ACTIVITY 1

OBJECTIVE:
To verity that the relation Rin the set Lof al lines in a plane, defined byR={U. m):/L m) is symmetric but neither reflexive nor
transitive.

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of relations &properties of parallel lines and perpendicular lines.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Athick board, graph papers, drawing pins, ruler, pencil, glue, colour pens etc.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a thick board attached a graph paper on it with the help of
drawing pins as shown in fig 1(a).
(2) Draw two parallel lines q, &g, with blue colour pen& draw three
perpendicular lines ga, q. &q, with green colour pen.
(3) Similarly, draw two more parallel lines q, &q, &a perpendicular line
q, with red colour pen.
(4) Since, line q, is perpendicular to q, &q, line q,is perpendicular to q,
&4, and q, is perpendicular to q,&q,. Also, line q,is perpendicular
on lines g, &q, as shown in figure 1 (b).
Figure 1 (a)
(5) Since, lines q& 4, are parallel to each other and q, is parallel to q.
q, is parallelto q, &q, is paralle! to q,. Also, q, is parallel to q,. 94
(6) So, (q,, q.). (q,. q.). (q. q). (q.. q,). (q, 4). (q, 4-), (g, q.), (Go 4;) A.

OBSERVATIONS:

(1) In figure 1(b), we see that q, Iq,. Then, q, lq, i.e.(q, 4,) eR ’
(g, q,) eR. Similarly, (q,, q)eR (g., q)eR &(q,.g.) R
(q., 4,) R. Va,

So,the given relation Ris symmetric.

(2) Since, "Noline is perpendicular to itself" or (.) leA. Figure 1 (b)
So,thegiven relation Ris not reflexive.
i.e.R={(/., m) :1Im) is not reflexive.
(3) Itis also observed that q,i4, &4, l q,. But, q, is Inot on 4,i.e.(q,. 4.)e R& (q,. q) e R. But, (q., 4.) eR.
So, the given relation Ris not transitive.

RESULT:
From the above activity, it is verified that the relation Ris the set Lof ll lines is a plane, defined by R ={(/, m): I L m} is
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive i.e. the relation is not an equivalence relation.
 ACTIVITY 3

OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate a function which is
not one-one but is onto.
PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Basic knowledge of relations, functions and theirtypes
(one-one functions and onto functions).
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
A thick board, colouredchart papers, a pair of scissors, gluestick, some board pins, some
pieces of thread.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a blue chart paper, cut a rectangular piece of length 18 cm
and width 5 cm as shown in fig. 3(a).
-5 cm

18 cm

Figure 3 (a)
(2) Take a yellowchart paper, cut a rectangular piece of length 15 cm and width 4 cm as shown in
Fig.3(b).
4 cm

15 cm

Figure 3 (b)
(3) Paste these two pieces on athick board and mark these as points P&Q respectively as shown in Fig.3(c).

Figure 3 (c)

15
(4) Fix five drawing pins on the blue paper and mark the pins as a, b, c, d &e. Similarly, fix three drawing pins on velloW
paper and mark themas x, yand z as shown in Fig.3 (d) i.e. P{a, b, c, d, e) &Q=(x, y, z}

be X

de

Figure 3 (d)
(5) Join these drawing pins with the help of threads as shown in Fig.3(e) i.e.join the elements of P to the elements of Q.

a
X
b

d
e

Figure 3 (e)
OBSERVATIONS:
(1) The image of the element a of set P in set Qis z.
(2) The image of the element b of set P in set Qis y.
(3) The image of the elementcof set P in set Q is x.
(4) The image of the element d of set P in set Qis z.
(5) The image of the element e of set P in set Q is z.
(6) The pre-image of theelement xof set Qin set Pis c.
(7) The pre-image of the element yof set Q in set P is b.
(8) The pre-image of the element zof set Qinset P are a, d &e.
(9) Since, the elements of a, d &e in set P have the same image as z in set Q i.e. every element of set P has not one-one
image in set O.
So, the function is many-one or not one-one.
(10) Also, we see that every element of set Qis image of every element of set Pi.e. the pre-image of every element of Qin P
exists.
So, the function is onto.
RESULT
From the above activity we can say that the function is not one-one but onto.

