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1LN Inverters

The document provides an overview of inverters, focusing on their function in converting DC to AC and their applications such as motor drives and UPS systems. It discusses various inverter types, including full and half-bridge configurations, and highlights the importance of filtering harmonics for output quality. Additionally, it covers modulation techniques like Sinusoidal Pulse-width Modulation (SPWM) and challenges in designing low-pass filters for effective harmonic control.

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xicegem840
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12 views49 pages

1LN Inverters

The document provides an overview of inverters, focusing on their function in converting DC to AC and their applications such as motor drives and UPS systems. It discusses various inverter types, including full and half-bridge configurations, and highlights the importance of filtering harmonics for output quality. Additionally, it covers modulation techniques like Sinusoidal Pulse-width Modulation (SPWM) and challenges in designing low-pass filters for effective harmonic control.

Uploaded by

xicegem840
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inverters

Introduction

*Conversion of DC to AC

*Power transfer from a dc source to an ac load

*The controlled full-wave bridge converters can work as an


inverters but an ac source must be present

*Applications as adjustable-speed ac motor drives,


uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), running ac appliances
from an automobile battery etc.
Full Bridge Inverter

S1 and S4 must not be switched –on at


the same time, nor should S2 and S3.
Else shoot-through fault can occur!

Dead time be inserted between


switching signals
Switching modes of a single phase Inverter
Square wave Inverter feeding an RL load
-Vdc
Single phase Inverters

Half Bridge Full Bridge


Waveforms and harmonics of square-wave inverter
Fourier Series
Study of harmonics requires understanding of wave shapes.
Fourier Series is a tool to analyse wave shapes.
Spectra (harmonics) characteristics:

– Harmonic decreases as n increases. It


decreases with a factor of (1/n).

– Even harmonics are absent

– Nearest harmonics is the 3rd. If


fundamental is 50Hz, then nearest
harmonic is 150Hz.

– Due to the small separation between the


fundamental and harmonics, output
lowpass filter design can be quite difficult.

Spectra of square wave


Filtering

• Output of the inverter is “chopped AC voltage with zero DC


component”. In some applications such as UPS, “high purity”
sine wave output is required.

• An LC section low-pass filter is normally fitted at the inverter


output to reduce the high frequency harmonics.

• In some applications such as AC motor drive, filtering is not


require
Challenges in low-pass filters design

• In square wave inverters, maximum output voltage is achievable.


However there in NO control in harmonics and output voltage magnitude.

• The harmonics are always at three, five, seven etc times the
fundamental frequency.

• Hence the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter is somewhat fixed. The
filter size is dictated by the VA ratings of the inverter.

• To reduce filter size, the PWM switching scheme can be utilised.

• In this technique, the harmonics are “pushed” to higher frequencies.


Thus the cut-off frequency of the filter is increased. Hence the filter
components (I.e. L and C) sizes are reduced.

• The trade off for this flexibility is complexity in the switching waveforms.
“Notching”of square wave

•Notching results in controllable


Output voltage magnitude

• Limited degree of harmonics


control is possible
Sinusoidal Pulse-width modulation (SPWM)
• A better square wave notching is known as SPWM technique.

• Both amplitude and frequency can be controlled independently.


Very flexible.
SPWM signal generation
SPWM to Synthesize Sinusoidal Output
SPWM harmonic profile

Modulation ratio ma= Am/Ac

Frequency ratio mf = fc/fm


Isolated Gate-Control Signals

Opto-isolator circuit
Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• Block diagram of a motor drive where the power


flow can be bi-directional
Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter

• Four quadrants of operation


Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
A half-bridge inverter, has Vb1 = Vb2 = 20V. The load is resistive with R = 10 ohm.
Inverter frequency is 100Hz. Sketch and scale the load current waveform and
determine the load power dissipation.
A half-bridge inverter, has Vb1 = Vb2 = 20V. The load is resistive with R = 10 ohm.
Inverter frequency is 100Hz. Sketch and scale the load current waveform and
determine the load power dissipation.
Under and overmodulation
Under modulation: For 0 <ma <1, the instantaneous magnitude of
fundamental pole voltage

For m = 1 the pole output voltage is only 78.5% of the fundamental pole
voltage magnitude output by a square wave inverter operating from the same
dc link voltage.

Over-Modulation: m > 1
Not preferred because of the introduction of lower frequency harmonics in the
output waveform and subsequent distortion of the load current.
Single-Phase Inverter Output
Harmonics due to Over-modulation

• These are harmonics of the fundamental


frequency
Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Three-Phase Inverter Output

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sinusoidal AC Inverters
SPWM switching schemes

Unipolar SPWM

Bipolar SPWM
Bipolar switching SPWM

In general, unipolar switching scheme produces better harmonics. But it


is more difficult to implement.
Output Waveforms:
Uni-polar Voltage
Switching

• Harmonic
components around
the switching
frequency are absent

Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Sinusoidal Synthesis by Voltage Shift

• Phase shift allows voltage cancellation to


synthesize a 1-Phase sinusoidal output
Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Single-Phase Inverter

• Analysis at the fundamental frequency


Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Effect of Blanking
Time
vAN depends on direction of iA

• Results in
nonlinearity

Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Effect of Blanking Time

• Voltage jump when the current reverses direction


Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Effect of Blanking Time

• Effect on the output voltage


Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Three-Phase Inverter: Fundamental
Frequency

• Analysis at the fundamental frequency can be


done using phasors
Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Programmed Harmonic Elimination

• Angles based on the desired output


Copyright © 2003
Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-
by John Wiley & Sons,
Sinusoidal AC Inverters
Inc.
Third Harmonic Injection PWM

Inverter’s supply voltage 15% more utilisation

Enhancing the linear region for the modulation index (ma) from 1 (for
SPWM) to 2/√3 without entering into the overmodulating region.
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation
Space Vector Modulation

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