2024 June

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Monday 03 June 2024
Morning (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Paper
reference WCH15/01
Chemistry  

International Advanced Level

UNIT 5: Transition Metals and Organic Nitrogen
Chemistry

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 90.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• toIn the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points you make are related or
follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check Turn over

P75782A
©2024 Pearson Education Ltd.
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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 What colour is vanadium(III) in aqueous solution?

A blue

B green

C purple

D yellow
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 An oxide of vanadium is the catalyst in one step of the contact process for the

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manufacture of sulfuric acid.
Which reaction involves the vanadium oxide catalyst and how does the oxidation
number of vanadium change during the process?

Oxidation number
Reaction
changes for vanadium
A S + O2 → SO2 +5 → +4 → +5

B SO2 → SO3 +4 → +5 → +4

C SO2 → SO3 +5 → +4 → +5

D SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 +4 → +5 → +4

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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3 An equation for the reaction of FeSO4 with KMnO4 is shown.

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O

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(a) Which shows the changes in the oxidation states for iron and manganese?
(1)

Iron Manganese

A II → III VII → II

B II → III VII → IV

C III → II II → VII

D III → II III → IV

(b) A 25.00 cm3 sample of FeSO4 dissolved in acid required 22.50 cm3 of
0.100 mol dm–3 KMnO4 for complete reaction.
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What is the concentration of the FeSO4 solution?

(1)
–3
A 0.011 mol dm

B 0.100 mol dm–3

C 0.450 mol dm–3

D 0.900 mol dm–3

(Total for Question 3 = 2 marks)

4 The emf, E cell

d
, of the cell made up of the copper and magnesium half‑cells is
measured under standard conditions.
The voltmeter used has a measurement uncertainty of 0.50%.
What is the highest emf that could be measured in this experiment?
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Use your Data Booklet.

A 2.70 V

B 2.72 V

C 2.74 V

D 2.85 V
(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

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5 Which is the diagram for the cell made up of the nickel and zinc half‑cells that gives a
d
positive value for E cell?

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Use your Data Booklet.

A Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Ni2+(aq) | Ni(s)

B Zn2+(aq) | Zn(s) || Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq)

C Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq) || Zn2+(aq) | Zn(s)

D Ni2+(aq) | Ni(s) || Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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6 Which graph shows the relationship between E cell

d
plotted on the x‑axis and ΔStotal on
the y‑axis for any electrochemical system?
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B
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C
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(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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7 Which type of data is not used as evidence for the structure or stability of the
benzene ring?

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A infrared spectroscopy

B mass spectrometry

C thermochemical

D X‑ray diffraction

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 The formation of nitrobenzene requires benzene and concentrated nitric and

sulfuric acids.
Which is an equation for the reaction to form the electrophile?

A HNO3 + H2SO4 → NO2+ + SO 2–

4 + H 3O
+

B HNO3 + 2H2SO4 → NO2+ + 2HSO–4 + H3O+

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C HNO2 + 2H2SO4 + H2O → NO+3 + 2HSO–4 + 5H+

D HNO3 + 3H2SO4 + OH– → NO2 + 3HSO–4 + H3O+ + H2O

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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9 Phenol reacts with bromine to form 2,4,6‑tribromophenol.

C6H5OH + 3Br2 → C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr

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[Mr values: C6H5OH = 94.0 Br2= 159.8 C6H2Br3OH = 330.7 HBr = 80.9]

(a) What is the percentage atom economy (by mass) for the formation of
2,4,6‑tribromophenol?
(1)
A 42.3%

B 57.7%

C 69.0%

D 100%

(b) When 5.00 g of phenol was reacted and purified, the percentage yield of
2,4,6‑tribromophenol was 76.8%.
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What mass of purified 2,4,6‑tribromophenol was formed?

(1)
A 3.84 g

B 13.5 g

C 17.6 g

D 22.9 g

(Total for Question 9 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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10 Aspartic acid is a naturally‑occurring amino acid.

