Scribd
Upload
14 views

Class 8 Notes

The document covers data exploration, modeling, and Python programming, detailing techniques for analyzing and visualizing data, including various tools and types of visualizations. It also discusses AI concepts, different learning-based approaches, and the use of Anaconda and Jupyter Notebook for Python development. Key features of Python, including its syntax, data types, and control structures, are also outlined.

Uploaded by

info
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Class 8 Notes

The document covers data exploration, modeling, and Python programming, detailing techniques for analyzing and visualizing data, including various tools and types of visualizations. It also discusses AI concepts, different learning-based approaches, and the use of Anaconda and Jupyter Notebook for Python development. Key features of Python, including its syntax, data types, and control structures, are also outlined.

Uploaded by

info
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Chapter 23: Data Exploration

Introduction

Data exploration is the process of analyzing and visualizing data to understand its structure,
patterns, and insights. It helps in detecting anomalies, trends, and relationships within datasets.

Data Visualization

Data visualization refers to representing data in graphical formats such as charts, graphs, and
maps. It helps in understanding data trends, outliers, and patterns effectively.

Data Visualization Tools

Some commonly used data visualization tools include:

1. MS Excel
2. Google Sheets
3. Tableau
4. Power BI
5. Matplotlib (Python Library)

Types of Data Visualization

1. Bar Chart – Used to compare different categories.


2. Line Chart – Used to show trends over time.
3. Pie Chart – Used to show proportions.
4. Histogram – Used for distribution of numerical data.
5. Scatter Plot – Used to show relationships between variables.

Short Answer Questions

1. Briefly explain the process of creating 3-D columns in MS Excel.


o In MS Excel, select the data, go to Insert tab, choose Column Chart, and select 3-
D column type.
2. Mention 5 different forms of data visualization.
o Bar Chart, Line Chart, Pie Chart, Histogram, Scatter Plot.
3. What do you know about Google Sheets? How can we use them for data
visualization?
o Google Sheets is an online spreadsheet tool that allows users to create and edit
spreadsheets. It offers chart options like bar, pie, and line charts for visualization.
4. Why is MS Excel one of the most popular tools for data visualization?
o MS Excel provides user-friendly tools, multiple chart options, data analysis
features, and is widely available.
5. What is a combination chart? Explain their usage.
o A combination chart combines two or more chart types (e.g., bar and line) to
represent different datasets on the same graph.

Chapter 24: Data Modeling

Introduction

Data modeling is the process of creating a visual representation of a system's data and its
relationships.

AI, ML, and DL

 AI (Artificial Intelligence): Simulates human intelligence.


 ML (Machine Learning): AI subset that learns from data.
 DL (Deep Learning): ML subset using neural networks.

Modeling

Modeling refers to designing AI models to process and analyze data.

AI Models

 Rule-Based Models: Use predefined rules for decision-making.


 Learning-Based Models: Learn patterns from data.

Types of Learning-Based Approaches

1. Supervised Learning – Uses labeled data.


2. Semi-Supervised Learning – Uses a mix of labeled and unlabeled data.
3. Unsupervised Learning – Finds patterns in unlabeled data.
4. Reinforcement Learning – Uses rewards to learn optimal actions.

Application of Learning-Based Approaches

 Classification: Categorizing data into predefined groups.


 Prediction: Forecasting outcomes.
 Regression: Predicting continuous values.
 Decision Trees: Structured decision-making models.
 Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of variables.

Evaluation

AI models are evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.


Neural Networks

 Working of Neural Networks: Layers of interconnected nodes process data.


 Perceptron: Basic unit of neural networks.

Short Answer Questions

1. Difference between ML and DL?


o ML needs structured data, while DL uses neural networks.
2. Working principle of rule-based models?
o Uses predefined rules for decision-making.
3. Advantages of learning-based models over rule-based models?
o They adapt to new data and improve over time.
4. Types of nodes in a decision tree?
o Root, internal, and leaf nodes.
5. What is classification in AI?
o Categorizing data into predefined groups.
6. What is regression in AI?
o Predicting continuous values.
7. What is splitting in decision trees?
o Dividing data into subsets.
8. Explain dimensionality reduction with an example.
o Reducing features to simplify models.
9. Describe the operation of a perceptron.
o Processes inputs through weighted connections and activation functions.
10. Parameters to evaluate an AI project?

 Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

Chapter 25: Anaconda and Jupyter Notebook

Introduction

Anaconda is a distribution for Python that simplifies AI coding.

Coding for AI

Python is the primary language for AI development.

Different Modes of Coding in Python

 Interactive Mode
 Script Mode
Anaconda and Jupyter Notebook

 Installing Anaconda
 How to Access Anaconda:
o Using Command Prompt
o Using Anaconda Navigator

Virtual Environment in Anaconda

 Allows isolated project environments.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is Anaconda? Why do we need it for AI projects?


o It is a package manager and environment for Python.
2. What is Jupyter Notebook?
o An interactive coding environment for Python.
3. Ways to install Anaconda on Windows?
o Via graphical installer or command line.
4. What is a virtual environment in Anaconda?
o A separate environment for managing dependencies.
5. How to save files in Jupyter Notebook?
o Using the File > Save option or shortcut Ctrl+S.

Chapter 26: Python

Introduction

Python is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity.

Features of Python

 Easy to learn
 Interpreted language
 Extensive libraries

Basics of Python

 print() function: Displays output.


 Comments: # for single-line, ''' for multi-line.
 Character Set: Letters, digits, symbols.
 Reserved Keywords: Predefined words.
 Identifiers: Variable names.
 Statements: Instructions in code.
 Indentation: Code structure in Python.
 Variables: Store data values.
 Data Types: int, float, str, bool, etc.

Input and Output

 input(): Accepts user input.


 print(): Displays output.

Operators

 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /
 Comparison: ==, !=, >, <
 Assignment: =, +=, -=
 Logical: and, or, not
 Bitwise: &, |, ^

Conditional Statements

 if, if-else, if-elif-else

Loops

 For loop
 While loop
 Loop control statements: break, continue
 Nested loops

You might also like