PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 February 19, 2025

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

-a clear description of an issue or
challenge that needs to be
addressed. It's a key step in solving a
problem, as it helps identify the
problem, its causes, and the desired
outcome.
BASIC WRITING STRATEGIES FOR
THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem statement aims to highlight the
pressing issue the research intends to
address. It should be concise and to the point.
Researchers can follow a two-step approach:
first, think about the content of the problem
statement, and then organize the writing
framework.
▪usually consists of one question to be
addressed in your assignment and to be
answered in your conclusion. It can include 2-
5 sub-questions. A problem statement can
take different forms, but generally:
•It uses accurate wording, for example technical terms
•It relates specifically to your project, describing what
you want to study (object) and how you want to study it
(theories and methods)
•It not only introduces a description of the problem
(what is the problem?) but also encourages explanation,
reflection and discussion of the problem (how and why
does the problem exist?)
BEFORE WRITING, CLARIFY THE
FOLLOWING POINTS:
•What is the reader’s level of
understanding of the research topic?
•How can the significance of the research
be effectively conveyed to the reader?
 AFTER ADDRESSING THESE TWO
QUESTIONS, YOU CAN ORGANIZE THE
CONTENT ACCORDING TO THE
FOLLOWING STRUCTURE:
•Clarify what you aim to achieve with your research.
•Explore why the problem exists and explain how solving it helps reach the goal.
•Outline the potential impact of the research, such as possible outcomes,
challenges, and benefits.
•Recommend a plan for your experiment that follows the rules of science.
•Explain the potential consequences if the problem is not resolved (if applicable).
 RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED IN DEVELOPING
YOUR STUDY
1. Any controversial topics because it depends more on the
writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts cannot support this
topic.
2. Highly technical subjects are not advisable for beginners as
these topics require an advanced study, technical knowledge,
and skills.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects that happens if there are no
available reading materials about it and if such materials are
not up-to-date.
 RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED IN
DEVELOPING YOUR STUDY
4. Too broad subjects that prevent you from to focus on the
subject matter of the paper. Narrow down or limit the subject
to eliminate the problem.
5. Too narrow subjects that are so limited where an extensive
searching is necessary.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
STUDEY
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It is the coverage of the

research to be explored which
includes the facts and theories
about the subject.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. Sample size.
a. The research design and method will determine whether if it is small
or large sample size.
b. The sample size will determine the quality of data and the
relationships that will be identified among the variables.
2. Lack of available and/or reliable data. This will limit the scope of
analysis and the ability of the researcher to determine meaningful
trends and relationships among the data.
3. Lack of prior studies. This will limit the effectiveness of the literature
review and initial understanding of the research.
4. Chosen data collection method. The quality of data
collected must be clear to avoid erroneous answers from
the respondents.
5. Nature of the information collected. Researcher should
not rely on preexisting data.
6. Access. The amount and quality of available data will
depend on the ability of the researcher to access people,
organizations, libraries, and documents.
 7. Time period. It is advisable to select a research
problem and design
8. Bias. The researcher must focus only to the problem,
should be neutral and avoid his or her personal biases.
9. Language. This may have an effect on data collection,
especially if the researcher is involved with respondents
that speak a variety of languages.
LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)
- discusses published information in a particular subject area,
and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a
certain time period (Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M., & Amin, A.,
2014).
- It is a survey of scholarly articles, books and other sources
relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and
by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical
evaluation of these works. (libguides.usc.edu, n.d.)
-It describes the content and quality of knowledge already
available, and readily presents the reader the significance of
previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010)
TRADITIONAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- which summarize present forms of knowledge on a
specific subject and aims to give a new understanding of
an existing work.
- It expects you to state your intentions in conducting the
review and to name the sources of information and it
provides a concise summary of information and data
findings that describe current knowledge and facts that
offers a rationale for conducting future researchers.
(Ridley, 2008).
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRADITIONAL REVIEW
1. Conceptual Review – Analysis of concepts or ideas to
give meaning to some national or world issues.
2. Critical Review – focuses on theories or hypotheses
and examines meanings and results of their
application to situations.
3. State-of-the-Art Review – makes the researcher deal
with the latest research studies on the subject.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRADITIONAL REVIEW

4. Expert Review– encourages a well-known expert to do

the RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology,
paradigm, or belief on him.
5. Scoping Review – prepares a situation for a future
research work in the form of project making about
community development, government policies, and health
services, among others.
SYSTEMIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE

