑦n

Interpolation Methods Definitions

1. Linear Interpolation Method Linear Interpolation Formula is a method that constructs the new data points from the given set of data
points. Linear interpolation is used for fitting curves using linear polynomials. It finds the unknown values in
the table.
2. Newton’s divided difference Newton’s divided difference interpolation formula is an interpolation technique used when the interval
method difference is not same for all sequence of values. Suppose f(x 0), f(x1), f(x2)………f(xn) be the (n+1) values of
the function y=f(x) corresponding to the arguments x=x 0, x1, x2…xn, where interval differences are not same

3. Spline Interpolation Method This method fits a different polynomial between each pair of zero for the given data points for
the curves between sets of three points for the surfaces.

4. Lagrangian method Lagrange Interpolation is a way of finding the value of any function at any given point when the function is
not given. We use other points on the function to get the value of the function at any required point.

5. Quadratic Interpolation It is a refined form of linear interpolation method

method
FORMULAE
The formulae of the
mentioned Interpolation Methods Formulae
interpolation 1. Linear Interpolation y=𝑦1+𝑥
𝑥−𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
methods are shown Method 2 −𝑥1

beside 2. Newton’s divided

difference method f(x) = f(x0)+(x−xo)f[x0,x1]+(x−xo)(x-x1)f[x0,x1, x2]+…. (x − xo)(x −
𝑓 𝑥1 −𝑓 𝑥0
x1).....(x — 𝑥𝑘−1)ƒ[x0, x1, x2...xk];𝑓 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ; 𝑓 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 =
𝑥1 −𝜘0
𝑓 𝜘1 ,𝜘2 −𝑓 𝑥0 ,𝑥1 𝑓2 −𝑓1 𝑓 𝜘 ,𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥2, 𝑥1
;𝑓 𝑥1, 𝑥2 = ;𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 = 3 2 …….
𝑥2 −𝑥0 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥3 −𝜘1

=3. Spline Interpolation 𝑓 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑓 𝑥𝑖

Method 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖ሶ
4. Lagrangian method 𝑥−𝑥1 𝜘−𝑥2 … 𝑥−𝜘𝑛 𝑥−𝑥0 𝜘−𝑥2 … 𝑥−𝜘𝑛
𝑦= 𝑥0 −𝑥1 𝑥0−𝑥2 … 𝑥0−𝑥𝑛
𝑦0+ 𝑥1 −𝑥0 𝑥1−𝑥2 … 𝑥1−𝑥𝑛
𝑦1+….+
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝜘 − 𝑥1 … 𝑥 − 𝜘𝑛−1
𝑦
𝑥n − 𝑥0 𝑥0 − 𝑥1 … 𝑥n − 𝑥𝑛−1 n
5. Quadratic Interpolation y = y0 × L0(x) + y1 × L1(x) + y2 × L2(x); L₀(x) = (x – x₁) × (x – x₂) / ((x₀
method – x₁) × (x₀ – x₂));L₁(x) = (x – x₀) × (x – x₂) / ((x₁ – x₀) × (x₁ – x₂));L₂(x)
= (x – x₀) × (x – x₁) / ((x₂ – x₀) × (x₂ – x₁))
Example:
Using Newton's forward interpolation formula, find the polynomial f(x)
Linear interpolation
Newton’s differenece
satisfying the following data. Hence, evaluate y at x = 5. interpolation

Spline interpolation

Diagrams
Lagrange’s Quadratic
interpolation interpolation
Applications in engineering field

• A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical

energy.
• The deflection is plotted on the x- axis and the
corresponding load ir newton on y-axis. Often we
have to find the values between the tw sets of values
(load vs. deflection) Hence interpolation is the
technique used to find the unknown values.
• Polynomial interpolation method is used for
determining performance characteristics of a diesel
engine
• We can calculate slope & deflection in any type of
beam (cantilever,UDL,UVL,Point loaded) using this
interpolation formulas if we have already estimated
slope and deflection of beam at finite points.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the
completion of this presentation on Interpolation in Numerical Analysis.
First and foremost, I extend my deepest thanks to my instructor, Prof. Payel Das,
for her invaluable guidance, insightful feedback, and constant encouragement
throughout the development of this presentation. Their expertise and passion for
the subject have been truly inspiring.
I would also like to acknowledge my classmates and peers for their constructive
discussions and collaboration, which helped refine my understanding of
complex concepts.
Furthermore, I am grateful for the numerous academic resources, research
papers, and textbooks that provided a solid foundation for this work.
Lastly, I appreciate the support and motivation from my family and friends, whose
belief in my abilities kept me motivated throughout the process.
Thank you all for being a part of this learning journey.
References/Bibliography
•"Numerical Analysis" by Richard L. Burden & J. Douglas Faires
•A widely used textbook covering interpolation, numerical integration, and
more — great for foundational knowledge.
•"Numerical Methods for Engineers" by Steven C. Chapra & Raymond P.
Canale
•Practical explanations and real-world examples, perfect if you want to connect
theory with applications.
•"An Introduction to Numerical Analysis" by Kendall E. Atkinson
•A thorough exploration of interpolation techniques, error analysis, and
polynomial approximations.
•"Applied Numerical Analysis" by Curtis F. Gerald & Patrick O. Wheatley
•Clear explanations of Lagrange and Newton interpolations, spline functions,
and iterative methods.
•"Numerical Methods in Scientific Computing" by Germund Dahlquist &
Åke Björck
•A more advanced, rigorous text — perfect for a deep dive into interpolation
theory and practice.
THANK YOU!