16
ACTIVITY 5
OBJECTIVE:
To draw the graph of sin 'x, using the graph of sin x and
demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = X).
PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
(i) Knowledge of plotting the graph of sin x.
(i) Knowledge of trigonometric functions and inverse of trigonometric functions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Athick board of dimensions 20 cm x 20 cm, ruler,
coloured pencils, chart paper, drawing pins and strings.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Paste a chart paper &on athick board with the help of drawing pins as
shown in Fig.5(a).

Figure 5 (a)
(2) On the chart paper, draw perpendicular axes XOX' and YOY' as shown in Fig.5(b).

X'< ’ X

Figure 5 (b)

(3) Markthe points on y-axis as 1, .0,-1,

2 etc.
(4) Plot the graph of y = sin x.

X
6 4 3 2

1 V3 =0.87
sin x l-0.5
2
=0.71
2

21
 namely A
(5) Fix drawing pins in the coordinate plane to represent the points

&D as shown in Fig.5(c).

y= sin X

1
-| D
B
AI
4 6
--e|o
2 3 X
X

6
A -1
B
E 2

F
-1

y= sin'x
B

Figure 5 (c)
Similarly, on the x-axis, repeat the same procedure and mark the points in the table below:
(6)

6 4 3
-1
=-0.71 -J3 =-0.87
sin x
2
-=-0.5 2
-1

(7) Fx te dawng pns on the ponts namay As), s7i. c(087

fix one drawing pin on the origin 0, as shown in Fig.5 (c).

(8) Join the pins with the help of a string on both sides of x-axis. Here, we will get a curve which is the graph of
sin x from to
2

(9) Now plot the points (1. 1), (2,2). (3, 3). (4, 4),..... on the coordinate plane to drawthegraph of ine y=x.
(10) From the marked points A, B, C, Ddraw perpendiculars on theline y=xand construct lines such that length or
22
 perpendicular on both sides of the line y=x are equal. Mark these points as E,F, G, Hand fix the pins on them.
(11) Repeat the same process on the other side of x-axis and fix the pins on the points namely
E,F, G, H.
(12) Join these pins on both sides ofthe line y=xby a string gently to obtain the graph of y=sin'x.
(13) Now place a mirror on the line y = x.The mirror image of the graph of sin x represents the graph of sin'x, which shows
sin'x isa reflection of sinxabout the line y =X.
OBSERVATIONS:
(1) The image of point Ain the mirror (the line y = x) is E.
(2) The image ofpoint Bin the mirror (the line y=x) is F.
(3) The image of point Cin the mirror (the line y =>x) is G.
(4) The image of point D in the mirror (the line y = x) is H.
(5) The image of point A' in the mirror (the line y= x) is E'.
(6) The image of point B' in the mirror (the liney = x) is F.
(7) The imase of point C' in the mirror (theline y=x) is G'.
(8) The imago cí point D'in the mirror (the line y=x) is H.

RESULT:
The mirror image of the graph of sin x about the liney=x is the graph of sin' x and the mirror image of the graph of sin'x about
the line y=xis the graph of sin x.

Viva-Voce Questions
Q.1 Write the value of sin' (-x)?
Ans. -sin 'x(for all xe[-1,1))
Q.2 What is the domain and range of y = sin' x?

Ans. y= sin'x thas domain (-1, 1]and range .It is strictly increasing on its entire domain.

3
Q.3 What is the princip!e value of sin

T T
Ans. Let sin-t = x, where x
2 2

Q.4 If sin (sin x) = x, then what is domain of x?