(a) Which form of aspartic acid is formed at pH 12?

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(1)

O– NH+3 H O
A C C C C
O H H OH

HO NH2 H O
B C C C C
O H H O–

O– NH2 H O

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C C C C C
O H H O–

HO NH+3 H O
D C C C C
O H H OH

(b) Glutamine is shown.

O O

H2 N OH

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NH2

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(i) Which is a correct structure when aspartic acid forms a dipeptide

with glutamine?
(1)
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H2N H O O H H H OH
O
C C C C C C C C C
A N O
OH H H H H H2N
H

HO O

H C H H NH2

HO H H N C C C C
B C C C C O
H H H
O NH2 H O
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H H O O H H H OH
O
C C C C C C C C C
N O
C OH H H H H H2N
H

HO O
H C H H NH2
HO H H
N C C C C
D C C C C O
H H H
O H H2N O
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(ii) What is the maximum number of chiral centres in the dipeptides in (b)(i)?
(1)
A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

(Total for Question 10 = 3 marks)

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11 A student prepared a sample of aspirin. The equation for the reaction is shown.

COOH COOH

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OH O O CH3
H 3C O
+ O + H3C
H3C O OH
O

2‑hydroxybenzoic ethanoic aspirin ethanoic

acid anhydride acid

The aspirin was recrystallised using an ethanol–water mixture as the solvent.

The student determined its melting temperature using the apparatus shown.

clamp

rubber band

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thermometer
sample in capillary tube

beaker

The student’s sample melted over a range of 8 degrees starting at 125 °C.
The published melting temperature of pure aspirin is 135 °C.
(a) Which is a suitable liquid to go in the beaker?
(1)
A deionised water

B ethanol

C hexane

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D mineral oil

(b) Which is likely to be the main impurity in the sample of aspirin?

(1)
A ethanoic acid

B ethanoic anhydride

C ethanol

D 2‑hydroxybenzoic acid
(Total for Question 11 = 2 marks)

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12 Grignard reagents are very useful for increasing the length of the carbon chain of
organic compounds.
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(a) Which metal is involved in the formation of a Grignard reagent?

(1)
A chromium

B copper

C magnesium

D manganese

(b) What best describes the role of a Grignard reagent in increasing the length of a
carbon chain?
(1)
A reducing agent

B oxidising agent

C nucleophile
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D electrophile

(Total for Question 12 = 2 marks)

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13 Propanoyl chloride and N‑methylpropylamine react to form an amide and

hydrogen chloride.

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The structures of the reactants are shown.

H H O H H H H
H C C C H C C C N H
Cl H H H C
H H
H H

(a) What is the structure of the amide formed?

(1)

H O

A N

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H O

B N

N
C

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O

N
D

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(b) If 64.3 g of the amide is produced, what volume of HCl is formed at

room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)?
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Assume the stoichiometry is 1 : 1.

1 mole of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at r.t.p.
(1)
3
A 12.0 dm

B 12.2 dm3

C 23.9 dm3

D 120 dm3

(Total for Question 13 = 2 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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14 This question is about cell reactions involving chromium.
Use your Data Booklet when answering this question.
(a) (i) Name the type of the forward reaction that is shown in the right‑hand
electrode systems in the Data Booklet.
(1)

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(ii) Name the series formed when the right‑hand electrode systems are placed in
order, most negative first.
(1)

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(b) A student set up the following apparatus to measure the standard electrode
potential for right‑hand electrode system 8 in your Data Booklet.

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V
hydrogen gas
X
platinum electrode
Y
1 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid salt bridge
containing aqueous
potassium nitrate

(i) Identify X and Y.

