Module V

Individual, Society & Nation

-Sugandh Katyal
 Tolerance

Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the

rich diversity of our world’s cultures, our forms of
expression and ways of being human. It is fostered by
knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of
thought, conscience and belief.
Tolerance is harmony in difference.

It is not only a moral duty, but also a political and legal

requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that makes peace
possible, contributes to the replacement of the culture of
war by a culture of peace.
 Importance of
Tolerance & Harmony

Tolerance is integral to different groups relating to one

another in a respectful and understanding way. In cases
where communities have been deeply entrenched in violent
conflict, being tolerant helps the affected groups endure the
pain of the past and resolve their differences.
In situations where conditions are economically depressed
and politically charged, groups and individuals may find it
hard to tolerate those that are different from them or have
caused them harm. In such cases, discrimination,
dehumanisation, repression, and violence may occur.
 Pro-Social Behaviour

Prosocial behavior, an important form of moral behavior

(Fabes et al., 1999), is essential for maintaining positive
social relationships and promoting social adjustment.
Prosocial behavior was defined as behavior through which
people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping,
cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating (Eisenberg
and Fabes, 1998; Greener and Crick, 1999).
 Pro-Social Behavior

The development of pro-social behavior is important

during the early years as these actions are associated with
social and emotional competence throughout childhood
(e.g., peer acceptance, empathy, self-confidence, and
emotion-regulation skills).
Furthermore, pro-social behaviours are associated with
academic performance, and the development of cognitive
competencies, such as problem-solving and moral
reasoning, all of which are contributing to a positive
school adjustment.
 Pro-Social Behavior

To foster prosocial behaviours in young children, early

interventions should emphasize:
caring relationships with adults and peers;
adults modelling of pro-social characteristics;
training in empathy and perspective taking;
active learning approaches such as cooperative learning.
 Social Change

Social change is way human interactions and relationships

transform cultural and social institutions over time, having
a profound impact of society.
Social change is a concept many of us take for granted or
don't really even understand. No society has ever remained
the same. Change is always happening. We accept change
as inevitable, and it is, end of story, right? Well, not
exactly.
 Social Change

Sociologists define social change as changes in human

interactions and relationships that transform cultural and
social institutions.
These changes occur over time and often have profound
and long-term consequences for society.
Well known examples of such change have resulted from
social movements in civil rights, women's rights, and
LBGTQ rights, to name just a few. Relationships have
changed, institutions have changed, and cultural norms
have changed as a result of these social change
movements.
 What triggers social change?
Conflict: It is clear from a glance at our global history that
conflict provokes social change. Inequalities based on class,
race, gender, religion, and more foster dissatisfaction and
anger. To address their situation, groups come together
to fight for change. Governments can be overthrown or
restructured.
Demographic change: When the demographic makeup of a
society changes, social change is inevitable. Society’s
demographics often change when births increase and/or
people start living longer. A bigger population affects the
dispersal and availability of resources.
Cultural change: New inventions, discoveries, and the
spread of ideas contribute to cultural changes. Consider the
effect of the internet. It’s not only changed the culture of
individual countries but the entire world.
 Individual Differences

“Variations or deviations from the average of the group,

with respect to the mental or physical characters, occurring
in the individual member of the group are individual
differences.”- Drever James
“The variation or deviations among individual is regard to
a single characteristics or a number of characteristics, those
differences which in their totality distinguish one individual
from another.”- Good, C.V.
“Individual differences are found in all psychological
characteristics physical mental abilities, knowledge, habit,
personality and character traits.”- Woodworth, R.S. and
Marquis, D.G.
 Types of Individual Differences

1. Physical differences
2. Differences in intelligence
3. Differences in attitudes
4. Differences in achievement
5. Differences in motor ability
6. Differences on account of gender
7. Racial differences
8. Differences due to nationality
9. Differences due to economic status
10. Differences in interests
11. Emotional differences
12. Personality differences
 Causes of Individual Differences

1.Heredity
2. Environment
3. Influence of caste, race and nation
4. Gender differences
5. Age and intelligence
6. Temperament and emotional stability
7. Economic condition and education
 Bridging Individual Differences

Perceived Interdependence
Shared goal
Sense of Crisis
Respect
Trust
Forgiveness
Keep Expectation Realistic
Communicate well
 Diversity

