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B2 - Fundamentals ENG 2 Formula Sheet

This document is a formula sheet for Aircraft Performance and System Engineering, covering key equations related to atmospheric flight, fluid flows, wings and aircraft, aircraft speeds, hydraulics, and electrics. It includes essential formulas for calculating temperature, pressure, mass flow, lift and drag coefficients, and conversion factors. The document serves as a reference for engineering principles relevant to aircraft performance and systems engineering.

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97 views2 pages

B2 - Fundamentals ENG 2 Formula Sheet

This document is a formula sheet for Aircraft Performance and System Engineering, covering key equations related to atmospheric flight, fluid flows, wings and aircraft, aircraft speeds, hydraulics, and electrics. It includes essential formulas for calculating temperature, pressure, mass flow, lift and drag coefficients, and conversion factors. The document serves as a reference for engineering principles relevant to aircraft performance and systems engineering.

Uploaded by

randompjerandom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING:

Formula sheet Aircraft Performance and System Engineering

Aircraft Performance block 1 & 2

Atmospheric flight
• Temperature in the troposphere: Th = TSL + λh with λ = -6.5 ∙ 10-3 K/m
• Equation of state: p = ρRT with R = 287 J/kg∙K

• Speed of sound (at altitude): a = �γRTℎ with γ = 1.40


𝑉𝑉
• Mach number 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑎𝑎

Fluid flows
• Mass flow in a stream tube: ṁ = ρAv [kg/s]
• For two points in the same stream tube: ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
• For two points along the same stream line: p1/ρ + ½v12 + gh1 = p2/ρ + ½v22 + gh2
1
• Dynamic pressure: 𝑞𝑞 = 2 ρ𝑉𝑉 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Friction: 𝜏𝜏 = µ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
• Reynolds Number: 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙 = µ
𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝∞ 𝑣𝑣 2
• Pressure coefficient: 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = = 1 − �𝑉𝑉�
𝑞𝑞∞
Wings and aircraft
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 2
• Aspect ratio 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐 =
𝑔𝑔 𝑆𝑆

• Straight tapered wing surface 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑏𝑏(𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑟 + 𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 )/2


• Total drag: D = Dp + Dpar + Di = D0 + Di
𝐿𝐿
• Lift coefficient: 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 = 1
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑆𝑆
2

𝐷𝐷
• Drag coefficient: 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 1
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑆𝑆
2

2𝜋𝜋
• Lift curve slope: 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 𝛼𝛼 = 2
1+
𝐴𝐴

𝐶𝐶 2
• Drag polar: 𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷0 + 𝜋𝜋𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Aircraft speeds
𝜌𝜌
• Equivalent Airspeed 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉 �𝜌𝜌
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

• True Airspeed 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑀𝑀 ∙ 𝑎𝑎

Fundamental Engineering – formula sheet 2024-2025 Version Nov, 2024 page 1 of 2


FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING 2:
Formula sheet Aircraft Performance and System Engineering

Systems Engineering block 2


Hydraulics
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
• Pressure: 𝑝𝑝 = 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1 2

• Displacement: 𝐹𝐹1 ∙ 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝐹𝐹2 ∙ 𝑆𝑆2


• Volume : 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐴𝐴1 ∙ 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝐴𝐴2 ∙ 𝑆𝑆2
𝑉𝑉
• Flow : 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣 =
𝑡𝑡

• Hydraulic power : 𝑃𝑃ℎ = 𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣


𝑃𝑃ℎ
• Pump efficiency: 𝜂𝜂 =
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚

• Chain efficiency: 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡 = 𝜂𝜂1 ∙ 𝜂𝜂2 ∙ 𝜂𝜂3 …


Electrics
• Ohms law: 𝑈𝑈 = 𝐼𝐼 ∙ 𝑅𝑅
• Resistors in serial: Rv = R1 + R2
1 1 1
• Resistors in parallel: 𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣
= 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅
1 2

• Capacity: 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐼𝐼 ∙ 𝑡𝑡
• Electric Power: 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝐼𝐼
• Energy: 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑡𝑡
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
• Shaft torque: 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜔𝜔

• Angular velocity: 𝜔𝜔 = 2 ∙ 𝜋𝜋 ∙ 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
• Efficiency: 𝜂𝜂 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Conversion factors block 1 & 2

• ft to m Multiply by 0.3048
• NM to m Multiply by 1852
• kts to m/s Multiply by 0.5144
• mph to km/h Multiply by 1.6093
• °K to °C Subtract 273.15
• PSI to Pa Multiply by 6900

Fundamentals Engineering 2 – formula sheet 2024-2025 Version Nov, 2024 page 2 of 2

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