Ans. sin'(sin x) = x for all x e

23
 ACTIVITY 6

OBJECTIVE :
To explore the principal value of the function sin'x using a unit circle.

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE :
Basic knowledge & properties of trigonometric ratios and inverse
trigonometric functions.
MATERIALS REGQUIRED :
A thick board, white paper, drawing pins, two sticks, ruler,
needle and wires.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a white paper on a thick board with the help of drawing pins as shown in
Fig.6(a).

Figure 6 (a)

(2) Take radius = 1unit and draw a circle with centre O on it.
(3) Through the centre of the circie draw perpendicular axes XOX' and YOY' as x-axis and y-axis respectively as
shown in Fig. 6(b).

B(0, 1)
C(-1, 0)/
’X
A(1, 0)

D(0, 1) Y'

Figure 6 (b)

(4) Mark the points A, B, Cand D, where the circle cuts the x-axis and y-axis respectively as shown in Fig. 6().
Y
BA
Stick > |M M. Stick
A
X

Stick>|M, |t Stick

Fig re 6 (c)

24
(5) Fix two sticks parallel to y-axis on the opposite sides of the board as shown in Fig 6(c).
B A(0, 1)
M.
0. y.)
X (0. y)
(-1, 0) M.1.0X
(0. -y.
O.-y
M. D ( 0 . -1)
M.
Y

Figure 6 (d)
(6) Now fixX one wire between the sticks so that the wire can move freely parallel to the x-axis as shown in Fig. 6{c).
(7) Nowfixa needle of unit length such that one end of the needie is at the centre of the circle and the other end to
move freely along the circle as shown in Fig. 6(c).
(8) Place the needle at an arbitrary angle x, with the positive x-axis.
(9) Measurement of the angle in radian is equal to the length of intercepted arc of the circie.
(10) Slide the wire between the sticks such that the wire meets with free end of the needie. Mark this point as M,, as
shown in Fig.6(c).
(11) ldentify the y-coordinate of point m,, which is equal to the perpendicular distance from
the x-axis. It gives y, = sin x,.
(12) Further rotate the needie in the anticlockwise direction and keep it at the angle -X,.
Here the wire meets the needle at point M, as shown in Fig.6(c).
(13) With the help of sliding wire, find the value of y-coordinate of M,.
(14) For both the points M, and M, the value of y-coordinates are same for different values of angles i.e. y, = six x, and
y, = sin ( - x,).
(15) The above observations show that the sine function is not one-tO-one for angles which lie in first and second
quadrants.
(16) Repeat the same process for angles -x, and (-n + X,) respectively. In this case also we will get the same result
that y-coordinate for the points M, and M, are the same. Thus, the sine function is not one-to one for angles that
fall in third and fourth quadrant, as shown in Fig.6(c).
(17) Here, we observe that the value of y-coordinate is diferent for points M, and M,.

(18) Now move the needle again in anti clockwise direction from to By sliding the wire, we see that the
2
value of y-coordinate for points M s Ma M, and Mg are different. Therefore, sine function is one -one in the
domain and thus its range lies between -1 and 1, as shown in Fig.6(d).
22
sin
B
M,
(0, v) arc sin
C A
X X

Figure 6 (e)
25
 -T TT
(19) Now place the needle at any arbitrary angle 0 lying in the interval and find the
2'2
y-coordinate of the intersecting point M, through the sliding wire. We call it as y.
y=sin 0 or 0 = sin 'y as sine function is one-one and onto in the domain and range (-1, 1].
22
Hence, its inverse arc sine function exists as shown in Fig. 6(e).

(20) The domain and range of sine inverse function are interchanged with the domain and range of sine
function, i.e., the domain of arc sine function is (-1, 1]and range is
22
This range of arc sine function is known as principal value of arc sine function or sin- function.

OBSERVATIONS:
(1) Sine function is non-negative in first and second quadrants.
(2) For the third and fourth quadrants, the sine function is negative.

