WHY TIMBER IS IMPORTANT IN EDO ARCHITECTURE

High – Lux

Bạch Ngọc Trân – 2272104030769

Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Hiếu - 2275106050134

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Van Lang University

Cultural Intelligent : 223_72HCUL10033_03

Instructor: Dang Thi Tuyet Trinh

2023, 9th July

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Group Participation
Attends meetings 19 19 20 19 17 20 15
regularly and on time.
Time Management &
Responsibility
Accepts fair share of
20 19 20 18 18 20 15
work and reliably
completes it by the
required time
Adaptability
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develop a wide range
of skills in service of
20 18 20 18 14 20 10
the project readily
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approach or
constructive criticism.
Creativity/Originality
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faced with impasses or
19 19 20 20 18 20 10
challenges, originates
new ideas, and initiates
team decisions.
Technical Skills
Ability to create and
develop materials on
19 19 20 17 17 19 10
own initiative provides
technical solutions to
problems.

Total score 97 94 100 92 84 100 60

10 Sore 9.7 9.4 10 9.2 8.4 10 6.0

Table of Contents

CULTURAL INTELLIGENT : 223_72HCUL10033_03 ...............................................1

INSTRUCTOR: DANG THI TUYET TRINH ...............................................................1

I. APPLICATION OF TIMBER IN EDO ARCHITECTURE ......................................1

1. OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE IN THE EDO PERIOD ...........................1

2. APPLICATION OF TIMBER IN EDO ARCHITECTURE ...................................................2

2.3 Palaces and castles: ..............................................................................................4

2.4 Public areas: .........................................................................................................4

2.5 Decoration and interior design: ...........................................................................5

II. REASONS FOR THE PRIMARY USE OF WOOD IN EDO ARCHITECTURE.6

1. ABUNDANCE OF RESOURCES: ..................................................................................6

2. DURABILITY AND STRENGTH: .................................................................................7

3. INSULATING PROPERTIES: .......................................................................................9

4. DESIGN FLEXIBILITY: ..............................................................................................9

5. CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL VALUE: ..................................................................10

III. EFFECTS OF USING TIMBER IN EDO PERIOD ON OTHER

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES........................................................................................ 11

1. THE IMPACT OF WOOD ARCHITECTURE IN EDO PERIOD ..................................... 11

2. EXAMPLES ..............................................................................................................13

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................16
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 1

WHY TIMBER IS IMPORTANT IN EDO ARCHITECTURE

The Edo era (1603–1867) is frequently seen as the source of "traditional" Japanese

architecture. Chaos reigned throughout the previous Sengoku ("warring states") era

(1467–1615). Contrarily, the next Edo or Tokugawa era had a calm social order, an

isolationist foreign policy, and a highly homogenized and stable feudal system under the

military authority of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (Edmunds, 2022)The stability of the Edo

era led to the development and development of several social issues. This contributed to

improvements in architecture, art, and culture generally across the nation. Japan and the

entire globe have been greatly influenced by the Edo period's values.

I. Application of Timber in Edo Architecture

1. Overview of Japanese Architecture in the Edo Period

During Japan's Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate established Edo (now Tokyo) as

its capital, constructing a fortified city that housed state administration buildings and

residences for provincial daimyōs. Edo rapidly expanded, with a population of one

million by 1700. The limited residential space led to the construction of multi-story

houses raised on stone plinths. (Bussagli, 1989) Machiya, traditional townhouses,

underwent refinement during this period. Typically situated on narrow plots, these houses

featured workshops or shops on the ground floor. The roofs were tiled, and exposed

timbers were often plastered to enhance fire resistance. (Parent, Machiya, 2011) Grand

structures showcasing the wealth and power of feudal lords were also built, such as the

Kamiyashiki of Matsudaira Tadamasa and the Ōzone Shimoyashiki.

Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 2

Edo experienced devastating fires, and the 1657 Great Fire of Meireki prompted

changes in urban design. Stone embankments were initially built to contain fires but were

later replaced with dōzō storehouses, acting as firebreaks and storage spaces. These

storehouses had timber frames coated with layers of earthen plaster and featured tiled

roofs. (Itoh, 1973) Stone and brick construction, advocated by Japanese who had studied

with the Dutch, was not pursued due to earthquake vulnerability. (Itoh, 1973) Machiya

and storehouses from this period often had black-colored plaster walls achieved by adding

India ink to burnt lime and crushed oyster shell. (Parent, Edoguro, 2011)

The clean lines of Edo's civil architecture influenced the sukiya style of residential

buildings. Notable examples include the Katsura Detached Palace and Shugaku-in

Imperial Villa in Kyoto. Sukiya architecture featured simple lines, natural wood, and

minimalist decor. (Bussagli, 1989) This style extended beyond villas to ryōtei (Japanese-

style restaurants) and chashitsu (tea houses), and later incorporated residential structures.

(Sukiya-zukuri, n.d.)

2. Application of Timber in Edo Architecture

Japanese traditional architecture is dominated by wood. The skeletal structure of the

walls, structural columns, and roof is traditionally made from timber due to the

abundance of wood and also because of its resistance to earthquakes, harsh climate, and

other natural disasters. The natural beauty of wood texture is kept exposed and not

covered by paint. In other buildings, nails are avoided to fix wooden beams and columns

in the structure, instead, pieces are interlocked together by a method called tokyō. (Toki,

2021) External walls are often finished with the use of clay and bamboo architecture.
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 3

During the Edo period, the Japanese utilized wood in various innovative ways in their

architecture.

2.1 Traditional wooden houses :

The "Minka," or traditional Japanese homes, were mostly made of wood.

Columns, beams, walls, and roofs were constructed using wooden frames and planks.

These buildings frequently have open layouts with walls and sliding timber doors to

create adaptable and practical areas. For instance, Gassho-zukuri, which means

"constructed like hands in prayer," is distinguished for its large roofs. They were

built with tall thatched roofs that imitated the pressed-together hands of Buddhist

monks. To endure the weather, the architectural layout evolved throughout time. The

gassho-zukuri roofs were built of wood and were nailed-free to allow for a

considerably greater attic area, for example, for raising silkworms (Yasuka, 2015).

2.2 Temples and shrines:

During the Edo period, wood was frequently employed in the construction of

temples and shrines. Worship halls and other structures were constructed using

wooden frames and columns. Decorative sculptures and door panels in the classic

style were also made of wood. Shinto, a religion that originated in ancient Japan

was based on the reverence of nature. Its followers considered wood to be sacred

and looked upon it as a symbol of life. (Chrispy, 2012) Because of that, to reflect

the Japanese people's loyalty and respect for their religion, temples and shrines in

Japan were erected mostly of wood during the Edo era under the influence of Shinto.
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 4

2.3 Palaces and castles:

The construction of palaces and castles occupied by feudal lords and daimyo

also made use of wood. Back to history, Ieyasu- The first Shogun of Edo Period

started to work on constructing a massive castle that would serve as his place of

administration after deciding to rule from Edo. He was following the example

established by Oda Nobunaga, who constructed Azuchi Castle, and Toyotomi

Hideyoshi, who constructed castles in Osaka and close to Kyoto. The Tokugawa

shogunate had power over around 30% of Japan's land under the terms of the political

agreement that resulted from the Battle of Sekigahara, with the other 70% remaining

in the hands of various daimyo families. Ieyasu didn't have faith in these daimyo,

therefore he employed a number of tactics to subdue and weaken them. As a result,

masses of stone, timber and other goods were shipped to Edo from all around Japan.

(Squires, 2022) It seems sense that an Edo-period castle was constructed using wood

as the primary material given the significant amount of timber that had been seized.

Ieyasu's influence wasn't the only thing that led many daimyo to utilize wood for their

homes.

