11 - 19 PROGRESSION

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Edexcel A level Mathematics

Pure Mathematics NEW FOR

2017

Year 2
 2
Functions and graphs

Functions and graphs 2.1 The modulus function

The modulus of a number a, written as |a|, is its non-negative numerical value.
Objectives
So, for example, |5| = 5 and also |−5| = 5. Notation
After completing this chapter you should be able to: The modulus
■ A modulus function is, in general, a function of the function is also known as the
● Understand and use the modulus function → pages 23–27
type y = |f(x)|. absolute value function. On a
● Understand mappings and functions, and use domain calculator, the button is often
• When f(x) > 0, |f(x)| = f(x)
and range → pages 27–32 labelled ‘Abs’.
• When f(x) , 0, |f(x)| = −f(x)
● Combine two or more functions to make a composite
function → pages 32–35
● Know how to find the inverse of a function graphically Example 1
and algebraically → pages 36–39
Write down the values of
● Sketch the graphs of the modulus functions y = |f(x)|
and y = f(|x|) → pages 40–44
a |−2| b |6.5|
1 4
3 5|
c __ − __ |
● Apply a combination of two (or more) transformations to
a |−2| = 2 The positive numerical value of −2 is 2.
the same curve → pages 44–48
● Transform the modulus function → pages 48–52 b |6.5| = 6.5
6.5 is a positive number.
c |3 − 5| = |15 − 15| = |− 15| = 15
1
__ 4
__ 5
__ 12
__ 7
___ 7
___
Work out the value inside the modulus.

Example 2
Prior knowledge check
f(x) = |2x − 3| + 1
1 Make y the subject of each of the
following: Write down the values of
2y + 8x a f(5) b f(–2) c f(1)
a 5x = 9 − 7y b p = ______
5
c 5x −8y = 4 + 9xy ← GCSE Mathematics a f(5) = |2 × 5 − 3| + 1 Watch out The modulus function acts like a
= |7| + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8 pair of brackets. Work out the value inside the
2 Write each expression in its simplest form.
1 modulus function first.
a (5x − 3) 2 − 4 b __________ b f(−2) = |2(−2) − 3| + 1
2(3x − 5) − 4
x+4
____ = |−7| + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8
+5
x+2 Online Use your calculator to work out
c _________ ← GCSE Mathematics c f(1) = |2 × 1 − 3| + 1
x+4
____ values of modulus functions.
−3 = |−1| + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
x+2
3 Sketch each of the following graphs. Label
any points where the graph cuts the x- or ■ To sketch the graph of y = |ax + b|, sketch y y
y=x y = |x |
y-axis. Code breakers at Bletchley Park used inverse y = ax + b then reflect the section of the
a y = ex b y = x(x + 4)(x − 5) functions to decode enemy messages during graph below the x-axis in the x-axis. reflected
World War II. When the enemy encoded a in the
c y = sin x, 0 < x < 360° ← Year 1 x-axis
message they used a function. The code O x x
O
4 f(x) = x 2 − 3x. Find the values of: breakers’ challenge was to find the inverse
a f(7) b f(3) c f(−3) ← Year 1 function that would decode the message.

22 23
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

Example 3 Example 5
y

Online
x

Online
x

Explore intersections of
Explore graphs of f(x) and
1 straight lines and modulus graphs
Sketch the graph of y = |3x − 2|. |f(x)| using technology. Solve the equation |3x − 5| = 2 − __x.
2 using technology.
y y = 3x – 2 y
Step 1 y = |3x – 5| First draw a sketch of the line y = |3x − 5| and the
1
Sketch the graph of y = 3x − 2. line y = 2 − __x.
2
(Ignore the modulus.) A
B
O x The sketch shows there are two solutions, at A
O 2 x y = 2 – 21 x and B, the points of intersection.
3

–2
1
At A: 3x − 5 = 2 − __x
Step 2 2
7
__
y For the part of the line below the x-axis (the x=7
y =|3x – 2| 2
negative values of y), reflect in the x-axis. This is the solution on the original part of the
x= 2
For example, this will change the y-value −2 into 1 graph.
the y-value 2. At B: −(3x − 5) = 2 − __x
2 2
1 1
−3x + 5 = 2 − __x When f(x) < 0, |f(x)| = −f(x), so − (3x − 5) = 2 − __x
2 2
You could check your answer using a table of 5 gives you the second solution.
O 2 x −__x = −3
3 values: 2
6
x = __
x −1 0 1 2 5 This is the solution on the reflected part of the
6
y = |3x − 2| 5 2 1 4 The solutions are x = 2 and x = __ graph.
5

Example 6
Example 4
Solve the inequality |5x − 1| > 3x.
Solve the equation |2x − 1| = 5.
y
y Start by sketching the graphs of y = |2x − 1| and
B A y=5 First draw a sketch of the line y = |5x − 1| and the
y = 5.
A line y = 3x.
B
y =|2x – 1|
The graphs intersect at two points, A and B, so
there will be two solutions to the equation. O x
O x

A is the point of intersection on the original part

of the graph. Solve the equation |5x − 1| = 3x to find the
At A, 5x − 1 = 3x
At A, 2x − 1 = 5 x-coordinates of the points of intersection, A and B.
2x = 1
2x = 6 B is the point of intersection on the reflected
1
x=3 part of the graph. x = __ This is the intersection on the original part of the
2
At B, −(2x − 1) = 5 graph.
Notation The function inside the modulus At B, −(5x − 1) = 3x
−2x + 1 = 5 −5x + 1 = 3x
is called the argument of the modulus. You
2x = −4 Consider the negative argument to find the point
can solve modulus equations algebraically by 8x = 1
x = −2 of intersection on the reflected part of the graph.
considering the positive argument and the 1
x = __
The solutions are x = 3 and x = −2. negative argument separately. 8

24 25
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

1 Problem-solving P 10 A student attempts to solve the equation |3x + 4| = x. The student writes the following working:
The points of intersection are x = __ and
2
1 Look at the sketch to work out which values of 3x + 4 = x −(3x + 4) = x
x = __
8 x satisfy the inequality. y = |5x − 1| is above 4 = − 2x or −3x − 4 = x
1
So the solution to |5x − 1| > 3x is x < __ 1 1
y = 3x when x > __ or x < __. You could write the x = −2 −4 = 4x
8 2 8
1 x = −1
or x > __
solution in set notation as {x : x > __} ∪ {x : x < __}.
1 1
2
2 8 Solutions are x = −2 and x = −1.

Explain the error made by the student.