(2)

X: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Y: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give two reasons why the initial reading on the voltmeter may differ from the
stated value given in the Data Booklet.
(2)

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(iii) The voltmeter is removed and the cell is allowed to run for one hour.
Explain the changes that would occur in the right‑hand half‑cell during
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this time.
(2)

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d
(c) (i) Explain, by calculating E cell values, why Fe(II) is used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III)
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but zinc is used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(II).

(4)
Numbers chosen of the right‑hand electrode systems from the Data Booklet

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Explanation

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(ii) State the essential condition required for these reactions to occur.
(1)

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(Total for Question 14 = 13 marks)

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15 2,6‑dichlorophenol is used for communication between ticks, small parasites that can
infect animals including humans.

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OH
Cl Cl

2,6‑dichlorophenol

The compound can be synthesised in the laboratory from phenol.

4‑phenolsulfonic acid is formed in Reaction A. This is then chlorinated.
Hydrolysis of intermediate compound B removes the sulfonic acid group.
The reaction scheme is shown.

phenol 4‑phenolsulfonic Intermediate 2,6‑

Reaction acid Cl2 B Hydrolysis dichlorophenol

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A C 6 H6 O4 S

(a) (i) The sulfonation of phenol is similar to the sulfonation of benzene.

Suggest the reagent(s) required for Reaction A.
(1)

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(ii) Deduce the structure of intermediate compound B.

(1)

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(iii) Explain why the reaction of chlorine with phenol occurs under milder
conditions than the reaction of chlorine with benzene.
(3)
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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) An alternative synthesis of 2,6‑dichlorophenol starts with compound C.

OH
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O O

compound C

Compound C is chlorinated and hydrolysed and then the CO2 group is removed
(decarboxylation) to form 2,6‑dichlorophenol.
Other than phenol, name the functional group present in compound C.
(1)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Identify three factors that organic chemists would take into account when
considering alternative methods for an organic synthesis.
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(3)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
 *P75782A01736* Turn over
 2024 June

(d) The mass spectrum of 2,6‑dichlorophenol is shown.

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100

80

60
Relative
intensity
40

20

0
25 50 75 100 125 150

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m/z

(i) Explain the relative intensities of the peaks at m / z values of 162, 164 and 166.
(2)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Suggest why there is a corresponding set of peaks at m / z values of 163, 165
and 167.
(1)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 15 = 12 marks)

18
*P75782A01836* 
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19
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 2024 June

16 Metal ions occur naturally in river water but near industrial plants the concentrations
can reach toxic levels. Wastewater from a stainless steel electropolishing plant
contains dangerous concentrations of transition metal ions as aqueous complexes.

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Chemical precipitation can be used to remove these ions from the water.
(a) Complete the equation for the reaction of a laboratory reagent with aqueous
Fe3+ ions to produce a precipitate.
Include state symbols in your answer.
(2)

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + →

(b) Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, (CH3)2NCS−2 Na+, can also be used to precipitate

metal ions from wastewater in acidic solutions.

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A representation of the molecule bonding with a nickel ion is shown.

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–
CH3
H3 C N

C
S
S CH3
S
Ni C N
S S CH3
S
C

H 3C N

CH3
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(i) Complete the table for the complex.

(3)

Charge on nickel ion

Type of ligand

Co‑ordination number of the nickel ion

Shape of metal complex around the nickel ion

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*P75782A02036* 
 2024 June

(ii) Explain, using a balanced equation, why the formation of the

dimethyldithiocarbamate complex from an aqueous solution of nickel ions is
thermodynamically feasible.
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State symbols are not required.

(2)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) When a 5 dm3 sample of wastewater was treated with

excess acidified sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, 245.0 mg of the dry
precipitate H+[Ni((CH3)2NCS2)3]− was formed.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of nickel ions in the sample.
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[Molar mass of dimethyldithiocarbamate ion = 120.2 g mol−1]

(3)
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(Total for Question 16 = 10 marks)

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17 Phenylglycine is an amino acid which can be synthesised from benzene.