(3) = arc sin y ’ y =sin'0, where

2 2

RESULT:

-T T
From the above activity, we find that the principal value range of sin - xis 2 2
 ACTIVITY 18

OBJECTIVE:
Toverify that amongst allthe rectangles of the same
perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of perimeter and area of rectangle and square, knowledge of
differentiation and its applications is required.
MATERIALS REGQUIRED:
Chart paper, paper cutter, cardboard and gluestick.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a thick board and paste a white
paper on it.
(2) Make rectangles of perimeter of 40 cm each on a chart paper.
each having perimeter 40 cm. Following are some rectangles of different dimensions

R
R

5 cm 6 cm

15 cm
14 cm
R. R

7 cm 8 cm

13 cm
12 cm
R R

10 cm 9.5 cm

10cm 10.5 cm

R,

11.5 cm

8.5 cm Figure 18

53
 R,:15 cm x 5 cm, R,:14cm x 6cm,
R,:13 cm x7 cm, R,:12 cm x 8 cm,
R,:10cm x 10 cm, R:10.5 cm x 9.5 cm,
R,:8.5 cm x 11.5 cm.
(3) Cut these rectangles out and paste them on the white paper on the thick board.
(4) You may form more rectangles of different dimensions each with perimeter 40 cm.
OBSERVATIONS:
(1) Area of the rectangle, R, = 15 cm x 5 cm =75 cm
Area of the rectangle, R, =14cm x6 cm = 96 cm
Area of the rectangle, R, =13 cmx7 cm=91 cm
Area of the rectangle, R, = 12 cm x 8 cm = 96 cm´
Area of the rectangle, R, =10 cm x 10cm= 100cm?
Area of therectangle, R,= 10.5 cm x 9.5 cm =99.75 cm²
Area of the rectangle, R, =8.5 cm x 11.5 cm=97.75 cm²
(2) Perimeter of each rectangle is 40cm but their areas are different.
(3) Rectangle FR, has maximum area which is 100 cm' out of allother rectangles. But it is asquare since its
length =breadth.
(4) We can verify the above result using differentiation as follows.
Perimeter of the rectangle
P=2(x +y)= 40cm, where x=length and y= breadth.
’X+y=20> y=20-x
Now, area of rectangle A= xy = x(20-x)
A(x) =20x -x’ A(X) =20-2x
A'(x) = 0’ 20-2x= 0’x= 10cm and also A"(10) =-2 <0
..x=10is a point of maxima.
A(x= 10)=20 x1010= 100 cm'is the maximum area of the rectanale.

RESULT:
From the above activity, it is verified that amongst all the rectangles of the
same perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
ACTIVITY 19

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the definite integral |V1- x* dr as the limit of a sum and verify it
by actual integration
PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of integration and geometry.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
thick board, white paper, graph paper etc.
A
PROCEDURE:

(1) Take a thick board and paste a white paper on it.

(2) Draw two lines perpendicularto each other
representing co-ordinate axes XOX and YOY
(3) Draw a quadrant of a circle with O as centre and
radius 1unit (=10 cm)as shown inFig 19
The curve in the 1 quadrant represents the
graph of the function VI -r in the closed interval [0, 1]

aB B. B
B
B
B

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y. Y Y, Y.

X X
A A AA A A A A A A

Y
Figure 19

(4) Let originO be denoted by A, and the points where the curve meets the x-axis and y-axis be denoted by A.. and B
respectively.
(5) Divide AA, into 10 equal parts with points of division as, A,, A, As ,A,.
(6) From each of the points A,, A,, Ag A,draw perpendiculars on the X-axis to meet the curve at the points B.. B.
B,, B,. Measure the length of A,B,. A,B,, A,B, A,B,and call them as Yo, Y,, Y,, Y,......... Y, whereas
width of each part, A,A,=A,A,-A,A,=A,A,= A,A,=A,A,= A,A,= A,A,=A,A, =A,A=0.1 unit.

