MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LEC/LAB

ENGR. JAYVEE L. DE ROBLES

INTRODUCTION
LESSON 1
 WHAT IS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

• Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) combines engineering,

physics and chemistry principles to solve real-world problems
associated with nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology,
energy, manufacturing and other major engineering disciplines.
• The scope of materials science and engineering spans metals,
ceramics, semiconductors, dielectrics, glasses, polymers, and natural
substances like wood, fibers, sand, and stone. For our purposes we
exclude certain substances that in other contexts might be called
“materials”.
• Materials is substance that humans have assembled or produced as
products, appliances, inventions, various constructions.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
 MATERIALS SCIENCE VS. MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Materials science Materials engineering

Focuses on understanding the Applying the principles of materials
fundamental structure-property science to the design, selection,
relationships in materials at the atomic, and processing of materials for
molecular, and macroscopic levels. specific engineering applications.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Classification of Engineering Materials

Metals Polymers Ceramics Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials

Traditional
Ferrous Metals Thermoplastics
Ceramics

Non-Ferrous Advanced
Thermosets
Metals Ceramics

Elastomers
METALS

• Metals are a class of materials known for their distinct physical

properties, such as high electrical and thermal conductivity,
malleability, ductility, and generally high strength. They are widely
used in various applications, from construction and manufacturing
to electronics and energy production.
CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

• Metals can be broadly classified into ferrous and non-ferrous

categories:
1. Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals contain iron as the primary
element. These are typically magnetic and prone to rusting when
exposed to moisture.
2. Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and
are generally more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals. They
also tend to be lighter and more malleable.
COMMON ALLOYS OF METALS

• Metals are often combined to form alloys—materials made by

mixing two or more metals (or a metal and a non-metal) to achieve
specific properties. Some key alloys include:
Steel: An alloy of iron and carbon, sometimes with other elements
added (e.g., chromium, nickel, manganese) to improve properties.
Brass: An alloy of copper and zinc, known for its malleability and
corrosion resistance.
Bronze: An alloy of copper and tin, known for its hardness and
resistance to corrosion.
Stainless Steel: A steel alloy containing at least 10% chromium,
which gives it high corrosion resistance.
POLYMERS

• Polymer is a macromolecule composed of many smaller, repeating

chemical units known as monomers. These monomers are covalently
bonded to form long chains that can be made up of identical or different
monomers. It can be natural (e.g., DNA, proteins, cellulose) or synthetic
(e.g., plastics, nylon, polyethylene). They range in properties from
flexible (rubber) to rigid (plastic) and are used in industries like
packaging, healthcare, and construction.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

• Polymers are further classified into the following groups based on

thermal behavior:
1. Thermoplastic: Thermoplastics are polymers that become soft and
moldable when heated, allowing them to be easily reshaped or
reprocessed. When cooled, they solidify and retain their new shape.
2. Thermosetting: Thermosetting plastics are polymers that harden
permanently when they are heated and molded, and they cannot be
remolded or reshaped once they’ve solidified.
3. Elastomers: Elastomers are a class of polymers that have elastic
properties, meaning they can undergo significant deformation when stress
is applied but will return to their original shape once the stress is removed.
7 TYPES OF PLASTICS
CERAMICS

• Ceramics refers to a wide range of inorganic, non-metallic materials

that are made by shaping and then firing a mixture of clay, minerals,
and other compounds at high temperatures. Ceramics are known for
their durability, hardness, and resistance to heat, which makes them
ideal for a variety of applications, from art and decoration to industrial
and technological uses.
CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS

• Ceramics can be broadly classified into two main categories based on their
composition and properties:
1. Traditional Ceramics: Made from natural raw materials like clay, silica, and
feldspar, traditional ceramics are used in everyday items and construction
materials. They have been used for thousands of years and are typically fired
at lower temperatures.
2. Advanced Ceramics: Advanced ceramics (also known as technical ceramics
or high-performance ceramics) differ from traditional ceramics in that they are
engineered to meet specific technical needs, often involving materials science
and advanced manufacturing processes. They tend to be made from more
refined, purified, or synthetic materials, and they exhibit superior performance
in extreme conditions compared to traditional ceramics.
GLASS

• Glass is a hard, brittle, and often transparent material made from a mixture of
silica (sand), soda, lime, and sometimes other ingredients like alumina or
boron oxide. It is created by heating these raw materials to a very high
temperature until they melt and form a liquid, which is then shaped and cooled
to solidify.
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Composite materials are materials made from two or more distinct

components, often with different properties, that are combined to create a
material with characteristics superior to those of the individual components.
The goal is typically to achieve enhanced strength, stiffness, durability, or
other desired attributes.
 SEMICONDUCTORS

