Tota l all sources
Fossil fuels (total) 60.00%
Natural gas 4310%
Coal 1620%
Petroleum (tota l) 040%
Petroleum liquids 030%
Petroleum coke 010%
Other gases 030%
Nuclear 18.60%
Renewables (total) 21.40%
Wind 1020%
Hydropower 570%
Solar( total) 390%
Photovoltaic 390%
Solar thermal 010%
Biomass (tota l) 110%
Wood 080%
Landfi ll gas 020%
Municipal so lid waste (biogen ic) 010%
Other biomass waste 010%
Geothermal
Pumped storage hydropower
Other sources
Data source-U.S. Energ
.
- -- -
) - 1·- ~
~r-fr--
- fw___ . ., _
Wind Wind
I ..
I
I J Solar
0 solar
Natural Gas Natural Gas
Coal Coal
Nuclear Nuclear
Conventional Conventional
hydroelectric hydroelectric
Circle area proportional to capac ity (MW) Circle area proportional t o capaci ty (MW)
• •
Other Other
• • •I •I •I I
• • •I •I •I I
100 300 500 750 1.000 100 300 500 750 1.000
Sources-US. Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-860. 'Annual Electric Generator Report Sources-US. Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-860. 'Annual Electric Generator Report
and Form EIA-860M, 'Monthy Update to the Annual Electric Generator Steport. and Form EIA-860M, 'Monthy Update to the Annual Electric Generator Steport.
Extreme weather events pose significant Gas and crude oil transfer and distribution in
challenges to utility infrastructure, leading to the USA rely on pipelines for high-pressure
increased investments in resilience measures transport to processing facilities and distribution
to mitigate the impacts of hurricanes, wildfires, centers. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is cooled
and heatwaves (GAO) (Federal Energy Regulatory for long-distance transport, especially where
Commission). pipelines are not feasible. Rail and trucks are
lines helps protect against used for shorter distances or where pipelines
storm damage and enhances reliability are unavailable. Gas processing plants remove
by reducing the vulnerability of contaminants and prepare gas for pipeline
(Digital transport, while storage facilities manage supply
Services Firm I West Monroe). Modernizing the and demand fluctuations. Local distribution
grid to handle renewable energy variability and companies deliver gas to consumers through
improve resilience involves deploying advanced lower-pressure pipelines (U.S. Energy Information
technologies such as smart grids and utility-scale Administration) (ARPA-E).
batteries. The concern that is being presented is that,
Electricity transfer and distribution in the USA while grid modernization is in full effect, do we
involve high voltage transmission lines (HVTLs) understand enough about buried assets, or better
that carry electricity over long distances at yet, are we gathering effectively monitoring
voltages from 115 kV to 765 kV. Step-up to affectively prevent AC induced corrosion
transformers increase voltage for efficient or similar, specifically, metallic pipelines, to
long-distance transmission, while substations determine if there will be any detriment to having
step down voltage from HVTLs to 4 kV - 33 kV electrical utilities buried, next to/near metallic
for local distribution. Distribution lines carry pipelines?
medium voltage electricity to local areas, and
distribution transformers further reduce voltage
to 120V-480V for end-users. Smart grids enhance
efficiency and reliability, integrating renewable
energy sources (U.S. Energy Information
Administration) (pv magazine USA).
AC induced corrosion occurs when buried pipelines running parallel to high voltage AC
Quebec
0
Q power lines experience induced AC due to electromagnetic fields. AC current causes the pipeline to peri-
odically become anodic and cathodic, leading to localized corrosion. The alternating nature of AC leads to
O tta o rea l O
the generation of both hydroxide and hydrogen ions, causing pH fluctuations and destabilizing the
protective environment created by DC cathodic protection (Peabody A.W. & Bianchetti R.A., 2017) (Von
•
Baeckmann W., Schwenk W., & Prinz W., 1997) (Scully J.R., 1999).
Open ~ - - ~
Circuit IO.C.P 1----
Her mosillo Potential
Cathodic protection for buried metallic pipelines involves DC cathodic protection, where
anodes (sacrificial or impressed current) provide electrons to the cathode (pipeline) to inhibit anodic
reactions that cause metal loss. The continuous flow of electrons from anode to cathode maintains a
stable environment, preventing the formation of corrosive compounds and creating an alkaline environ-
ment at the cathode (Peabody A.W. & Bianchetti R.A., 2017) (Von Baeckmann W., Schwenk W., & Prinz W.,
1997) (National Association of Corrosion Engineers).
The Basic Corrosion Cell
Met allic Road
Anode
e-
OH-
e-
Fe+ e-
Fe(OH~ Copper
J.
-~ rt
1sosma
~
smart
"---
An All-in-One Remote Asset Integrity
Monitoring System
■ One simple solution for monitoring your pipeline remotely
All readings are instantly logged
and communicated to a user web portal,
notifying the user of all events
■ Instant alerts for any type of event:
■ Loss of isolation
■ Polarization on pipeline no longer providing enough protection
■ Loss of critical bond
■ AC current density past threshold
■ Track trends over time
■ Create reports for compliance submission
■ Peace of mind for having reliable data all in one location
■ Understanding that your systems are performing as intended
■ Provide continuous data instead of a yearly data point
The first portion fop the presenation is aimed to
highlight the growing demand for electrical utilities
and the need for assetss being more resinient wo
extreame weather. With anticipation that, eventual-
ly, all HVTL will be burried. This posses the concern of
corrossion on burrie, metalic, pipelines. Specifically
against AC Induced Corrossion.
Isa-Smart is being marketed as an "all-in-one"
solution and, more importantyl, aims to be an all
encompessing echosystem. So, can you afford to
not know what's "on" your burried, metallic, pipeline?
For further information, please contact Ian Kinnear
at or Gabriel
Gonzales at briel.Gonzales@gptin s
ptindustries.com/