Exercise 2A
11 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = −|3x + 4| and y = 2x − 9.
1 Write down the values of b Solve the inequality −|3x + 4| < 2x − 9.
||
3
a __
4
b |− 0.28| c |3 − 11| |
5 3
d __ − __
7 8 | e |20 − 6 × 4| f |4 2 × 2 − 3 × 7| E 12 Solve the inequality |2x + 9| < 14 − x. (4 marks)

2 1
f(x) = |7 − 5x| + 3. Write down the values of: E/P 13 The equation |6 − x| = __x + k has exactly one solution. Problem-solving
2
a f(1) b f(10) c f(−6) The solution must be at the vertex of
a Find the value of k. (2 marks)
the graph of the modulus function.
3 g(x) = |x2 − 8x|. Write down the values of: b State the solution to the equation. (2 marks)
a g(4) b g(–5) c g(8)
Challenge
4 Sketch the graph of each of the following. In each case, write down the coordinates of any
f(x) = |x 2 + 9x + 8| and g(x) = 1 − x
points at which the graph meets the coordinate axes.
a y = |x − 1| b y = |2x + 3| c y = |4x − 7|
1
d y = __x − 5
2 | | a On the same axes, sketch graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x).
b Use your sketch to find all the solutions to |x 2 + 9x + 8| = 1 − x.
e y = |7 − x| f y = |6 − 4x|
Hint y = −|x| is a reflection of y = |x|
g y = −|x| h y = −|3x − 1| in the x-axis. ← Year 1, Chapter 4
2.2 Functions and mappings
5 g(x) = 4 | 2
3
− __ |
x and h(x) = 5 A mapping transforms one set of numbers into a different set of numbers. The mapping can be
described in words or through an algebraic equation. It can also be represented by a graph.
a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y = h(x).
■ A mapping is a function if every input has a distinct output. Functions can either be one-to-
| 3
b Hence solve the equation 4 − __x = 5.
2 | one or many-to-one.
6 Solve: A B A B A B

a |3x − 1| = 5
x−5
|
b ____ = 1
2 | c |4x + 3| = − 2

d |7x − 3| = 4 |
4 − 5x
e _____ = 2
3 | x
f __ − 1 = 3
6 | |
one-to-one
function
many-to-one
function
not a function

__
Many mappings can be made into functions by changing the domain. Consider y = √ x :
7
1
a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs y = −2x and y = __x − 2 .
2 | | y
1
|
b Solve the equation −2x = __x − 2 .
2 | Notation The domain is the set of all possible
y= x
E 8 Solve |3x − 5| = 11 − x. (4 marks) inputs for a mapping.
The range is the set of all possible outputs for
1
9 a On the same set of axes, sketch y = |6 − x| and y = __x − 5. x the mapping.
2 O
1
b State with a reason whether there are any solutions to the equation |6 − x| = __x − 5.
2

26 27
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

__
If the domain were all of the real numbers, ℝ, then y = √ x would not be a function because values of
a f(x) = 3x − 2, {x = 1, 2, 3, 4} The domain contains a finite number of elements,
x less than 0 would not be mapped anywhere.
so you can draw a mapping diagram showing the
If you restrict the domain to x > 0, every element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in 1 1 whole function.
the range. 2 4
Notation You can also write this function as:
We can write this function
__
together with its __ 3 7
√ f : x ↦ √ x , x ∈ ℝ, x > 0
domain as f(x) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x > 0.
4 10

Example 7 Range of f(x) is {1, 4, 7, 10}.

f(x) is one-to-one.
For each of the following mappings:
b g(x) = x2, {−5 < x < 5} The domain is the set of all the x-values that
i State whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many. correspond to points on the graph. The range is
y
ii State whether the mapping is a function. the set of y-values that correspond to points on
25
a b y c y d y y =g(x) the graph.
1
3 y= x y = x2 – 1
9
–3 y = 2x + 5 y
2 y
4
–2
1 –5 O 5 x
1 O x
–1 –x x
O x
Range of g(x) is 0 < g(x) < 25.
O x x
g(x) is many-to-one.
1
c h(x) = __
x {x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < 3}
a i Every element in set A gets mapped to
y
two elements in set B, so the mapping You couldn’t write down a single value for f(9). y = h(x)
is one-to-many.
ii The mapping is not a function. 1
For a mapping to be a function, every input in the 1 Calculate h(3) = __ to find the minimum value in
3 1
b i Every value of x gets mapped to one domain must map onto exactly one output. 3 the range of h. As x approaches 0, __
x approaches
value of y, so the mapping is one-to-one. ∞, so there is no maximum value in the range of h.
ii The mapping is a function. The mapping in part c could be a function if O 3 x
c i The mapping is one-to-one. x = 0 were omitted from the domain. You could 1
1 Range of h(x) is h(x) > __
ii x = 0 does not get mapped to a value write this as a function as f(x) = __ 3
x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0. h(x) is one-to-one.
of y so the mapping is not a function.
d i On the graph, you can see that x and –x
both get mapped to the same value of y.
Therefore, this is a many-to-one mapping. Example 9
ii The mapping is a function. Notation This is an example of a piecewise-
The function f(x) is defined by
defined function. It consists of two parts: one
f: x ↦ {
5 − 2x, x < 1 linear (for x < 1) and one quadratic (for x > 1).
Example 8 x 2 + 3, x > 1
y

Find the range of each of the following functions: a Sketch y = f(x), and state the range of f(x). Online
x

Explore graphs of functions

a f(x) = 3x − 2, domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4} b g(x) = x2, domain {x ∈ ℝ, −5 < x < 5} b Solve f(x) = 19. on a given domain using technology.
1
c h(x) = __x , domain {x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < 3}
State if the functions are one-to-one or many-to-one.

28 29
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

Watch out 2 For each of the following mappings:

a y Although the graph jumps at x = 1,
the function is still defined for all real values of x: i State whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many.
f(0.9) = 5 − 2(0.9) = 3.2 ii State whether the mapping could represent a function.
f(1) = (1)2 + 3 = 4 a y b y c y
y =f(x)
5
4 Sketch the graph of y = 5 − 2x for x < 1, and the
3 graph of y = x2 + 3 for x > 1.
O x O x O x
f(1) lies on the quadratic curve, so use a solid dot
on the quadratic curve, and an open dot on the
O 1 x
line. d y e y f y
The range is the set of values that y takes
and therefore f(x) > 3. Note that f(x) ≠ 3 at x = 1
b y so f(x) . 3
y =5 – 2x y = x2 + 3 not f(x) > 3 O x O x
19 O x

3 Calculate the value(s) of a, b, c and d given that:

There are 2 values of x such that f(x) = 19.
a p(a) = 16 where p: x ↦ 3x − 2, x ∈ ℝ b q(b) = 17 where q: x ↦ x2 − 3, x ∈ ℝ
c r(c) = 34 where r: x ↦ 2(2x) + 2, x ∈ ℝ d s(d) = 0 where s: x ↦ x2 + x − 6, x ∈ ℝ
Problem-solving
O x
Use x2 + 3 = 19 to find the solution in the range 4 For each function:
The positive solution is where
x2 + 3 = 19 x > 1 and use 5 − 2x = 19 to find the solution in i represent the function on a mapping diagram, writing down the elements in the range
the range x , 1.
x2 = 16 ii state whether the function is one-to-one or many-to-one.
x = ±4 a f(x) = 2x + 1 for the domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
__
x=4 Ignore x = −4 because the function is only equal __
b g: x ↦ √ x for the domain {x = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} Notation Remember, √ x means
The negative solution is where to x2 + 3 for x > 1.
c h(x) = x2 for the domain {x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2} the positive square root of x.
5 − 2x = 19 2
−2x = 14 d j: x ↦ __
x for the domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
x = −7 e k(x) = ex + 3 for the domain {x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
The solutions are x = 4 and x = −7.
5 For each function:
i sketch the graph of y = f(x)
ii state the range of f(x)
Exercise 2B
iii state whether f(x) is one-to-one or many-to-one.
1 For each of the following functions: a f: x ↦ 3x + 2 for the domain {x > 0} b f(x) = x2 + 5 for the domain {x > 2}
_____
i draw the mapping diagram c f: x ↦ 2 sin x for the domain {0 <x < 180} d f: x ↦ √ x + 2 for the domain {x > −2}
ii state if the function is one-to-one or many-to-one e f(x) = ex for the domain {x > 0} f f(x) = 7 log x, for the domain, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
iii find the range of the function. 6 The following mappings f and g are defined on all the real numbers by

f(x) = { 2 g(x) = { 2
a f(x) = 5x − 3, domain {x = 3, 4, 5, 6} 4 − x, x , 4 4 − x, x , 4
b g(x) = x 2 − 3, domain {x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3} x + 9, x > 4 x + 9, x . 4
7
c h(x) = _____ , domain {x = −1, 0, 1} a Explain why f(x) is a function and g(x) is not. b Sketch y = f(x).
4 − 3x
c Find the values of: i f(3) ii f(10) d Find the solution of f(a) = 90.

