are peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing networks that typically operate between the years 2000 and
2015. They interact over radio frequencies (30MHz-5GHz). Road safety can benefit from using sensors
for the environment, the house, health, disaster relief operations, air/land/navy defense, weaponry,
robotics, and other applications [2]. 1.1.2 Inherent Features of MANETs 1. Multi-hop Routing1: Data
packets should be routed through one or more intermediary nodes when travelling between wireless
networks. Because wireless transceivers' signal propagation characteristics make multi-hop
communications necessary [8], MANETs must be able to provide multi-hop routing for mobile nodes
that can't reach the destination node when the message's source and destination nodes are out of radio
range. A message from the source to the destination node must pass through several nodes because of
the constrained transmission radius. Each node serves as a router and forwards packets from other
nodes to enable multi-hop routing [9]. 2. Dynamic Network Topology: Data packets should be passed via
one or more intermediary nodes when being sent from a source to a destination over a wireless
network. as a result of the signal Any node in a MANET is free to relocate or join at any time without
knowing its neighbors, but the network is able to autonomously manage its topology. MANET nodes can
enter and exit the network at any time, changing its linkages and topology because they are mobile.
Additionally, bidirectional or unidirectional connections between nodes are possible. But because of this
function, there are a lot of users and they move around a lot. 3. Infrastructure-less Nature: Independent
peer-to-peer nodes work together to create MANETs by communicating with one another for a specified
goal [7]. All devices function equally within the network and there is no previous base station or
organization. There are also no pre-defined roles like routers or gateways because the network's nodes
are provided; instead, each device can serve as both a node and a router simultaneously. Its actions are
independent, and nodal connectivity is sporadic. 4. Bandwidth Constraints and Variable Link Capacity:
Compared to cable connections, connections between MANET nodes have substantially less
bandwidth[7]. Multiple accesses have a variety of negative impacts, including multipath fading, noise,
congestion, fluctuation, and signal interference. 5. Limited Resources (Light-Weight Terminals): Small
hand-held devices including laptops, smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and mobile phones
make up the majority of MANET hardware. These devices only have a little amount of storage space and
battery power. © 2022, IJSRCSE All Rights Reserved Vol.10, Issue.6, Dec 2022 6. Fluctuating Link
Capacity: In a MANET, the The nature of wireless connections' high bit-error rates could be more
serious. Several sessions may share the same end to-end path. The communication channel between the
terminals has a less bandwidth than a wired network and is susceptible to noise, fading, and
interference. Occasionally, the route between any two users may involve a number of wireless links,
each of which may be heterogeneous. 8. Inadequate Physical Security: Wireless connections made
MANET vulnerable to physical layer intruders including eavesdroppers, jammers, spoofers, and DDoS
attacks (DoS). However, MANETs are better protected against single failure points because they are
decentralized. However, compared to infrastructure networks, mobile wireless networks are more
susceptible to security risks. Securing a mobile wireless network is quite challenging because all
networking tasks, such routing and packet forwarding, are carried out by the nodes themselves, just like
in MANETs. It is important to take into account the increased risk of eavesdropping, spoofing, and
denial-of-service attacks[10]. Due to the dispersed nature of security, routing, and host setup, there is
no centralized firewall. 9. Limited Device: SecurityMANET devices are often portable and small, and they
are not region-specific. This makes these gadgets susceptible to loss, damage, or theft. For short-range
communications, they are employed. Therefore, nodes that want to connect with one another directly
need to be close to one another. Multi-hop routing techniques are used to connect distant nodes via
intermediary nodes that serve as routers in order to get around this restriction. Because they may be
swiftly deployed without the assistance of a fixed infrastructure, MANETs can be employed in
circumstances when temporary network connectivity is required. 10. Distributed Operation: Network
control is dispersed among a number of nodes rather than being centralized throughout a background
network. Each node in a MANET should work together and interact with the others, acting as an
exchange when necessary to carry out particular tasks like routing and security [11]. 11. Less Human
Intervention: They are dynamically autonomous since setting up the network only requires a minimal
amount of human participation. 1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of MANET Advantages: 1.
Dissociation from centralized network management 2. Each node can function as a router and a host at
the same time, illustrating its autonomy. 3. Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do not need human
assistance.
