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Full Fathom 5000
 Full Fathom 5000
The Expedition of HMS Challenger and the Strange
Animals It Found in the Deep Sea
GRAHAM BELL
 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Graham Bell 2022
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021044997
ISBN 978–0–19–754157–9
eISBN 978–0–19–754159–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197541579.001.0001
Full fathom five thy father lies;
Of his bones are coral made;
Those are pearls that were his eyes;
of him that doth fade
But doth suffer a sea-change
Into something rich and strange.
Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2
“For the whole family”
 Contents

Acknowledgments
A Note on Names and Units
Introduction

PART 1. BEFORE
1. The Deep Sea
2. Edward Forbes
3. Two Committees
The Dredging Committee
Two Cruises
The Circumnavigation Committee
4. The Ship and Her Crew
The Ship
The Scientists
The Crew

PART 2. THE CRUISE

5. Outward Bound: December 1872–February 1873
Sheerness to Portsmouth
Portsmouth to Lisbon
Station I: 30 December 1872
Sounding and dredging in theory and practice
A soft starfish
Station IV: 16 January 1873
Gorgonians
Station VII: 31 January 1873
Pennatulids
6. First Leg: The First North Atlantic Transect, February–March
1873
Globigerina
Station 5: 21 February 1873
Red clay
Station 13: 4 March 1873
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
A blind lobster
Station 23: 15 March 1873
Black pebbles
A deep worm
Snails with wings
Sharks
Station 24: 25 March 1873
Accidents
A stalked crinoid
The attic of the world?
7. Second Leg: The Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream, March–May
1873
Station 30: 1 April 1873
Sargassum
The Gulf Stream
Station 45: 3 May 1873
Sea serpents
Station 48: 8 May 1873
The crinoid plague
Brittle stars
Deserters
Station 50: 21 May 1873
Sea legs
A worm in the wrong place
8. Third Leg: The Second North Atlantic Transect, June–July 1873
Station 61: 17 June 1873
Scatter
Blink
 Station 63: 19 June 1873
Dwarf males
Station 68: 24 June 1873
Weedfall
Slaters
A frangible bag
Station 70: 26 June 1873
Absence of a gutless worm
Station 78: 10 July 1873
A cup of coral
9. Fourth Leg: Into the South Atlantic, July–September 1873
Station 89: 23 July 1873
The sea devil
Station 98: 14 August 1873
A fierce clam
Station 101: 19 August 1873
A cloak of invisibility
Gill slits
Station 106: 25 August 1873
Moss animals and lamp shells
Naming
Station 109: 28 August 1873
Sally Lightfoot
Station 122: 10 September 1873
Tripod
Fine filtration
10. Fifth Leg: Across the South Atlantic, September–December
1873
Sea skaters
Station 133: 11 October 1873
A cosmopolitan cucumber
Neither blind nor sighted
A tale of two brothers
Station 137: 23 October 1873
Snorkel starfish
11. Sixth Leg: The Southern Ocean, December 1873–April 1874
Sea serpent
Station 143: 19 December 1873
Cucumbers with legs
Station 147: 30 December 1873
Grenadiers and cutthroats
High pressure
Colossal
Station 149: 9–29 January 1874
The peculiar animals
Cabbage
Transit of Venus
Station 151: 7 February 1874
Cold water
Salt water
Unnamed Station between 155 and 156: 24 February 1874
Ice
Termination Land
Station 157: 3 March 1874
Diatom ooze
Spun Glass
A fierce sponge
False witnesses
Station 160: 13 March 1874
The enigmatic tunic
12. Seventh Leg: The Coral Sea, June–September 1874
A precious clam
A shark with molars
Station 166: 23 June 1874
Venus’ girdle
Double-bagged
Station 168: 8 July 1874
Catch of the day
Pink paint
Shape-changers
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 Station 173: 24 July 1874
Coins
Pearly king
The moral of the mudskipper
Jaws
Station 184: 29 August 1874
Beauty and the beast
Station 188: 10 September 1874
The lancelet
A deadly snail
Station 192: 26 September 1874
Decorator crabs
The inverse hydra
13. Eighth Leg: The Sea of Islands, September 1874–January 1875
Station 195: 3 October 1874
The garden of forking tubes
Station 198: 20 October 1874
The sage of Ternate
The cage of thorns
Station 205: 13 November 1874
Eating wood
The change of command
14. Ninth Leg: The West Pacific Ocean, January–April 1875
Station 209: 22 January 1895
The glass hotel
Metamorphosis
Station 218: 1 March 1875
A fierce scallop
Station 225: 23 March 1875
The Challenger Deep
Station 230: 5 April 1875
Huxley’s mistake
15. Tenth Leg: The North Pacific Ocean, May–July 1875
Station 232: 12 May 1875
 Knots in slime
Station 237: 17 June 1875
The mop-headed animal
Station 241: 23 June 1875
The bamboo grove
Station 244: 28 June 1875
Diversity at depth
Small fry
Station 253: 14 July 1875
An enigmatic polyp
16. Eleventh Leg: The Length of the Pacific Ocean, July–November
1875
The Admiralty worm
Station 271: 6 September 1875
The beauty of the deep
More strange lumps
Glass mines
The death of a naturalist
Station 276: 16 September 1875
Fire coral
Station 281: 6 October 1875
The homeless crab
Station 286: 16 October 1875
Whalefall
Station 289: 23 October 1875
That sinking feeling
Plume and splash
Station 295: 5 November 1875
Extraterrestrials
The waters above
Station 298: 17 November 1875
The usual suspects
17. Twelfth Leg: The Patagonian Fjords, December 1875–February
1876
Station 308: 5 January 1876
 Animal forests
Station 311: 11 January 1876
A very unexpected result
Station 318: 11 February 1876
The angler
Station 320: 14 February 1876
The espalier animals
18. Homeward Bound: February–May 1876
Station 325: 2 March 1876
The vampire snail
Station 343: 27 March 1876
The free rider
Station 348: 9 April 1876
The last clam
Homecoming