30 31
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

P 7 The function s is defined by

s(x) = {
a fg(1) = f(1 + 1) g(1) = 1 + 1
x2 − 6, x , 0
= 22
10 − x, x > 0 Problem-solving =4 f(2) = 22
a Sketch y = s(x). The solutions of s(x) = x are the values in the b gf(3) = g(32)
b Find the value(s) of a such that s(a) = 43. domain that get mapped to themselves in the = g(9) f(3) = 32
c Solve s(x) = x. range.
=9+1
= 10 g(9) = 9 + 1
E/P 8 The function p is defined by
c ff(−2) = f((−2)2)
p(x) = { 3
e−x, −5 < x , 0
= f(4) f(−2) = (−2)2
x + 4, 0 < x < 4 = 42
a Sketch y = p(x). (3 marks) = 16 f(4) = 42
b Find the values of a, to 2 decimal places, such that p(a) = 50. (4 marks)

E/P 9 The function h has domain −10 < x < 6, and is linear from (−10, 14) to (−4, 2) and from Example 11
(−4, 2) to (6, 27).
The functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = x2 + 4. Find:
a Sketch y = h(x). (2 marks) Problem-solving
a the function fg(x)
b Write down the range of h(x). (1 mark) The graph of y = h(x) will consist of two
line segments which meet at (−4, 2). b the function gf(x)
c Find the values of a, such that h(a) = 12. (4 marks) Notation
c the function f 2(x) f 2(x) is ff(x).
P 10 The function g is defined by g(x) = cx + d where c and d are constants to be found. d the values of b such that fg(b) = 62.
Given g(3) = 10 and g(8) = 12 find the values of c and d.
a fg(x) = f(x2 + 4) g acts on x first, mapping it to x2 + 4.
P 11 The function f is defined by f(x) = + bx − 5 where a and b are constants to be found.
ax3 = 3(x2 + 4) + 2
Given that f(1) = −4 and f(2) = 9, find the values of the constants a and b. = 3x2 + 14 f acts on the result.
E/P 12 The function h is defined by h(x) = x2 − 6x + 20 and has Problem-solving b gf(x) = g(3x + 2) Simplify answer.
domain x > a. Given that h(x) is a one-to-one function find = (3x + 2)2 + 4
First complete the square for h(x).
the smallest possible value of the constant a. (6 marks) = 9x2 + 12x + 8 f acts on x first, mapping it to 3x + 2.

2.3 Composite functions c f2(x) = f(3x + 2) g acts on the result.

= 3(3x + 2) + 2
Two or more functions can be combined to make a new function. The new function is called a = 9x + 8 f maps x to 3x + 2.
composite function.
■ fg(x) means apply g first, then apply f. d fg(x) = 3x2 + 14 f acts on the result.
If fg(b) = 62
■ fg(x) = f(g(x))
then 3b2 + 14 = 62 Set up and solve an equation in b.
g f Watch out The order in which the functions are b2 = 16
x g(x) fg(x) combined is important: fg(x) is not necessarily b = ±4
the same as gf(x).
Example 12
fg
The functions f and g are defined by
Example 10 f: x ↦ |2x − 8|
x+1
g: x ↦ _____
Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1, find: 2
a fg(1) b gf(3) c ff(−2) a Find fg(3). b Solve fg(x) = x.

32 33
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

E 5 The functions f and g are defined by:

a fg(3) = f(
2 )
g(3) =(____)
3+1
_____ 3+1
2 f: x ↦ |9 − 4x|
= f(2) 3x − 2
f(2) = |2 × 2 − 8| g: x ↦ _____
= |2 × 2 − 8| 2
= |−4| a Find fg(6). (2 marks)
=4 b Solve fg(x) = x. (5 marks)
b First find fg(x):
1
fg(x) = f( ____)
x+1 x+1
g acts on x first, mapping it to ____ P 6 Given f(x) = ____ , x ≠ −1
2 2 x+1
x+1
= 2(
a Prove that f 2(x) = ____
| 2 ) |
+1
x____
−8
b Find an expression for f 3(x).
f acts on the result. x+2
= |x − 7| 7 The functions s and t are defined by
Simplify the answer. Hint Rearrange the equation in part c
fg(x) = x s(x) = 2x, x ∈ ℝ into the form 2x = k where k is a real
|x − 7| = x t(x) = x + 3, x ∈ ℝ number, then take natural logs of both
y y =x a Find an expression for st(x). sides. ← Year 1, Section 14.5
Draw a sketch of y = |x − 7| and y = x.
7
b Find an expression for ts(x).
The sketch shows there is only one solution to ln a
y =|x – 7| c Solve st(x) = ts(x), leaving your answer in the form ___
the equation |x − 7| = x and that it occurs on the ln b
O 7 x reflected part of the graph.
E 8 Given f(x) = e 5x and g(x) = 4 ln x, find in its simplest form:
When f(x) < 0, |f(x)| = –f(x). The solution is on the a gf(x) (2 marks)
−(x − 7) = x reflected part of the graph so use –(x − 7). b fg(x) (2 marks)
−x + 7 = x
This is the x-coordinate at the point of E/P 9 The functions p and q are defined by Hint
2x = 7 The range of p will be the set of possible
intersection marked on the graph. p: x ↦ ln (x + 3), x ∈ ℝ, x > −3
x = 3.5 inputs for q in the function qp.
q: x ↦ e 3x − 1, x ∈ ℝ
a Find qp(x) and state its range. (3 marks)
Exercise 2C b Find the value of qp(7). (1 mark)
x c Solve qp(x) = −126. (3 marks)
1 Given the functions p(x) = 1 − 3x, q(x) = __ and r(x) = (x − 2) 2, find:
4
E/P 10 The function t is defined by
a pq(−8) b qr(5) c rq(6) d p2(−5) e pqr(8)
t: x ↦5 − 2x
1
2 Given the functions f(x) = 4x + 1 , g(x) = x2 − 4 and h(x) = __
x , find expressions for the functions: Solve the equation t2(x) − (t(x))2 = 0. (5 marks)
a fg(x) b gf(x) c gh(x) d fh(x) e f 2(x) Problem-solving
E 3 The functions f and g are defined by You need to work out the intermediate steps for this problem yourself, so plan
f(x) = 3x − 2, x ∈ ℝ your answer before you start. You could start by finding an expression for tt(x).
g(x) = x 2, x ∈ ℝ
y
a Find an expression for fg(x). (2 marks) E 11 The function g has domain −5 < x < 14 and is linear from
12
b Solve fg(x) = gf(x). (4 marks) (−5, −8) to (0, 12) and from (0, 12) to (14, 5). y = g(x)
A sketch of the graph of y = g(x) is shown in the diagram.
E 4 The functions p and q are defined by a Write down the range of g. (1 mark)
1
p(x) = _____, x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2 b Find gg(0). (2 marks)
x−2 2x − 5
_____ –5 O 14 x
q(x) = 3x + 4, x ∈ ℝ The function h is defined by h: x ↦
10 − x
ax + b c Find gh(7). (2 marks)
a Find an expression for qp(x) in the form ______ (3 marks) –8
cx + d
b Solve qp(x) = 16. (3 marks)