As indicated by its name “systemic” which

means methodical. It’s a style of RRL that
involves sequential acts of a review of
related literature. Unlike traditional review
that has no particular method.
HERE ARE THE STEPS IN DOING SYSTEMIC REVIEW
OF LITERATURE (RIDLEY, 2012):
1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions.
2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data
3. Do the literature search
4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies or sources of
knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your
decision to take some data and junk the rest.
5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies.
6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data
WHAT IS META-ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO RRL?
It is a kind of review of related literature in which
you re-examine and combine the results of two or
more statistical studies for coming out with a grand
total to indicate stronger effects of the research
outcome. Putting the results together and making
them appear as one result work to strengthen
wherever impact the independent variable has on
the dependent variable (Ridley, 2012).
HOW TO WRITE A CONCISE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE?
Presentation of the data gathered should be by
topic based on the given objectives of the
research. The literature should not be too detailed
or brief. Text should be based on the current
edition of the American Psychological Association
(APA), Modern Language Association of America
(MLA) or the Chicago Manual of Style and other
standards relevant to one’s discipline (Ridley,
2012).
THE TYPE OF REFERENCE STYLE WILL DEPEND ON THE
RESEARCH STUDIES OF THE STUDENT NAMELY:
1) APA: Psychology, Education and other Social
Sciences; The APA referencing style is also
called the "author-date" style. The text citation
contains the author/s and the year of
publication. Use only the surname of the
author(s) followed by a comma and the year
of publication.
 EXAMPLE FOR TEXT CITATION

I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates a main

impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino
(Macajelos, 2014, 247).
Or
(Macajelos, 2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive
essay which creates a main impression, an over-all effect,
feeling, or image of a Filipino.”
WHAT WILL APPEAR IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE
THE FOLLOWING:
Macajelos, Esteria. 2014. English of the
New Generation. Quezon City: Sunshine
Interlinks Publishing House Incorporated.
2) MLA: ARTS AND HUMANITIES;
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's last name and the
page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase
is taken must appear in the text, and a complete
reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The
author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or
in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase,
but the page number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
 EXAMPLE FOR TEXT CITATION
Macajelos stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive
essay which creates a main impression, an over-all
effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino” (249).

What will appear in the bibliography are the following:

Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation.
Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House
Incorporated, 2014.
3) CHICAGO: HISTORY AND MANY OTHER SUBJECTS IN SCHOLARLY
AND NONSCHOLARLY WORK.
Example for text citation:
Macajelos (2014, 249) stated that: I Am a Filipino is a
descriptive essay which creates a main impression, an
over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino.
What will appear in the bibliography are the
following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation.
Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House
Incorporated, 2014
Why do I need to cite?
To uphold the intellectual property and avoiding
plagiarism should be observed in the research work.
To attribute the prior or unoriginal work and ideas
to the correct sources is also needed and allowing
the readers to determine independently whether the
reference materials support the author's argument in
the claimed way and helping the reader gauge the
strength and validity of the material that the author
had used.
ETHICAL STANDARD IN WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
Research ethics are standardized rule that
guide the design to conduct research. The term
ethics refers to questions of right or wrong.
When researchers think about ethics, they must
also ask themselves if it is right to conduct a
particular study or carry out certain
procedures (Ridley, 2012).
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

It is committed when authors present the words,

data or ideas of others with the implication
that they are their own without attribution. This
act is against the intellectual property right
law. It is a form of research misconduct.
ETHICS IN LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Discuss intellectual property frankly

2. Be conscious of multiple roles
3. Follow informed consent rules
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
5. Tap into ethics resources
ACTIVITY AS A GROUP March 12, 2025
DIRECTIONS. GIVE WHAT IS ASKED FOR IN EACH ITEM.
WRITE YOUR RESPONSES IN 1 WHOLE SHEET OF PAPER.
1. Identify the type of literature that you need in
your study. Explain.
2. Do you think the literature references gathered
are relevant to your chosen topic? Elucidate.
3. What do you think is the relevance of the
different literature references in doing a research?
4. Why do you need to re-examine /review the
literature related to your study?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It shows the benefits of the study to address

issues and problems, in improving economic
and health conditions or even finding solutions
to problems encountered in daily life.
 RATIONALE OF THE
STUDY/INTODUCTION
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY/INTRODUCTION
States briefly the background of the study and
identifies the rationale of the research problem. It
begins with a general statement of the problem,
outlines the specific problem or issue within the
existing literature.
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY/INTODUCTION
GUIDE QUESTIONS IN CRAFTING INTRODUCTION:
PARAGRAPH 1 – What is your topic all about?
PARAGRAPH 2 – What other researchers tell about the
research?
PARAGRAPH 3 – What is the gap of the study?
PARAGRAPH 4 – How will you address the gap of your
study?
WHAT IS A RESEARCH GAP?

- is a topic or area of study that lacks

information or has unanswered questions.
- it can be the form of missing data,
unresolved problems, or new ideas.
WHY ARE RESEARCH GAP IMPORTANT?

•Identifying research gaps helps researchers

develop important questions.
•It can help guide policy makers and funders.
•It can help advance knowledge and
understanding of a subject.
HOW TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH GAP?
•Analyze existing literature
•Look for contradictions or inconsistencies
•Note areas where research findings are
inconclusive
•Consider if the research methods used are
adequate
•Look for gaps in population
THANK YOU
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