55
OBSERVATIONS:
(1) Y=A,B,=1 unit.
Y,=A,B,=0.99 units.
Y=A,B,=0.97 units.
Y=A,B,=0.95 units.
Y=A,B,=0.92 units.
Y;=A,B,=0.87 units.
Y= A,B,=0.80 units.
Y,= A,B,=0.71 units.
Y=A,B,=0.60 units.
Y=A,B,= 0.43 units.
Yo=A,B,= which is very small and assumed to be 0.

(2) Area of the quadrant of the circle

=Area bounded by thecurve and the two axes
= Sum of the areas of 10 trapeziums.
1
2 x (0.1) x [(1+ 0.99) +(0.99 +0.97) +(0.97 + 0.95) + (0.95 + 0.92) + (0.92 +0.87)
+ (0.87 +0.80) +(0.80 +0.71) +(0.71 +0.60) + (0.60 +0.43) + (0.43 +0))
= (0.1)x [0.5 +0.99 +0.97 +0.95 +0.92 +0.87 +0.80 + 0.71 + 0.60 + 0.43]
= 0.1 x 7.74 = 0.774 sq. units
(approximately)
3.14
(3) Also, X = 0.785 sq. units
2 2 2 4

(4) Thearea of the quadrant asa limit of asum is nearly the same as the area obtained by actual
integration.

RESULT:

From the above activity, we see that the definite integral i-dy can be evaluated as the limit of a sumn.
a
 OBJECTIVE:
method.
To verify that angle in a semicircle is a right angle, using vector

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of properties of circle and vectors.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Plywood, white sheets, nails, threads, glue stick, paper arrowheads etc.

PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a plywood of size 50 x 50 cm and paste a white sheet of paper on it.
(2) On the white sheet of paper, draw a circle of radius 10cm with centre O.
(3) Draw a diameter DE of this circle.
(4) Take any point A on the circumference of this circle, as shown in Fig.21(a).
(5) Fix nails at O, D, E and A.
(6) Join OD,OE, OA,DA and EA, using thread, stick arrowheads on threads along OD, OE, OA, DA and EA, as shown in
Fig.21(a).
Arrowheads show that OD, OE, OA, DA and EA are vectors.
A

Figure 21 (a)
(7) Now take another plywood of dimensions 50 cm x 50 cm and repeat steps.
(8) Take any two points Band Con the circumference of the circle as shown in Fig.21(b).

D E

Fix nails at O, D, E, Band C. Figure 21 (b)

(9)
(10) Join OD, OE,OB, OC, DB,DC, EB, EÇ using threads. Stick arrowheads on threads along OD, OE,OB, Oc, DB,
DC, EB and EC, as shown in Fig.21(b).These arrowheads are to show them as vectors.
OBSERVATIONS:
By actual
measurement from Fig.21(a). We have:
(1)
LO4= 10 cm, OD= 10 cm, OE|= 10 cm.
DA= 12 cm, EA=16 cm, DE|= 20 cm.
IDA +| EA|=144 + 256 = 400 =|DE?
LDAE = 90° [Pythagoras theorem]
DA. EA= | DA| EAcos 90° = 0

(2) Similarly by actual measurement fromFig.21(b). we have

|OB |= ||OC|= |OD|= |OE|= 10 cm,
|DB|= 8cm, EB= 18.3 cm,DE= 20 cm.
|DC|= 17 cm, Ecl= 10.5 cm
.. |DB| +| EB| =8²+ (18.3)² x400 =| DE|
’ZDBE = 90° [Pythagoras theorem]
’ DB.EB=\DB| EB0 cos 90° =0.
Also, |DC| +|EC| = 17 + (10.5)?= 400 =| DE|
’DCE = 90°

DC.EC =lDcllEClcos 90° =0.