34 35
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

2.4 Inverse functions Example 15

_____
The inverse of a function performs the opposite operation y y = f(x) The function, f(x) = √ x − 2 , x ∈ ℝ, x > 2.
to the original function. It takes the elements in the range 6
y=x
5 a State the range of f(x). b Find the function f−1(x) and state its domain and range.
of the original function and maps them back into elements
4 c Sketch y = f(x) and y = f−1(x) and the line y = x.
of the domain of the original function. For this reason,
3
inverse functions only exist for one-to-one functions. f(2) = 0. As x increases from 2, f(x) also increases
2 y = f –1(x) a The range of f(x) is y ∈ ℝ, y > 0.
■ Functions f(x) and f−1(x) are inverses of each other. 1
b
_____
y = √x − 2
without limit, so the range is f(x) > 0, or y > 0.
ff−1(x) = f−1f(x) = x.
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x y2 = x − 2
■ The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f−1(x) are –1
x2 = y − 2
–2
reflections of each another in the line y = x. Notation y = x2 + 2 Interchange x and y.
–3
■ The domain of f(x) is the range of f−1(x). –4 The inverse of The inverse function is f −1(x) = x2 + 2.
■ The range of f(x) is the domain of f−1(x). –5 f(x) is written The domain of f −1(x) is x ∈ ℝ, x > 0. Always write your function in terms of x.
–6 as f −1(x). The range of f −1(x) is y ∈ ℝ, y > 2.
Example 13 c y = f −1(x) = x2 + 2 The range of f(x) is the same as the domain of f−1(x).
y
6 y=x
Find the inverse of the function h(x) = 2x2 − 7, x > 0. The range of f−1(x) is the same as the domain of f(x).
5
square ×2 −7 4
The graph of f−1(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the line
3
x x2 2x2 2x2 – 7
An inverse function y = f(x) = x − 2 y = x. This is because the reflection transforms y
can often be found 2 to x and x to y.
x+7 x+7 x+7 x 1
2 2 using a flow diagram.
0
square root ÷2 +7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
> −7, so domain of h−1(x) is x > −7.
Range of h(x) is h(x)______
The range of h(x) is
x+7
2√
Therefore, h−1(x) = ______ , x > −7 the domain of h−1(x). Example 16

The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x 2 − 3, x ∈ ℝ, x > 0.

Example 14 a Find f−1(x). b Sketch y = f−1(x) and state its domain. c Solve the equation f(x) = f−1(x).
3
Find the inverse of the function f(x) = _____, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1} by changing the subject of the formula. a Let y = f(x)
x−1
y = x2 − 3
Let y = f(x) You can rearrange to find an inverse function.
y + 3 = x_____
2
Change the subject of the formula.
3 Start by letting y = f(x).
y = _____ x = √______
y+3
x−1
y(x − 1) = 3 Rearrange to make x the subject of the formula. f (x) = √ x + 3
−1 y

Online
x

yx − y = 3 b y = f(x) Explore functions and their

yx = 3 + y Define f−1(x) in terms of x. y inverses using technology.
3+y y=x
x = ______
y Check to see that at least one element works. Try 4.
Range of f(x) is f(x) ≠ 0, so domain of f−1(x) is Note that f−1f(4) = 4. y = f −1(x) First sketch f(x). Then reflect f(x) in the line y = x.
x ≠ 0.
3+x
Therefore f−1(x) = ______
x ,x≠ 0 O x
f(x)
−3
3
_____ 3
__
f(4) = = =1
4−1 3 4 1 −3 The range of the original function is f(x) > −3.
3+1 4
f−1(1) = _____ = __ = 4
1 1 f –1(x)
The domain of f−1(x) is x ∈ ℝ, x > −3.

36 37
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

2x + 1
c When f(x) = f−1(x) Problem-solving 7 The function h(x) is defined by h(x) = ______ , {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2}.
x−2
f(x) = x y = f(x) and y = f−1(x) intersect on the line y = x. a What happens to the function as x approaches 2?
x2 − 3 = x This means that the solution to f(x) = f−1(x) is the
same as the solution to f(x) = x. b Find h−1(3).
x2 − x − 3 =___0
1 + √ 13 c Find h−1(x), stating clearly its domain.
So x = ________
2 From the graph you can see that the solution d Find the elements of the domain that get mapped to themselves by the function.
must be positive, so ignore the negative solution
to the equation. 8 The functions m and n are defined by
Exercise 2D m: x ↦ 2x + 3, x ∈ ℝ
x−3
1 For each of the following functions f(x): n: x ↦ _____, x ∈ ℝ
2
i state the range of f(x) a Find nm(x)
ii determine the equation of the inverse function f−1(x) b What can you say about the functions m and n?
iii state the domain and range of f−1(x)
iv sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f−1(x) on the same set of axes. P 9 The functions s and t are defined by
3
a f: x ↦ 2x + 3, x ∈ ℝ
x+5
b f: x ↦ _____, x ∈ ℝ s(x) = ____ , x ≠ −1
2 x+1
3−x
c f: x ↦ 4 − 3x, x ∈ ℝ d f: x ↦ x3 − 7, x ∈ ℝ t(x) = ____
x ,x≠0
2 Find the inverse of each function: Show that the functions are inverses of each other.
a f(x) = 10 − x, x ∈ ℝ Notation
x Two of these functions are self- E/P 10 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = 2x2 − 3, {x ∈ ℝ, x < 0}.
b g(x) = __, x ∈ ℝ inverse. A function is self-inverse if f−1(x) = f(x). Determine:
5
3 In this case ff(x) = x.
a f−1(x) clearly stating its domain (4 marks)
c h(x) = __
x , x ≠ 0, x ∈ ℝ
b the values of a for which f(a) = f−1(a). (4 marks)
d k(x) = x − 8, x ∈ ℝ

P 3 Explain why the function g: x ↦ 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0} is not identical to its inverse. E 11 The functions f and g are defined by
f: x ↦ ex − 5, x ∈ ℝ
4 For each of the following functions g(x) with a restricted domain:
g: x ↦ ln(x − 4), x > 4
i state the range of g(x)
ii determine the equation of the inverse function g−1(x) a State the range of f. (1 mark)
iii state the domain and range of g−1(x) b Find f−1, the inverse function of f, stating its domain. (3 marks)
iv sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g−1(x) on the same set of axes. c On the same axes, sketch the curves with equation y = f(x) and y = f−1(x),
1 giving the coordinates of all the points where the curves cross the axes. (4 marks)
a g(x) = __
x , {x ∈ ℝ, x > 3} b g(x) = 2x − 1, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
3 _____ d Find g−1, the inverse function of g, stating its domain. (3 marks)
c g(x) = _____ , {x ∈ ℝ, x > 2} d g(x) = √ x − 3 , {x ∈ ℝ, x > 7}
x−2 e Solve the equation g−1(x) = 11, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. (3 marks)
e g(x) = x2 + 2, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 2} f g(x) = x3 − 8, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 2}
E/P 12 The function f is defined by
E 5 The function t(x) is defined by Hint 3(x + 2) 2
t(x) = x2 − 6x + 5, x ∈ ℝ, x > 5
First complete the square for the function t(x). f: x ↦ _________ − ____ , x > 4
x + x − 20 x − 4
2
Find t −1(x). (5 marks) 1
a Show that f: x ↦ ____ , x > 4. (4 marks)
x+5
E/P 6 The function m(x) is defined by m(x) = x2 + 4x + 9, x ∈ ℝ, x > a, for some constant a.
b Find the range of f. (2 marks)
a State the least value of a for which m−1(x) exists. (4 marks)
c Find f−1(x). State the domain of this inverse function. (4 marks)
b Determine the equation of m−1(x). (3 marks)
c State the domain of m−1(x). (1 mark)