PART 3. AFTER
19. What Happened to the Ship
20. What Happened to the People
The Death of Another Naturalist
The Challenger Medal
John Murray
The Other Scientists
Officers and Men
The End
21. What Happened to the Animals
A Takeover Bid
The Reports
Physics, Chemistry, and Politics
The New Zoology
The New Bodies
The New Way of Life

General Index
Index of Animals
 Acknowledgments

I am extremely grateful for the help given by Lauren Williams and

the Rare Books Collection of McGill University in supplying high-
quality images from the Reports, which are the basis for the figures
in this book. I benefited greatly from visits to the Caird Library of the
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, and the Foyle Reading Room
of the Royal Geographical Society in South Kensington.
 A Note on Names and Units

I have avoided common names for animals wherever possible. The

reason is that they are rarely used in common speech. There are
exceptions, such as crab and starfish, but who would ever refer in
conversation to a comma shrimp or a sea lily? I have instead used
the zoological names (cumacean and crinoid, in this case), even
though they may be new terms to most readers, on the grounds that
any terms will be new and these are exact. It is a little like getting to
know the characters in a novel; the names themselves are not
important, but you need to know them to understand the plot. I
have explained the standard system for naming individual species in
the text (Station 106, 25 August 1873). The names of animals
sometimes change, however, and the names given in the
contemporary Reports may not correspond with those currently
accepted; I have taken the World Register of Marine Species
(WORMS) as being authoritative.
The most important quantity in the book is depth, which I have
given in fathoms, as in the original documents of the voyage. A
fathom is six feet, or about two meters. Multiplying the depth in
fathoms by two will give you the depth in meters, to an acceptable
approximation. Most distances are given in miles, about 1.6
kilometers, or nautical miles, somewhat more; the unit of velocity is
the knot, which is one nautical mile per hour or about 1.85
kilometers per hour. Other dimensions, of animals for example, are
given in whatever unit seems most appropriate; it may be useful to
recollect that one inch is about 25 millimeters and one foot about 30
centimeters. False precision is the enemy of understanding.
 Introduction