• Semiconductors are materials that have electrical properties lying

between those of conductors and insulators. They are unique because
their electrical conductivity can be controlled and modified by adding
impurities, applying electrical fields, or changing the temperature. This
ability to tailor conductivity makes semiconductors ideal for use in a wide
range of electronic devices.
 BIOMATERIALS

• Biomaterials are materials designed to interact with biological systems for

medical purposes, especially in the context of implantation or prosthetics.
These materials are specifically engineered to be used in components that are
implanted in the human body to replace, repair, or support damaged or
diseased body parts. They play a crucial role in modern medicine, enabling
the restoration of lost functions, such as through artificial joints, heart valves,
dental implants, or bone replacements.
 SMART MATERIALS

• Smart materials, also known as intelligent materials, are materials designed to

respond to external stimuli, such as changes in temperature, pressure, light,
electric or magnetic fields, or mechanical stress. Unlike traditional materials,
which retain constant properties under normal conditions, smart materials can
undergo reversible changes in their physical properties (e.g., shape,
conductivity, color) in response to environmental changes.
 MATERIAL SELECTION

Material Selection is a key process in engineering and manufacturing that involves choosing the
appropriate materials for a specific application based on various performance, economic, and
environmental considerations. The material selection process ensures that the final product
meets the required performance standards, is cost-effective, and is sustainable.
Material Selection Process:
1. Initial Screening: Eliminate materials that do not meet the fundamental requirements for the
application.
2. Property Matching: Identify and shortlist materials that possess the necessary properties to
fulfill the specific performance criteria.
3. Economic & Environmental Evaluation: Assess the cost, availability, manufacturability, and
processing considerations of the materials, while also ensuring they meet sustainability goals
and regulatory compliance.
4. Prototype Testing & Final Selection: Prototype and test materials under real-world
conditions to evaluate their practical performance. Based on testing results, select the
material that best balances all technical, economic, and environmental factors.
EXAMPLE: MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A COFFEE MUG
Material Selection Process:
1. Initial Screening
Basic Requirements:
Mechanical: The mug must be durable, resistant to chipping, and able to support the weight of the liquid.
Thermal: It should withstand high temperatures and provide insulation to prevent burns.
Food Safety: The material must be non-toxic and safe for contact with food and beverages.

2. Property Matching
Suitable Materials:
Ceramics: Durable, heat-retaining, aesthetically pleasing, and effective for insulation. Ideal for maintaining
the temperature of beverages.
Glass: Heat-resistant and non-toxic, but fragile and lacks insulation unless double-walled.
Stainless Steel: Highly durable, excellent for heat insulation (especially with double-walled designs), but
may lack the traditional aesthetic appeal of ceramic or glass cups.
Bamboo: Eco-friendly, but offers limited insulation unless specially treated or combined with other materials
for heat resistance.
EXAMPLE: MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A COFFEE MUG
3. Economic & Environmental Evaluation
Ceramics: Widely available, moderate cost but energy-intensive to produce. Recyclable but energy-
intensive production.
Glass: Moderate in cost, but requires higher energy for production. It is recyclable, though it is fragile and
prone to breakage.
Stainless Steel: Higher cost, but durable and long-lasting. Recyclable and durable but energy-intensive.
Bamboo: Affordable but less durable for long-term use. Biodegradable but may require synthetic coatings.

4. Prototype Testing & Final Selection

The testing across all materials will focus on evaluating:
Mechanical Properties: Checking durability, strength, breakage resistance, comfort, and daily usability.
Thermal Properties: Testing heat resistance, heat retention, and insulation to keep the beverage warm and
the exterior safe to touch.
Food Safety: Ensuring the material is non-toxic and safe for hot liquids.
Final Selection:
After evaluating all factors, CERAMICS is chosen as the best material for the coffee mug due to its excellent
heat retention, durability, comfort, aesthetic appeal, and cost-effectiveness.
ACTIVITY

What are the best materials for knife handles, and how do
you choose the right one?
ASSIGNMENT
Bring the following materials:
• Mould and Deckle
• Blender or Food Processor
• Used Papers or Old Papers
• Basin or Large Container
• Sponge
• Cotton Towels or Absorbent Cloth
• Scissors
• Hot water
• 1-2 teaspoons of starch (Optional)
THANK YOU !