38 39
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

2.5 y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) c y = f(|x|) = |x|2 − 3|x| − 10

y
■ To sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|: y y = f(x) y y = |f(x)| y y = f(|x|)
y = f(|x|)
6
• Sketch the graph of y = f(x). Reflect the part of the curve where x > 0 (the
• Reflect any parts where f(x) < 0 positive values of x) in the y-axis.
(parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis. –2 –1 O 3 x –2 –1 O 3 x –3 O 3 x
−5 O 5 x
• Delete the parts below the x-axis. –6 –6

y y = f(x) y y = |f(x)| y y = f(|x|)

■ To sketch the graph of y = f(|x|): 6
−10
• Sketch the graph of y = f(x) for x > 0.
• Reflect this in the y-axis.
–2 –1 O 3 x –2 –1 O 3 x –3 O 3 x Example 18
–6 –6
g(x) = sin x, −360° < x < 360˚
Example 17 a Sketch the graph of y = g(x).
b Sketch the graph of y = |g(x)|.
f(x) = x2 − 3x − 10
c Sketch the graph of y = g(|x|).
a Sketch the graph of y = f(x). b Sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|.
c Sketch the graph of y = f(|x|). a y

The graph is periodic and passes through

a f(x) = x2 − 3x − 10 = (x − 5)(x + 2) 1 y = sin x
the origin, (±180, 0) and (±360, 0).
f(x) = 0 implies (x − 5)(x + 2) = 0
The graph of y = x2 − 3x − 10 cuts the x-axis at ← Year 1, Section 9.5
So x = 5 or x = −2
−2 and 5. −360 −180 O 180 360 x
f(0) = −10
y −1
The graph cuts the y-axis at -10.
y = f(x)

This is the sketch of y = x2 − 3x − 10. b y

The sketch includes the points where the graph
x y = |sin x|
−2 O 5 intercepts the coordinate axes. 1
Reflect the part of the curve below the
A sketch does not have to be to scale.
x-axis in the x-axis.
−10
y
−360 −180 O 180 360 x
b y = |f(x)| = |x2 − 3x − 10| Online
x

Explore graphs of modulus −1

y functions using technology.
y = |f(x)|
10 c y

Reflect the part of the curve where y = f(x) < 0 1 y = sin|x|

−2 O 5 x (the negative values of y) in the x-axis. Reflect the part of the curve where
x > 0 in the y-axis.
−360 −180 O 180 360 x

−1

40 41
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

a
P 4 The function k is defined by k(x) = __2 , a > 0, x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0.
Example 19 x
a Sketch the graph of y = k(x).
y
The diagram shows the graph of y = h(x), with five b Explain why it is not necessary to sketch y = |k(x)| and y = k(|x|).
points labelled. B (–2.5, 15) a
C
The function m is defined by m(x) = __2 , a < 0, x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0.
Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the x
11 c Sketch the graph of y = m(x).
points corresponding to A, B, C, D and E, and any
A D y = h(x) d State with a reason whether the following statements are true or false.
points of intersection with the coordinate axes. x
–7 O 3 i |k(x)| = |m(x)| ii k(|x|) = m(|x|) iii m(x) = m(|x|)
a y = |h(x)|
E (6, –5) y
b y = h(|x|) E 5 The diagram shows the graph of y = p(x) with 5 points y = p(x)
labelled.
a y
Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the points
3D
B (–2.5, 15) The parts of the curve below the x-axis are corresponding to A, B, C, D and E, and any points of
C reflected in the x-axis. intersection with the coordinate axes. A C E (2, 1)
11 E 9 (6, 5) –8 –2 O x
The points A, B, C and D are unchanged. a y = |p(x)| (3 marks)
A
D y = |h(x)|
The point E was reflected, so the new b y = p(|x|) (3 marks)
–7 O 3 x coordinates are E’(6, 5). B (– 4, –5)

y
b y 6 The diagram shows the graph of y = q(x) with 7 points y = q(x)
E
The part of the curve to the right of the y-axis labelled. D (– 4, 3)
is reflected in the y-axis.
11 C Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the points
The old points A and B had negative x-values A C D G
corresponding to A, B, C, D and E, and any points of
so they are no longer part of the graph. –10 –5 –3 O 4 x
D9 D intersection with the coordinate axes.
–3 O 3 x The points C, D and E are unchanged.
a y = |q(x)| (4 marks)
There is a new point of intersection with the –4 F
y = h(|x|) E (6, –5) b y = q(|x|) (3 marks)
x-axis at (−3, 0).

B (– 8, – 9)
a
7 k(x) = __
x , a > 0, x ≠ 0
a Sketch the graph of y = k(x).
Exercise 2E b Sketch the graph of y = |k(x)|.
1 f(x) = x2 − 7x − 8 c Sketch the graph of y = k(|x|).
a Sketch the graph of y = f(x). b Sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|. a
8 m(x) = __
x , a < 0, x ≠ 0
c Sketch the graph of y = f(|x|).
a Sketch the graph of y = m(x).
2 g: x ↦ cos x, −360° < x < 360° b Describe the relationship between y = |m(x)| and y = m(|x|).
a Sketch the graph of y = g(x). b Sketch the graph of y = |g(x)|.
9 f(x) = ex and g(x) = e−x
c Sketch the graph of y = g(|x|).
a Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) on the same axes.
3 h: x ↦x (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) b Explain why it is not necessary to sketch y = |f(x)| and y = |g(x)|.
a Sketch the graph of y = h(x). b Sketch the graph of y = |h(x)|. c Sketch the graphs of y = f(|x|) and y = g(|x|) on the same axes.
c Sketch the graph of y = h(|x|).