2.4 Public areas:

Wood was used to build public buildings including stores, stadiums, wooden

walkways, and bridges. Post-and-beam structures, a central wood

column (symbolizing the rites of tree worship), and timber brackets (which allowed

for their deep eaves) were characteristics of Japanese architecture. Other

characteristics changed as a result of specific issues. For instance, the elevated floor

(yuka) protected the wood from the wetness of the soil and allowed for airflow that
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 5

kept it in good condition. (Kennedy, 2017) For these buildings, wood offered the

requisite durability and strength.

2.5 Decoration and interior design:

The Japanese home design aesthetic is a discipline that has strong ties to

culture, nature, and tradition. Many of the essential components that make up

Japanese living environments make this clear:

Shoji and Fusuma : Shoji and Fusuma, respectively, which are movable

screens and sliding doors, are typical elements of traditional Japanese architecture.

These elements contribute to fusing the inner and external spaces together. Japanese

homes often don't include glass, thus the screens are constructed of paper to enable

natural light to pass through. (SEFERIAN, 2022)

Genkan : "Genkan" is the name for the entrance or doorway in Japanese

homes. It is a little space directly outside the entrance door of the home or flat where

you take off your shoes before entering. To keep dirt out of the main household

space, genkan is often sunken (lower than the main floor). There aren't many homes

that you can go into with shoes on. When you get home from the outside, remove

your shoes at the genkan and put on indoor slippers before going inside. (WeXpats,

2023). These Genkan usually make of wood because of its durability, not moldy as

well as high aesthetics.

Engawa: Another characteristic of traditional Japanese homes is an engawa, a

wooden veranda that wraps around the building's external walls. This design

establishes a link between the home and the outside world. Typically, an engawa is

supported by a row of posts that resemble those around the exterior and inside of
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 6

the building, with the shoji in the middle. (SEFERIAN, 2022) Hinoki wood is

typically used to make engawa because it is sturdy but simple to carve the looms

and simple to clamp the shoji in the centre.

In summary, timber plays a significant role in decoration and interior design

in Edo Period.

II. Reasons for the primary use of wood in Edo architecture

When fires were so often historically, why did the Japanese construct virtually

exclusively with wood? Japanese wood building is undoubtedly vulnerable to fire, as

evidenced by the stringent present fire mitigation rules. The most common natural disasters,

it seems, were not what motivated traditional Japanese construction styles. Mold, earthquakes,

and typhoons, in that order, were the three additional issues that needed to be addressed right

away. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and Japanese Architecture, 2016) In spite of the disasters, timber

has significant advantages that lead the Edo people to choose it as their main construction

material.

1. Abundance of resources:

There are many different types of trees in Japan, including s cypress, hinoki, and palm

trees. This variety offered a considerable supply of timber for building needs. Natural wood

is a form of wood that is directly taken out of the environment or from forested regions in

compliance with the law. After just 40 to 60 years of development, common wood species

including cryptomeria, cypress, and pine are usually available for harvesting and usage.

Particularly resistant to mildew and insects, cypress and cryptomeria provide excellent

construction materials for the humid environment of Japan. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 7

Japanese Architecture, 2016) When a tree is grown and ready to be harvested, it has a

strong, firm trunk, guaranteeing that it satisfies the requirements for building and interior

design.( (Kohtz, The most common natural woods in Japanese architecture, 2023) .In Japan,

Wood is divided into three main features : Common Wood – easy to grow, grows quickly

and easy to harvest, Premium Wood – Relatives rare with beautiful wood grains and colors

and their long lifespan, Rare Wood – Difficult to grow and grow slowly, often use in

luxurious, high-class architiect due to it wood grains and colors.

2. Durability and strength:

In architecture, wood is considered a very dependable and long-lasting material. It

can endure loads and withstand external elements including wind, rain, and temperature.