HO O

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H
H N
H

phenylglycine

(a) The first step of the synthesis is the formation of methylbenzene, from benzene
and chloromethane.
Draw the mechanism of this reaction.
Equations for the formation of the electrophile and regeneration of the catalyst
are shown.

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CH3Cl + AlCl3 → CH3+ + AlCl–4
AlCl–4 + H+ → AlCl3 + HCl
(3)

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(b) One of the steps in the synthesis is shown.

N
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H N H
H H N
H
CN– / H+

Explain, with reference to the mechanism, why this step in the reaction sequence
will not produce a single isomer.
(3)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) The final step in the synthesis is shown.

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HO O
H H
H N H N
H H

State the type of reaction, and the reagent(s) and conditions required.
(3)
Type

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Reagent(s)

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conditions

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 17 = 9 marks)

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*P75782A02436* 
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 2024 June

*18 Fuel cells are an alternative to internal combustion engines and batteries for
powering vehicles.

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A schematic diagram of a fuel cell is shown.

motor

fuel air

anode electrolyte cathode

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Explain how a fuel cell works, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.
Use the acidic hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell as an example.
Include, in your answer, half‑equations for the electrode reactions and an example of
another fuel suitable for use in fuel cells.
E d values and E cell
d
values are not required.
(6)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 18 = 6 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 50 MARKS

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SECTION C
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
19 In recent years, there have been health and safety concerns over “liquitabs”. These are
capsules which contain concentrated liquid detergents.
The soluble packaging breaks down upon contact with water during a laundry cycle
to release the detergent.
Some liquitabs are small and colourful, which makes them attractive to young
children who may be tempted to put them in their mouth or play with them. When
moist, liquitabs can burst in a child’s hand, potentially irritating the eyes and skin.
They can also dissolve quickly and may burst in a child’s mouth in a very short period
of time. This allows the contents to escape quickly and if swallowed can cause severe
breathing difficulties.
(a) Identify the hazard symbol(s) that should be displayed on a box of liquitabs,
using ticks ().
(1)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(b) The capsule containing the detergent is often made from poly(ethenol) and
its derivatives.
(i) Draw the structure of poly(ethenol), showing three repeat units.
(2)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(ii) Use your structure from 19(b)(i) to calculate the percentage of hydroxyl
groups by mass in the polymer.
(2)
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(iii) Explain why poly(ethenol) is soluble in water using your answers from 19(b)(i)
and (ii).
(2)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) In liquitab detergents, glycerol is added to the poly(ethenol).

H C OH
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

H C OH

H C OH

glycerol

(i) Give the IUPAC name for this molecule.

(1)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Suggest one way that the properties of poly(ethenol) will be improved by the
use of glycerol, apart from any effect on solubility.
(1)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Glycerol is added to the polymer at 0.110%, by volume.

Calculate the number of moles of glycerol added to 1 tonne of poly(ethenol).
Data: 1 tonne = 1000 kg
density of glycerol: 1.26 g cm–3
density of poly(ethenol): 1.19 g cm–3

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(4)

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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(d) Poly(ethenol) is made from a polymer intermediate, rather than by

polymerisation, as ethenol is unstable.
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DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

The polymer intermediate is prepared from a monomer, X.

When 1 mol of X is burned in excess oxygen, 95.6 dm3 of carbon dioxide (at r.t.p.)
and 54.1 g of water are formed.
The infrared spectrum for the monomer is shown.

100

Transmittance
/%
Q

P
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0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000
Wavenumber / cm–1

Use the information to deduce the displayed structure of the monomer of the
polymer intermediate.
You must show your working and quote the relevant wavenumber ranges from
your Data Booklet.
(5)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) Some hospitals use poly(ethenol) laundry bags instead of reusable, washable
polyester or nylon bags.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
State two advantages of using soluble poly(ethenol) laundry bags.
(2)

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 20 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS

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2024 June

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*P75782A03636*
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