42 43
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

E/P 10 The function f(x) is defined by Problem-solving b y = f(x + 2) + 2

f(x) = {
−2x − 6, −5 < x , −1
(x + 1)2, −1 < x < 2
A piecewise function like this
does not have to be continuous.
y (4, 6)
Apply the translation inside the brackets first.
The dotted curve is the graph of y = f(x + 2),
which is a translation of y = f(x) by vector ( ).
a Sketch f(x) stating its range. (5 marks) 2
Work out the value of both (4, 4) 0
b Sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|. (3 marks) expressions when x = −1 to
help you with your sketch. (–2, 2)
c Sketch the graph of y = f(|x|). (3 marks) Next apply the translation outside the brackets.
(0, 1) The solid curve is the graph of y = f(x + 2) + 2, as
2.6 Combining transformations (–2, 0) O x required. This is a translation of y = f(x + 2) by
vector ( ).
0
(0, –1)
You can use combinations of the following transformations of a function to sketch graphs of more 2
complicated transformations.
The images of O, A and B are (−2, 2), (0, 1)
−a
■ f(x + a) is a translation by the vector ( 0 ) ■ f(ax) is a horizontal stretch of scale factor 1__a and (4, 6) respectively.
■ f(x) + a is a translation by the vector (0 ) a■ af(x) is a vertical stretch of scale factor a 1
c y = __f(2x)
4
■ f(−x) reflects f(x) in the y-axis. Links
y
(3, 4)
You can think of f(−x) and −f(x) as stretches
Apply the stretch inside the brackets first. The
■ −f(x) reflects f(x) in the x-axis. with scale factor −1. ← Year 1, Sections 4.6, 4.7
dotted curve is the graph of y = f(2x), which is a
horizontal stretch with scale factor _12
y
Example 20
B (6, 4) (3, 1) Then apply the stretch outside the brackets. The
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y = f(x). solid curve is the graph of y = _14 f(2x), as required.
The curve passes through the origin O, the point (1, – 0.25) This is a vertical stretch of y = f(2x) with scale
A(2, −1) and the point B(6, 4). y = f(x)
(0, 0) x factor _14
Sketch the graphs of:
O x (1, – 1)
a y = 2f(x) − 1 b y = f(x + 2) + 2
1 A (2, –1)
The images of O, A and B are (0, 0),
c y = __f(2x) d y = −f(x − 1)
4 (1, −0.25) and (3, 1) respectively.
In each case, find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B.
d y = −f(x − 1)
a y = 2f(x) − 1 y
y (6, 8)
Apply the stretch first. The dotted curve is the (7, 4)
Apply the translation inside the brackets first.
graph of y = 2f(x), which is a vertical stretch with The dotted curve is the graph of y = f(x − 1),
which is a translation of y = f(x) by vector ( ).
(6, 7) scale factor 2. (1, 0) 1
(3, 1) 0
O x
Next apply the translation. The solid curve is (3, – 1) Then apply the reflection outside the brackets.
the graph of y = 2f(x) − 1, as required. This is a The solid curve is the graph of y = −f(x − 1), as
translation of y = 2f(x) by vector ( ).
0 required. This is a reflection of y = f(x − 1) in the
O x −1 (7, – 4) x-axis.
(0, –1) (2, –2)
The images of O, A and B are (1, 0), (3, 1)
Watch out The order is important. If you and (7, −4) respectively.
(2, –3)
applied the transformations in the opposite order
The images of O, A and B are (0, −1), you would have the graph of y = 2(f(x) − 1) or
(2, −3) and (6, 7) respectively. y = 2f(x) − 2.

44 45
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

Example 21 y
x=0
y =|In (–x)|
f(x) = ln x, x > 0 To sketch the graph of y = |f(−x)| reflect any
Sketch the graphs of negative y-values of y = f(−x) in the x-axis.
a y = 2f(x) − 3 b y = |f(–x)|
–1 O x
Show, on each diagram, the point where the graph meets or crosses the x-axis.
In each case, state the equation of the asymptote.
y

Online
x

a y Explore combinations of
x=0
y = In x transformations using technology.

Problem-solving
Exercise 2F
O 1 x You have not been asked to sketch y = f(x) in this
question, but it is a good idea to do this before 1 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = f(x). y
sketching transformations of this graph.
The curve passes through the origin O, the point B (3, 4)
Sketch y = f(x), labelling its asymptote and the
A(−2, −2) and the point B(3, 4).
coordinates of the point where it crosses the
x-axis. ← Year 1, Section 14.3
On separate axes, sketch the graphs of:
2ln x − 3 = 0
3 a y = 3f(x) + 2 b y = f(x − 2) − 5
ln x = __ 1
2 c y = __f(x + 1) d y = −f(2x)
x = e2
__
3 2 O x
Solve this equation to find the x-intercept of e y = |f(x)| f y = |f(−x)|
= 4.48 (3 s.f.) y = 2f(x) − 3. In each case find the coordinates of the images of the
The graph y = 2ln x − 3 will cross the A (–2, –2) y = f(x)
points O, A and B.
x-axis at (4.48, 0).
y
x=0 2 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = f(x). y
2 In x –3
The curve has a maximum at the point A(−1, 4) and A (–1, 4)
crosses the axes at the points (0, 3) and (−2, 0).
The original graph underwent a vertical stretch by
b y = __f(__x)
1 1 3
a scale factor of 2 and then a vertical translation a y = 3f(x − 2)
O 4.48 x
by vector ( ).
0 2 2
−3 y = f(x)
c y = −f(x) + 4 d y = −2f(x + 1)
e y = 2f(|x|) –2 O x

For each graph, find, where possible, the coordinates

b The graph of y = f(−x) is a reflection of of the maximum or minimum and the coordinates of
y = f(x) in the y-axis. the intersection points with the axes.
y
x=0
y = In (–x) y = In x 3 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = f(x). y
y = f(x)
The original graph is first reflected in the y-axis. The lines x = 2 and y = 0 (the x-axis) are asymptotes
The x-intercept becomes (−1, 0). to the curve.
The asymptote is unchanged. On separate axes, sketch the graphs of:
–1 O 1 x
a y = 3f(x) − 1 b y =f(x + 2) + 4 1
A
c y = −f(2x) d y = f(|x|)
For each part, state the equations of the asymptotes O 2 x
and the new coordinates of the point A.

46 47
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

E 4 The function g is defined by

y
g: x ↦ (x − 2)2 − 9, x ∈ ℝ. y =|x – 1|

a Draw a sketch of the graph of y = g(x), labelling the turning points and the x- and
Step 1
y-intercepts. (3 marks)
Horizontal translation by vector ( ).
1
b Write down the coordinates of the turning point when the curve is transformed 1 0
as follows: O x
1
i 2g(x − 4) (2 marks)
ii g(2x) (2 marks)
iii |g(x)| (2 marks)
c Sketch the curve with equation y = g(|x|). On your sketch show the coordinates of all y
y = 3|x – 1|
turning points and all x- and y-intercepts. (4 marks)
3
5 h(x) = 2 sin x, −180° < x < 180°. Step 2
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3.
a Sketch the graph of y = h(x).
b Write down the coordinates of the minimum, A, and the maximum, B. x
O 1
c Sketch the graphs of:
ii __h(__x)
1 1 1
i h(x − 90°) + 1 iii __|h(−x)|
4 2 2
In each case find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B.
y
y = 3|x – 1|– 2
2.7 Solving modulus problems
Step 3
Vertical translation by vector ( ).
0
You can use combinations of transformations together with |f(x)| and f(|x|) and an understanding of
1 −2
domain and range to solve problems.
O x

Example 22
(1, –2)
Given the function t(x) = 3|x − 1| − 2, x ∈ ℝ,
a sketch the graph of the function
b The range of the function t(x) is y ∈ ℝ,
b state the range of the function
y > −2. The graph has a minimum at (1, −2).
c solve the equation t(x) = _2 x + 3.
1

c y
y Problem-solving
y =|x| Use transformations to sketch the graph of A First draw a sketch of y = 3|x − 1| − 2 and the line
3 1
y = 3|x − 1| − 2. B y = __x + 3.
2
1
Sketch the graph of y = |x|. O x
O x
The sketch shows there are two solutions, at A
(1, –2) and B, the points of intersection.