(3) Also using a protractor, if we measure the angle between the vectors DA and EA, it comes
out to be 90° i.e. ZDAE 90°
Similarly, on measuring angles between the vectors DB and EBis 90° i.e. ZDBE = 90 and
angle between the vectors DC and EC is 90 ie. ZDCE = 90°

RESULT:
Hrom the above activity, it is verified that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
 ACTIVITY 26
Equations of the line joining A(2, 2, 1), and
(3)
D(11,9,3) are given by
OBJECTIVE: I| -9
or
To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.
(i)

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE: Eauations of the lines joining B(7, 2, 0) and C(4, 8, 0) are
Knowledge of equations of a straight line and skew lines, shortest distance between two skew lines.
x-7_ y-2_z-0 X-7
y-2
6l
A-7 8-2
MATERIALS REQUIRED: 0 ...(iü)
Aplvwood, graph paper, three wooden blocks of So the
dimensions 1 cmx 1 cm x 1cm &one wooden block of 1 cm × 1 cm x3 cm shortest distance d between the lines (i) and (i) is 3
threads, glue stick etc.
We know that the shortest distance d
PROCEDURE: (4) between the lines is
(1) Take a plywood of dimensions 25 cm x 15 cm
and paste a graph paper on it. 111
(2) On the graph paper, draw two b, is given by
perpendicular 10
lines OX and OY as X-axis and y-axis D11,9, 3)
respectively. 8 4, 8, 0
(3) Locate points A(2, 2), B(7, 2), C(4, 8) and b C
D(11,9) on the graphpaper. 6 b. C,
(4) Label the three wOoden blocks of d=
dimension 5
1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm as a, b and c &
label Wa,b, -a,b,) + (6,c, - b,c ) +(ca, - c,a)
the other wooden block of dimension 1 cm x
1 cmx3 cm as d.
(7, 2, 0)

O3A 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
|7-2 2-2 0-1
2 7 2
Figure 26 -3 6 0
(5) Now fix WOoden blocks labeled as a, b and cat A(2,2), B(7.2)and C(4,
8) respectively, such that their base centres fall d=
exactly at these points. Fix the wooden labelled asdat D(11,9) with its centre exactly at (1 N12 +2l) +(0-12)* +(-6 +0)
(6) Using gluestick, fix a piece of thread joining points A and B 1,9).
where A and D are centres of the tops of blocks a and d
respectively.
(7 Similarly, fix a piece of thread joiningpoints Band Cwhere Band Care
(8
centres of bases of blocksbandc respectively.
Take a thread and join it perpendicularly with the lines AD and BC and
(9)
measure the actual distance.
Place a set square such that its one side forming the right angle is along the d= 261 cm.
(10 thread BC.
Move the set square along AD till its other side forming the right angle
Measure the distance between the two threads in this position to get touches
the thread.
(11) (5
the required shortest distance between AD and From (3) and (4) we see that the shortest distance between skew lines AD and BC. by actual measurement
BC
1S approximately equal to the shortest distance obtained analytcaly
OBSERVATIONS: RESULT
(1) Threads joining AD and BC represent two skew lines. From the above activity, we observe that the shortest distance between two skew lines obtained
(2) On actual measurement the shortest distance
between the skew lines =2.5 cm. Oy actual measurement and obtained
analytically comes out to be

72
73
ACT

OBJECTIVE:
Toexplainnthe
computation of
dice
iconditional probability of a given event Awhen event B
throwingapairof has already occurred
of through an example
PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge
of probability i.e. random experiment, sample space, event, equally likely events,
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
conditional probability etc.
thick board, 36 square sheets of 2 cmx2 cm, glue stick etc.
A
PROCEDURE:
Taboa thick board paste a squared paper containing 36
(1) squares each of size 2cmx 2cm as shown in Fig. 27.
N-ite allpossible outcomes obtained by throwing two dices on the
(2) squared papers.
4 1) (1.2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4). (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2),
iA 1).(4.2), (4,3), (4, 4), (4,5). (4,6), (5, 1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2). (3, 3). (3, 4), (3, 5). (3, 6),
(6. 3).(6, 4), (6,5),
(6,6)
(1,1)(1, 2) (1,3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)