The humidity can remain around 70% for weeks at a time, especially during the hot summer

months, while temperatures rarely fall below 0 or reach beyond 35°C, creating an excellent

temperature zone for growth. When the rainy season starts, mold has the potential to cause

real damage. By lifting the structure above the ground and keeping the majority of the walls

open, traditional wooden construction resisted mold by allowing air to freely circulate

under, around, and through the whole interior area. For instance,buildings older than 300

years that remain in their original condition are typically only "lightly inhabited," with

scant amounts of furniture and other fixtures. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and Japanese

Architecture, 2016).

Secondly, recurring typhoons' powerful winds and downpours are still another

compelling reason to construct wood. The use of very deep overhanging eaves to protect

walls is encouraged by frequent heavy rain, whereas the answer to strong winds was the

construction of substantial roofs that wouldn't fly off. Without an intricate wood structure,
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 8

especially without access to metal bracing and fasteners, heavy, cantilevered roofs are

impractical to construct. These hefty roofs should preferably be supported by substantial

stone or brick walls to withstand typhoons. However, this is risky and unworkable in a

nation where destructive earthquakes occur almost as frequently as devastating typhoons.

(Not to mention the fact that during the rainy season, uninsulated masonry or concrete

walls can actually weep with humidity.The majority of the timber framework in a

traditional Japanese wooden building is visible. This means that any water entrance, such

as one caused by a leaking roof, may be quickly found and fixed before mold has a chance

to establish itself. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and Japanese Architecture, 2016)

Thirdly, main benefit of using timber for construction is its resilience to earthquakes.

Traditional all-timber joints can absorb a large portion of the lateral energy of an

earthquake because they are flexible. This makes it possible for a structure with a hefty

roof but no solid walls to hold firm even during violent shaking. Many old timber structures

in Japan are built like a chair made of wood, with support pillars that aren't attached to any

walls connecting them at the top where the roof rests and at the bottom with bracing. This

makes it possible to support a dynamic, top-heavy weight safely. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and

Japanese Architecture, 2016)

Moreover, Metal fasteners had a limited role in building during the Edo era because

of guild restrictions, protectionism, and political choices undertaken by the Tokugawa

shogunate. The evolution of Japanese all-wood joinery was largely influenced by this, even

after steel became widely accessible. However, unless put in properly cured wood and

shielded from air contact, metal fasteners cannot compare to the lifespan of all-wood joints.

They can become loose in improperly cured wood due to seasonal shrinkage and expansion
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 9

of the surrounding material, and in Japan's humid environment, they are vulnerable to quick

oxidation when exposed to the air. On the other hand, as the wood matures and its cells

solidify, an all-wood joint becomes stronger. Wood joints can still be structurally sound

decades after they were first built, according to studies. In general, wood continues to get

stronger 200–300 years after being cut. After then, strength progressively decreases, but it

takes around a thousand years for a thoroughly cured wood beam to lose all of its strength

and return to the state it was in when it originally logged. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and

Japanese Architecture, 2016)

3. Insulating properties:

Because of its great thermal insulation capabilities, wood helps to keep indoor

temperatures steady. In the tropical environment of Japan, this is very significant. Heavy

timbers and suitable airflow were generally used in the construction of private homes. They

had plenty of air movement even when closed off from the outside elements since relative

humidity may be high even in the winter. This airflow was provided by gaps between

wooden shutters and paper doors, between walls and the roof, and commonly by a totally

open smoke outlet. With so much ventilation, traditional Japanese dwellings were only

somewhat pleasant in the summer but quite awful in the winter. A tiny price to pay for

preventing mildew, though, was supposedly layering up and having chilblains on your

fingertips. (Kohtz, Wood, Mold, and Japanese Architecture, 2016)

4. Design flexibility:

Because wood is so easily shaped, molded, and twisted into various sizes and forms,

builders may include complex patterns and features in their constructions.

Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 10

Flexibility in design was a defining feature of Edo wood architecture. During this

time, architects were allowed to experiment and design distinctive buildings that

expressed both their aesthetic vision and the necessities of their clients.

The capacity to adjust to various site circumstances was one example of architectural

flexibility in Edo wood architecture. Because wood was used as the main building

material, structures could be erected on a variety of surfaces, including slopes and uneven

ground. To take into account the unique features of the site, architects might modify the

structure's foundation and design.

The variety of architectural patterns and styles was another factor. There were many

different types of Japanese buildings in Edo, from modest Machiya townhouses to

opulent temples and palaces. Whether it was a residential, commercial, or religious space,

architects had the freedom to create structures that matched the building's purpose and

function with have mention above

Additionally, Edo wood architecture permitted individualization and customization.

Decorative features and detailed details, such as elaborate carvings, latticework, and sliding

doors, might be included in architectural designs. These elements not only enhanced the

aesthetic appeal of the building but also served functional reasons including granting

seclusion, regulating airflow, and adding visual interest.

5. Cultural and traditional value:

For the purpose of protecting and promoting Japanese cultural heritage, Edo

architecture was extremely important. Due to the widespread recognition and

appreciation of its distinctive architecture and traditional methods, Edo-era buildings

have been preserved and restored as cultural relics.

Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 11

Overall, Edo wood architecture gave designers the ability to experiment with many

design options and produce buildings that were both useful and aesthetically pleasing.

The adaptability of architectural styles, site adaptation, personalization, and the

utilization of conventional carpentry methods all led to the wide range of inventive ideas

found in Edo wood buildings.

III. Effects of using Timber in Edo Period on other architectural styles

1. The impact of wood architecture in Edo Period

The architecture of Japan has influenced other countries in terms of form and wood

processing techniques, but there are differences in the functional arrangement and cultural

values in each design. European countries may seek simplicity and minimalism in design

because Japanese wooden architecture focuses on simplicity and naturalness, using

natural wood materials. In addition, Japan has a long-standing and unique tradition of

wooden construction. Techniques such as tight wooden structures and wood joinery have

been applied in Japanese wooden architecture. These techniques have been studied and

experimented with by European architects and have influenced architectural styles in the

region. Therefore, some countries have applied wooden architectural designs in both

private and public constructions, such as Sweden: Sweden has a long-standing tradition

of using wood in architecture. Swedish red wooden houses are famous for their simple

design, natural materials, and integration with nature. Wooden architecture is also widely

used in the construction of public buildings such as churches and bridges. (Vuong, 2018)

United States: Wooden architecture has also had a significant influence on

architecture in the United States. Traditional wooden houses, such as Cape Cod style
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 12

houses, have become iconic symbols of the United States. The United States is also

influenced by traditional wood: Some traditional wooden houses of Native Americans use

local woods such as tulip tree, oak, or redwood. These houses are often simple in design,

with a gable roof and rectangular windows. Traditional wooden architecture is often

found in rural and mountainous areas of the United States. In the Midwest and Western

United States, wooden architecture is often spacious and open to accommodate harsh

weather conditions. Houses in this region are often large, multi-story, and use local wood

materials such as pine and redwood. (Rattenbury, 2019)

The influence of wooden architecture in Japan began early and reached its peak of

development through each stage in the future, while also giving birth to many famous

wood architects. First, the Edo architecture left behind unique artworks and rich

architectural styles in Japan. Traditional architectural styles such as traditional houses

(Machiya), shrines, temples, pagodas, and castles were built with precision and respect

for nature and local culture. Following the Edo period, Japan underwent significant

changes with industrial and technological development. However, they still maintained

the principles of traditional architectural design and used elements of Edo architecture in

typical modern structures such as using traditional construction techniques like "between

two points of difference" "connecting with wood without using nails," and "gradating

space by creating light and landscape." These techniques have created unique

architectural works such as temples, shrines, and castles. Moreover, in modern Japanese

architecture, we can see the inheritance from Edo architecture through the use of wood,

open architecture, and minimalism. Modern architecture still respects nature and uses

traditional materials such as wood in construction. In addition, the design principles of

Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 13

Edo architecture, such as balance and good integration between indoor and outdoor

spaces, are also applied in modern architecture. It helps create a good living environment

for people and a balance between humans and the environment. With the combination of

tradition and modernity, present-day Japanese architecture reflects the harmony between

the past and the future, creating a distinctive and unique architectural style. (Tram, 2022)

Secondly, using Timber in Architecture also have an impact on Environment

awerness. The use of wood as a sustainable and renewable material is emphasized in Edo

architecture, which is in line with current concerns about resource conservation and the

sustainability of the environment. The Edo period's strategy for using nearby wood

supplies and reducing environmental damage serves as a guide for environmentally

friendly building methods today.Moreover, Wooden structures from the Edo era have

been the subject of attempts to conserve and improve them as a consequence of their

historical and cultural value. This preservation work serves as an example of the resilience

and endurance of wood as a construction material, promoting the preservation and

restoration of old wooden structures in other areas of the world as well.

2. Examples

Mont-Blanc Base Camp and Towada Community Plaza

These buildings primarily use wood because wood has specific advantages, including:

• Natural properties: Wood is an environmentally friendly material. Its high

sustainability allows for multiple reuses, reducing the use of non-renewable materials

such as concrete and steel, thus protecting the environment. (VSCHOOL, 2022)

• Flexibility in design: With its ability to be cut, bent, and processed flexibly, wood can

be shaped into various forms and sizes suitable for different needs. (VSCHOOL, 2022)
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 14

• Thermal insulation: Wood has better thermal insulation properties compared to

concrete and steel. Its main component, cellulose, provides good thermal insulation,

keeping the interior cool in summer and warm in winter. (DTS, 2020)

• Sound absorption (acoustic wood): By using simple wood panels, drilling straight

holes can create evenly sized and sharp sound-absorbing holes, or if grooved, the back

surface is perforated while the front surface is grooved to specific dimensions. From

there, sound-absorbing wood panels with (Hồng, 2021) standard sound-absorbing

holes are produced. All sound-absorbing wood products are manufactured on modern

machinery and technology lines. (DHG, 2021)

• Interaction with nature: Wood interacts well with light, space, and other elements,

creating a comfortable, intimate, and cozy atmosphere for occupants. (Hồng, 2021)

• Elegance and tradition: Wood is a traditional and esteemed material in Japanese culture.

Using wood in architecture helps create culturally valuable and sophisticated structures

that reflect the beauty and refinement of Japanese architecture.

• Strong structure: Japan is a country prone to earthquakes. Using wood as a building

material ensures safety and enables people to easily cope with adverse situations.

Japanese wooden houses are not only aesthetically pleasing but also extremely durable,

capable of standing strong for hundreds of years, withstanding any seismic shocks.
Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 15

In conclusion, Japanese architecture had a considerable boom during the Edo century (1603–

1868). Wooden architecture flourished at this time, producing one-of-a-kind and exquisite

pieces of art. Edo-era wooden architecture is characterized by its refinement and delicacy in

design and construction. Timber plays a significant part in Edo architecture. Traditional

woodworking methods were used to construct wooden constructions, resulting in elaborate

and distinctive designs. These buildings frequently had curving roofs, doors, and windows

with wooden frames and traditional paper decorations, which produced a pleasing balance

and contrast. The principles of traditional Japanese architecture served as the foundation for

Edo-era timber building, which also integrated elements of Chinese and European

architectural styles. Not only was wooden building beautiful throughout this period, but it

also had profound cultural value. It demonstrated the harmony and firmness of wood, as well

as the contrast and balance of design aspects. To this day, Edo-period wooden building is still

valued and investigated as a significant component of Japan's architectural legacy.

Why Timber is important in Edo Architecture 16

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