If you’re the sort of person who reads introductions (which you are,
obviously), I thought you might like to know what this book is about
and how it came to be written. I teach biology at McGill University in
Montreal, including a rather old-fashioned course on zoology in
which I describe all the main groups of animals. Most of these live in
the sea. There are plenty of animals on land, of course, but almost
all of them are insects or vertebrates, plus a few snails and spiders.
Because there are many more different kinds of animal in the sea
than on land, I found myself preparing lectures by reading a lot
about marine biology, despite not being a proper marine biologist. It
was not long before I began to come across references to the
voyage of HMS Challenger, back in the 1870s, when many of these
animals were collected for the first time. It was obviously a famous
affair. The newspapers of the day printed progress reports, and the
officers were greeted by royalty, or at least the nearest local
equivalent, at many of the ports they visited. All this public attention
was because the voyage had a unique objective: it was a scientific
expedition to find out what (if anything) lived at the bottom of the
deep sea. Nobody knew for sure. Biologists had paddled at the edge
of the sea since Aristotle, but anything living deeper than the handle
of a net was for all practical purposes out of reach. A few animals
were brought up from time to time by fishing gear or ships’ anchors,
but otherwise the only people to visit the bottom of the sea were
dead sailors. The first sustained attempts to explore this unknown
world were not made until the Industrial Revolution was well under
way. When the Challenger expedition sailed in 1873, it was to make
the first systematic investigation of what lay beneath the surface of
the world’s oceans. Nobody knew what it would find. Anecdotes
aside, nobody was sure what covered the sea floor, or what lived
there, or even how deep it was. It was the Victorian equivalent of a
voyage to the surface of the moon.
The voyage was not particularly eventful, in fact. There were no
battles at sea, no shipwrecks, no mutinies to be quelled or pirates to
be fought off. It was fairly comfortable, at least by nineteenth-
century standards, and the crew were never reduced to eating rats
or boiled boot-leather. The scientists on board were very
distinguished, but their names and reputations have long since faded
into the Victorian mists. There were no women on board at all, no
affairs and no scandal. So what is there to write about? Not
surprisingly, most of the narrators have chosen to describe at length
the time spent on shore, especially the visits to exotic and unfamiliar
places, and tend to gloss over the time spent merely sailing from
one port to another. Their accounts make very interesting reading as
Victorian travelogues, but it seemed to me that something was
missing—such as the main point of the expedition, the animals that
it found in the deep sea.
That’s why I began to make notes about the animals that had
been discovered during the expedition, and then to trace the voyage
on a very large map, and then to scrutinize the species lists for each
station, and by then it was too late; at some point it became easier
to write the book than not. But why are the animals so important?
Well, I suppose that for convenience you might recognize three
kinds of animal: there are those you can see, on land and in shallow
water; there are those you can’t see, because they are too small;
and then there are those you can’t see because they are hidden
from sight in deep water. The first kind is familiar to us all; the
second kind was discovered by the early microscopists; and the third
kind was discovered by the Challenger expedition. Most of the
species captured from the deep sea during the expedition had never
been seen before, either by scientists or by anyone else. The
expedition did not merely lengthen the catalog of living animals, but,
much more than that, added a whole new volume to accommodate
the hidden fauna of half the world.
There are people on the stage too, of course, especially the
scientists on board. Their leader was the portly and somewhat
pompous Charles Wyville Thomson, accompanied by Henry Moseley,
who always seems a little raffish; the saturnine chemist John Young
Buchanan; and the earnest student Rudolf von Willemoes-Söhm,
who was drafted more or less by accident. John Murray belongs in a
separate sentence as the ablest of them, the deepest thinker, the
hardest worker, and the only one of them to turn a profit from the
voyage. Then there were the officers: the two captains, George
Nares and Frank Thomson; John Maclear and Tom Tizard, who did
most of the navigating; the aristocratic lieutenant Lord George
Campbell, who left the raciest account of the voyage; his junior
Herbert Swire, who left the grumpiest account but unfortunately
bowdlerized it at the last minute; and all the others needed to work
a naval ship. There were also 200 or so anonymous seamen in the
background, which is where they stay, as usual, with the peculiar
exception of Assistant Steward Henry Matkin, whose letters home
have survived and give us a rare glimpse of life on the lower deck.
The voyage itself is the thread on which the animals are strung as
we pass from station to station across the oceans for nearly 80,000
miles. I have given short shrift to the visits on shore, which can be
read about in other books, but to spare the reader I have also
omitted a lot of technical stuff about currents and sediments that
seemed to me less than gripping. What remains is the animals
themselves, including the ugliest fish in the world, flesh-eating
clams, dwarf males, sea devils, and an octopus that wears lipstick. I
hope that you will be as fascinated by these strange creatures of the
deep sea as I have been, as we follow HMS Challenger on her long
and complicated voyage around the world.
PART 1
BEFORE
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