48 49
Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

1 At B, 6 − (−2(x + 3)) = 5
At A, 3(x − 1) − 2 = __x + 3
2 2(x + 3) = −1 When f(x) < 0, |f(x)| = −f(x), so use the negative
1
3x − 5 = __x + 3 1 argument, −2(x + 3).
2 x + 3 = − __
5
__
2
x=8 7
2 x = − __ This is the solution on the reflected part of the
16 This is the solution on the original part of the 2
x = ___ graph.
5 graph.
The solution to the inequality f(x) > 5 is
1
At B, −3(x − 1) − 2 = __x + 3
y

7 5
− __ < x < − __ Online
x

2 Explore the solution using

When f(x) < 0, |f(x)| = −f(x), so use –(3x − 1) − 2 to 2 2
1 technology.
−3x + 3 − 2 = __x + 3 find the solution on the reflected part of the graph.
2
7
− __x = 2
2
4 This is the solution corresponding to point B on Exercise 2G
x = − __
7 the sketch.
16 4
The solutions are x = ___ and x = − __ P 1 For each function
5 7
i sketch the graph of y = f(x)
ii state the range of the function. Hint
Example 23 For part b transform the graph of y = |x| by:
a f: x ↦ 4 |x| − 3, x ∈ ℝ
• A translation by vector ( )
y −2
The function f is defined by f: x ↦ 6 − 2|x + 3|. 1 0
b f(x) = __ |x + 2| − 1, x ∈ ℝ 1
A sketch of the graph of the function is shown in the diagram. 3 • A vertical sketch with scale factor __
3
c f(x) = −2 |x − 1| + 6, x ∈ ℝ
• A translation by vector ( )
0
a State the range of f.
5 −1
b Give a reason why f −1 does not exist. d f: x ↦ − __ |x| + 4, x ∈ ℝ
2
c Solve the inequality f(x) > 5. –6 O x
2 Given that p(x) = 2|x + 4| − 5, x ∈ ℝ,

a The range of f(x) is f(x) < 6.

a sketch the graph of y = p(x)
y = f(x)
b f(x) is a many-to-one function.
b shade the region of the graph that satisfies y > p(x).
Therefore, f −1 does not exist.
The greatest value f(x) can take is 6. 3 Given that q(x) = −3|x| + 6, x ∈ ℝ,
c f(x) = 5 at the points A and B.
f(x) > 5 between the points A and B. a sketch the graph of y = q(x)
For example, f(0) = f(−6) = 0.
y b shade the region of the graph that satisfies y < q(x).

B A Problem-solving 4 The function f is defined as

5 Only one-to-one functions have inverses. f: x ↦ 4|x + 6| + 1, x ∈ ℝ.
a Sketch the graph of y = f(x).
–6 O x Add the line y = 5 to the graph of y = f(x).
b State the range of the function.
y = f(x) 1
Between the points A and B, the graph of y = f(x) c Solve the equation f(x) = − __x + 1.
2
is above the line y = 5.
5
At A, 6 − 2(x + 3) = 5 5 Given that g(x) = − __|x − 2| + 7, x ∈ ℝ,
2
−2(x + 3) = −1
1 a sketch the graph of y = g(x)
x + 3 = __
2 b state the range of the function
5 This is the solution on the original part of the
x = − __ c solve the equation g(x) = x + 1.
2 graph.

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 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

E/P 6 The functions m and n are defined as Challenge

m(x) = −2x + k, x ∈ ℝ Problem-solving
m(x) = n(x) has no real roots means that y = m(x) 1 The functions f and g are defined by
n(x) = 3|x − 4| + 6, x ∈ ℝ
and y = n(x) do not intersect. f(x) = 2 |x − 4| − 8, x ∈ ℝ
where k is a constant.
The equation m(x) = n(x) has no real roots. g(x) = x − 9, x ∈ ℝ
Find the range of possible values for the constant k. (4 marks) The diagram shows a sketch of the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x).
E/P 7 The functions s and t are defined as y
y = f(x)
s(x) = −10 − x, x ∈ ℝ
t(x) = 2|x + b| − 8, x ∈ ℝ
where b is a constant. y = g(x)
O x
The equation s(x) = t(x) has exactly one real root. Find the value of b. (4 marks)
R B
E/P 8 The function h is defined by A
y
2
h(x) = __ |x − 1| − 7, x ∈ ℝ
3
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = h(x). a Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
a State the range of h. (1 mark) O x b Find the area of the region R.
b Give a reason why h−1 does not exist. (1 mark) 2 The functions f and g are defined as: y y = g(x)
c Solve the inequality h(x) < −6. (4 marks) f(x) = −|x − 3| + 10, x ∈ ℝ
y = h(x)
d State the range of values of k for which the g(x) = 2|x − 3| + 2, x ∈ ℝ
2 64
equation h(x) = __x + k has no solutions. (4 marks) Show that the area of the shaded region is ___
3 3
E/P 9 The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph P y
y = h(x), where h(x) = a − 2|x + 3|, x ∈ ℝ.
y = f(x)
The graph intercepts the y-axis at (0, 4). 4 O x
a Find the value of a. (2 marks) Q
O x
b Find the coordinates of P and Q. (3 marks)
1
c Solve h(x) = __x + 6. (5 marks) y = h(x)
3 Mixed exercise 2

1 a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = 2 − x and y = 2|x + 1|.

y b Hence, or otherwise, find the values of x for which 2 − x = 2|x + 1|.
E/P 10 The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph y = m(x),
where m(x) = −4|x + 3| + 7, x ∈ ℝ.
1
a State the range of m. (1 mark) E/P 2 The equation |2x − 11| = __ x + k has exactly two distinct solutions.
2
3 Find the range of possible values of k. (4 marks)
b Solve the equation m(x) = __ x + 2. (4 marks) O x
5
Given that m(x) = k, where k is a constant, has two distinct 1
E/P 3 Solve |5x − 2| = − __x + 8. (4 marks)
roots –5 4
y = m(x)
c state the set of possible values for k. (4 marks) E/P 4 a On the same set of axes, sketch y = |12 − 5x| and y = −2x + 3. (3 marks)
b State with a reason whether there are any solutions to the equation
|12 − 5x| = −2x + 3 (2 marks)