The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and

respect. It means understanding that each individual is
unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These
can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender,
sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical
abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other
ideologies.
It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive,
and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each
other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing
and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained
within each individual.
 How to manage diversity in a
workplace
Step 1 - Confirm that all of your personnel policies from
hiring to promotions and raises are based on employee
performance. Avoid allowing tenure, ethnic background or
any other kind of category into your human resources
policies. Managing a diverse workplace begins with strong
policies of equality from the company. Once these policies
are in place, the company can begin implementing diversity
measures throughout the entire organization.
Step 2- Rate the qualifications of the candidate based on
the quality of his experience, not age or any other
category, when hiring. When you hire a diverse but
qualified workforce, you are on the right track towards
being able to manage the diversity in your company.
Step 3 - Encourage diversity when creating teams and
special work groups within the company. If a manager
creates a work group that does not utilize the skills of the
most qualified employees, then insists that the group be
changed to include all qualified staff members.
Step 4 - Treat complaints of favoritism or discrimination
seriously. Encourage employees to report all instances of
discriminatory behavior, and have a definitive process in
place for investigating and dealing with these issues.
Step 5 - Hold quarterly trainings for the entire staff on the
benefits of diversity in the workplace. Encourage
discussions at these meetings on how the company can
better manage workplace diversity.
 BARRIERS & CHALLENGES
TO MANAGING DIVERSITY
1. Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice
2. Ethnocentrism
3. Poor career planning
4. A negative diversity climate
5. An unsupportive and hostile working environment for
diverse employees
6. Lack of political savvy on the part of diverse employees
7. Difficulty in balancing career and family issues
8. Fears of reverse discrimination
9. Diversity is not seen as an organizational priority
10. The need to revamp the organization’s performance
appraisal and reward system
11. Resistance to change
 ADVANTAGES OF
WORKPLACE DIVERSITY

1. Increased Productivity
2. Increased creativity and Problem solving
3. Attract and Retain talent
4. Help to build synergy in teams and enhances
communication skills
5. It increases market share and create a satisfied diverse
customer base
 Sense of pride & standings up
for one’s right

Along with love, patriotism is the feeling of pride,

devotion, and attachment to a homeland, as well as a
feeling of attachment to other patriotic citizens.
Feelings of patriotism are based on the positive values the
country embraces—like freedom, justice, and equality. The
patriot believes that both the system of government and the
people of their country are inherently good and work
together for a better quality of life.
Integrity
Adherence to strong moral and ethical principles.
Foundation for trust and respect in personal and professional relationships.
Examples:
Being honest, even when no one is watching.
Following through on promises and commitments.

Accountability
Taking responsibility for actions and their outcomes.
Encourages transparency and continuous improvement.
Examples:
Admitting mistakes and learning from them.
Delivering tasks on time and meeting expectations.

Why They Matter

Foster trust and reliability.
Build strong relationships and credibility.
Drive personal growth and organizational success.
 HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings,
whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national
or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other
status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights
without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated,
interdependent and indivisible.
Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed
by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international
law, general principles and other sources of international
law. International human rights law lays down obligations
of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from
certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights
and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
 Some list of Human Rights

Right to speech
Right to live
Right to freedom
Right to Life
Right to liberty
Right to expression
Right to education
Right to work
Right to equality before the law, social, cultural and
economic right. Etc.
 Fundamental Duties for a
Good Citizen
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our
national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity
of India.
To defend the country and render national service when
called upon to do so.
To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite
culture.
 Fundamental Duties for a
Good Citizen
To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for
living creatures.
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit
of inquiry and reform.
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual
and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to
higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for
education to his child, or as the case may be, ward
between the age of six to fourteen years.
 Difference between
Fundamental Rights & Fundamental Duties
Fundamental Rights Fundamental Duties
Fundamental Rights are the
freedoms guaranteed by the Fundamental Duties are the
constitution which can’t be taken legal responsibilities bestowed
away from a citizen. upon the citizens to perform.
Fundamental Rights are Fundamental Duties are the
considered to be the normative moral responsibilities of all
rules of liberty and freedom for the citizens that need to be
every citizen in order to achieve a performed by them in order to
harmonious and a free lifestyle achieve prosperity and uphold
Fundamental Rights are the unity of the nation.
universally available to all citizens Fundamental Duties are non-
regardless of their race, caste, justiciable and hence can’t be
religion, sex or place of birth and taken to the court of law.
are justiciable in nature, i.e. they
can be taken to the court of law.