(2, 1)| (2, 2)| (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)

(3, 1) (3, 2) | (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)

(4, 1) (4, 2) | (4,3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)

(5, 1) (5, 2) (5,3) | (5,4) (5, 5) (5, 6)

(6, 1) (6, 2)|(6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

Figure 27

OBSERVATIONS: occurred, where A is

(1) conditional probability of an event A, when B has already
T0 Tind the the dice.
appears on both the dice and B is the event 3 has already appeared on one of
Ine event of a number 3
Here, we have to find P(A/B)
From Fig. 27.
Outcome favourable to Ais (3,3)
(3, 2), (3, 4)
. No. of outcomes favourable to A, i.e., n (A) =1
are (1. 3). (2. 3).(3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3), (3, 1),
ulcomes favourable to B
(3,5) (3,6)
.No. of outcomes favourable to Bi.e. n(B) =11
Outcomes which is common to Aand Bis (3,3) 1
:.No. of foutcomes favourable to(A B)i.e.n (A n B)=
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 n(Ao B)
Hence, P(AB) =
n(B)
Another Method :
P(4^ B)
We can also use P(A/B) =
P(B)
Total no. of outcomes - 36
n(s) =36

n(B)
P(B) =
n(S) 36
n( A nB)
P (Aa B) =
n( S) 36

P(AOB)
So. P(AB) =
P(B)
36

(2) To find the conditional probability of an event A, when B has already occurred, where A is
the event getting a sum 8and B is the event of a doublet has already occurred. Here we have to also find P(AB).
From Fig.27.
Outcomesfavaourable to Aare (2,6). (3. 5).(4,4). (5, 3). (6.2)
No. of outcomes favourable to Aie.n (A) =5
Outcomes favourable to Bare (1, 1). (2,2). (3, 3).(4,4), (5.5). (6.6).
No.of outcomes favourable to Bie.n(B) =6
Outcome which is common to Aand Bis (4,4)
No of outcomes favourable to (A B)ie.n (A nB)= 1
n(AOB)
Hence, P(A/B) =
nB) 6
Another Method:
PAn B)
We cari also use P(A/B) =
PB)
n(s) = 36
nt B) 6 1
PIB) =
nS) 36 6
nAOB)
P(AOB) =
n S) 36

PAOB) 36
So P(A /B) -
PB)

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 To find the conditional probability of an event A. when B has already occurred, where ho
(3)
the event the sum of the numbers on the two ice is 8and Bis the event numbers appearing on two dice are
different. Here also, we have to find P(A/B).
From Fig.27.
Outcomes favaourable to A
are (2,6), (3,5), (4,4).(5,3), (6,2)
No. of outcomes favourable to Ai.e. n (A) =5
Outcomes favourable to Bare(1,2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1, 5),(1,6),(2.1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2,5).(2, 6). (3,1). (3, 2). (3,4):(O
5),(3,6),(4, 1),(4,2).(4,3),(4,5). (4,6), (5,1), (5,2),(5,3), (5,4),(5.6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3). (6,4), (6.5)
. No. of outcomes favourable to Bi.e.n(B) =30
Qutcomes which are common to Aand Bare(2,6), (3, 5), (5, 3), (6, 2)
. No.of outcomes favourable to (A B) i.e.n(A B) =4

n(An B) 4 2
Hence, P(AB) =
n(B) 30 15
Another Method:

We can also use P(A/B) = P(An B)

P(B)
n(s) = 36

P(B) =
n(B) 3015
n(S) 36 18
n( AnB) 41
P (AnB) =
n(S) 36
1

So, P(A/B) =
P(AnB) 9 2
P(B) 15 15
18
RESULT:
The above activity explains how to compute the conditional probability of an event, when another event has already occurred.

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