52 53
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

5 For each of the following mappings: E/P 10 The functions f and g are given by
x 1
i state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many
a y b y c y f: x ↦ ______ − _____, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 1}
x2 − 1 x + 1
ii state whether the mapping could represent a function.
2
a y b y c y g : x ↦ __
x , {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
1
a Show that f(x) = ____________ (3 marks)
(x − 1)(x + 1)
O x O x O x b Find the range of f(x). (1 mark)
c Solve gf(x) = 70. (4 marks)
O x O x O x
P 11 The following functions f(x), g(x) and h(x) are defined by
y y y f(x) = 4(x − 2), {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
d e f
g(x) = x3 + 1, {x ∈ ℝ}
d y e y f y x
h(x) = 3 , {x ∈ ℝ}
a Find f(7), g(3) and h(−2). b Find the range of f(x) and the range of g(x).
O x O x O x c Find g−1(x). d Find the composite function fg(x).
e Solve gh(a) = 244.
O x O x O x
E/P 12 The function f(x) is defined by f : x ↦ x2 + 6x − 4, x ∈ ℝ, x > a, for some constant a.
E 6 The function f(x) is defined by
a State the least value of a for which f −1 exists. (4 marks)
f(x) = {
−x, x < 1
b Given that a = 0, find f −1, stating its domain. (4 marks)
x − 2, x . 1
a Sketch the graph of f(x) for −2 < x < 6. (4 marks) E/P 13 The functions f and g are given by
1 f : x ↦ 4x − 1, {x ∈ ℝ}
b Find the values of x for which f(x) = − __ (3 marks)
g : x ↦ ______ , {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ __}
2 3 1
E 7 The functions p and q are defined by 2x − 1 2
Find in its simplest form:
p: x ↦ x2 + 3x − 4, x ∈ ℝ
a the inverse function f −1 (2 marks)
q: x ↦ 2x + 1, x ∈ ℝ
b the composite function gf, stating its domain (3 marks)
a Find an expression for pq(x). (2 marks)
c the values of x for which 2f(x) = g(x), giving your answers to 3 decimal places. (4 marks)
b Solve pq(x) = qq(x). (3 marks)
E 14 The functions f and g are given by
E 8 The function g(x) is defined as g(x) = 2x + 7, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}. x
f : x ↦ _____, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2}
a Sketch y = g(x) and find the range. (3 marks) x−2
3
b Determine y = g−1(x), stating its range. (3 marks) g : x ↦ __
x, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0}
c Sketch y = g−1(x) on the same axes as y = g(x), stating the relationship between the a Find an expression for f −1(x). (2 marks)
two graphs. (2 marks) b Write down the range of f −1(x). (1 mark)
c Calculate gf(1.5). (2 marks)
E 9 The function f is defined by
2x + 3 d Use algebra to find the values of x for which g(x) = f(x) + 4. (4 marks)
f: x ↦ ______, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 1}
x−1 15 The function n(x) is defined by
a Find f (x).
−1 (4 marks)
n(x) = {
5 − x, x < 0
b Find: i the range of f −1(x) x2, x . 0
ii the domain of f −1(x) (2 marks) a Find n(−3) and n(3). b Solve the equation n(x) = 50.

54 55
 Chapter 2 Functions and graphs

16 g(x) = tan x, −180° < x < 180° E/P 22 The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = f(x), where
a Sketch the graph of y = g(x). f(x) = x2 − 7x + 5 ln x + 8, x > 0
b Sketch the graph of y = |g(x)|. The points A and B are the stationary points of the curve. y
c Sketch the graph of y = g(|x|). a Using calculus and showing your working, find the y = f(x)
A
coordinates of the points A and B. (4 marks)
E 17 The diagram shows the graph of f(x). y b Sketch the curve with equation y = −3f(x − 2). (3 marks)
The points A(4, −3) and B(9, 3) are turning points on the B
y = f(x)
B (9, 3) c Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the
graph.
curve with equation y = −3f(x − 2). State, without
Sketch on separate diagrams, the graphs of O x
proof, which point is a maximum and which point
a y = f(2x) + 1 (3 marks) x
is a minimum. (3 marks)
O
b y = |f(x)| (3 marks)
E/P 23 The function f has domain −5 < x < 7 and is linear from y (7, 18)
c y = −f(x − 2) (3 marks) A (4, –3)
(−5, 6) to (−3, −2) and from (−3, −2) to (7, 18).
Indicate on each diagram the coordinates of any turning y = f(x)
The diagram shows a sketch of the function.
points on your sketch.
a Write down the range of f. (1 mark) (–5, 6)

E 18 Functions f and g are defined by b Find ff(−3). (2 marks)

f : x ↦ 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ} c Sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|, marking the points at O x
which the graph meets or cuts the axes. (3 marks) (–3, –2)
g : x ↦ 3x2, {x ∈ ℝ}
a Write down the range of g. (1 mark) The function g is defined by g: x ↦ x2 − 7x + 20.

b Solve gf(x) = 48. (4 marks) d Solve the equation fg(x) = 3. (3 marks)

c Sketch the graph of y = |f(x)| and hence find the values of x for which |f(x)| = 2. (4 marks)
P 24 The function p is defined by y
E/P 19 The function f is defined by f : x ↦ |2x − a|, {x ∈ ℝ}, where a is a positive constant. p: x ↦ −2|x + 4| + 10
a Sketch the graph of y = f(x), showing the coordinates of the points where the graph The diagram shows a sketch of the graph.
cuts the axes. (3 marks) a State the range of p. (1 mark)
2
b On a separate diagram, sketch the graph of y = f(2x), showing the coordinates of the b Give a reason why p −1 does not exist. (1 mark)
points where the graph cuts the axes. (2 marks) c Solve the inequality p(x) > −4. (4 marks)
O x
1
__
c Given that a solution of the equation f(x) = x is x = 4, find the two possible d State the range of values of k for which the equation
2
values of a. (4 marks) 1
p(x) = − __ x + k has no solutions. (4 marks) y = p(x)
2
E/P 20 a Sketch the graph of y = |x − 2a|, where a is a positive constant. Show the coordinates
of the points where the graph meets the axes. (3 marks)
1
__
b Using algebra solve, for x in terms of a, |x − 2a| = x. (4 marks)
3 Challenge
c On a separate diagram, sketch the graph of y = a − |x − 2a|, where a is a positive constant.
Show the coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the axes. (4 marks) a Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y = a2 − x2 and y = |x + a|,
where a is a constant and a > 1.
E/P 21 a Sketch the graph of y = |2x + a|, a > 0, showing the coordinates of the points where b Write down the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = a2 − x2
the graph meets the coordinate axes. (3 marks) cuts the coordinate axes.
1
__
b On the same axes, sketch the graph of y = x (2 marks) c Given that the two graphs intersect at x = 4, calculate the value of a.
c Explain how your graphs show that there is only one solution of the equation
x|2x + a| − 1 = 0 (2 marks)
d Find, using algebra, the value of x for which x|2x + a| − 1 = 0. (3 marks)

56 57
Chapter 2

Summary of key points

1 A modulus function is, in general, a function of the type y = |f(x)|.
● When f(x) > 0, |f(x)| = f(x)
● When f(x) , 0, |f(x)| = −f(x)
2 To sketch the graph of y = |ax + b|, sketch y = ax + b then reflect the section of the graph
below the x-axis in the x-axis.
3 A mapping is a function if every input has A B A B A B
a distinct output. Functions can either be
one-to-one or many-to-one.
one-to-one many-to-one not a function
function function
4 fg(x) means apply g first, then apply f.
fg(x) = f(g(x))
g f
x g(x) fg(x)

fg

5 Functions f(x) and f −1(x) are inverses of each other. ff −1(x) = x and f −1f(x) = x.
6 The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f −1(x) are reflections of each another in the line y = x.
7 The domain of f(x) is the range of f −1(x).
8 The range of f(x) is the domain of f −1(x).
9 To sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|
● Sketch the graph of y = f(x)
● Reflect any parts where f(x) , 0 (parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis
● Delete the parts below the x-axis
10 To sketch the graph of y = f(|x|)
● Sketch the graph of y = f(x) for x > 0
● Reflect this in the y-axis
11 f(x + a) is a horizontal translation of −a.
12 f(x) + a is a vertical translation of +a.
1
13 f(ax) is a horizontal stretch of scale factor __
a
14 af(x) is a vertical stretch of scale factor a.
15 f(−x) reflects f(x) in the y-axis.
16 −f(x) reflects f(x) in the x-axis.

58
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