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Internet of Nano-Things
and Wireless Body Area
Networks (WBAN)
 Internet of
Nano-Things and
Wireless Body Area
Networks (WBAN)

Fadi Al-Turjman
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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To my dearest parents, my brother, and my sisters.
To my wonderful wife and my little stars.
 ‫‪To my father..‬‬
‫أيب يا أيب‪....‬يا قطرة الندى يا شذى الياسمني املعطر‬
‫يا نفحة الحب‪....‬يا درة الرشق املؤصل‬
‫هل رأى الغرب عينا أيب؟‬
‫عينا أيب خرب من جنة الفردوس‪ ..‬وشهب مل تزل باالفق االرحب‬
‫عينا أيب كواكب شهل‪ ..‬يرسو بها سحر الرشق والليلك‬
‫اه ياايب ‪ ..‬بعينيك كم متنيت لو أصلب‬
‫آه لو تعلمون من أي عطر أيب خلق ‪..‬‬
‫ايب انا‪ ..‬ن رباس علم‪ ..‬جاء ليتم مكارم األخالق‪...‬و يا له من نبي‬
‫يا كرم زيتون‪ ..‬يا غابات لوز‪ ..‬يا ملجأ حب يا أيب‬
‫آه يا أيب‪....‬يا عود طيب عاش ليحرق‬
‫متيش ومييش وراءك تاريخ فخر حتى تخلد‬
‫يا من توالد من ثغره أحاديث الورود والطيب والزنبق‬
‫منيل عىل صدره املقدس‪ ..‬لنشكو هموما ما كانت لتنتهي‬
‫أه يا أيب ‪ ..‬يا من سكن بأحداق عينيي‪ ..‬ونربة صويت‪ ...‬حتى ظننت أين ايب‬
‫ولكن‪ ...‬اين أنا منك يا أيب‬
‫لوالك ما اضاءت سامء بأنجم ‪..‬‬
‫لوالك ‪ ..‬ولوال بريق بعينيك اي ليل ينجيل ‪..‬‬
‫لوالك يا أيب‪ ...‬أي شعر يكتب‪..‬‬
Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................... ix
About the Author ...........................................................................................xi
Contributors ................................................................................................ xiii
1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
FADI AL-TURJMAN

2 Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) & WBAN ........................................... 5

FADI AL-TURJMAN, ENVER EVER,
AND HADI ZAHMATKESH

3 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things

(IoNT): An Overview .......................................................................... 21
SEDA DEMIREL TOPEL AND FADI AL-TURJMAN

4 mm-Waves in the Internet of Nano-Things .......................................... 45

FADI AL-TURJMAN AND JEHAD HAMAMREH

5 A Rational Routing Protocol for WBAN ............................................. 59

FADI AL-TURJMAN

6 A Value-Based Caching Approach for WBAN ..................................... 87

FADI AL-TURJMAN

7 Adaptive WBAN in the IoNT ............................................................ 113

FADI AL-TURJMAN AND HAMED OSOULI TABRIZI

8 A Cognitive Routing Protocol for WBAN ......................................... 129

FADI AL-TURJMAN

9 Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Nanosensor

Networks ........................................................................................... 151
FADI AL-TURJMAN AND KEMAL IHSAN KILIC

vii
viii ◾ Contents

10 LCPC Code for Wireless Body Area Networks ................................. 177

SALAH A. ALABADY AND FADI AL-TURJMAN

11 Energy-Harvesting Methods for WBAN Applications ...................... 203

SÜLEYMAN MAHIRCAN DEMIR, FADI AL-TURJMAN,
AND ALI MUHTAROĞLU

Index .......................................................................................................... 233

Preface

The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is a system of nanoconnected computing

devices, objects, and/or people that are provided with unique identifiers to transfer
data over a computer/cellular network wirelessly. Thus, routing protocols and com-
munication issues are considered among the most significant topics in the IoNT
paradigm. The implementation of wireless body area networks (WBANs) is at
the heart of this paradigm, and its development is a key issue in next generation
IoNT. This book is dedicated to address major design aspects and challenges
in realizing the nanosensing platforms in critical cloud and IoNT applications.
Challenges vary from manufacturing at the nanoscale to reliability issues in wire-
less millimeter Waves (mm-Waves). The aim of this book is hence to focus on both
the design and implementation aspects of the physical nanosensor and its wireless
communication aspects in IoNT projects that are enabled by the WBAN. It is
mainly focused on energy-efficient data gathering/delivery approaches and reliable
IoNT systems.

By Fadi Al-Turjman

ix
About the Author

Professor Fadi Al-Turjman  received his Ph.D.

in computer science from Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada, in 2011. He is a pro-
fessor at Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey.
Professor Al-Turjman is a leading authority in the
areas of smart/cognitive, wireless, and mobile net-
works’ architectures, protocols, deployments, and
performance evaluation. His publication history
spans over 200 publications in journals, confer-
ences, patents, books, and book chapters, in addi-
tion to numerous keynotes and plenary talks at
flagship venues. He has written and edited more than fifteen books about cogni-
tion, security, and wireless sensor networks’ deployments in smart environments,
published by Taylor & Francis Group and Springer. He has received several recogni-
tions and best papers’ awards at top international conferences. He also received the
prestigious Best Research Paper Award from Elsevier Computer Communications
Journal for the period 2015-2018, in addition to the Top Researcher Award for 2018
at Antalya Bilim University, Turkey. Professor Al-Turjman has led a number of
international symposia and workshops in flagship communication society confer-
ences. Currently, he serves as the lead guest editor for several well reputed jour-
nals, including the Elsevier Computer Communications and the IET Wireless Sensor
Systems.

xi
Contributors

Salah A. Alabady Ali Muhtaroğlu

Computer Engineering Department Center for Sustainability
University of Mosul Middle East Technical University
Mosul, Iraq Northern Cyprus Campus
Kalkanli, Güzelyurt, Turkey
Fadi Al-Turjman
Department of Computer Engineering Hamed Osouli Tabrizi
Antalya Bilim University Sustainable Environment
Antalya, Turkey and Energy Systems
Middle East Technical University
Süleyman Mahircan Demir Northern Cyprus Campus
Department of Electrical and Kalkanli, Güzelyurt, Turkey
Electronics Engineering
Middle East Technical University Seda Demirel Topel
Northern Cyprus Campus Faculty of Engineering
Kalkanli, Güzelyurt, Turkey Department of Material Science and
Nanotechnology Engineering
Enver Ever Antalya Bilim University
Department of Computer Engineering Antalya, Turkey
Antalya Bilim University
Antalya, Turkey Hadi Zahmatkesh
Department of Computer Engineering
Jehad Hamamreh Antalya Bilim University
Antalya Bilim University Antalya, Turkey
Antalya, Turkey

Kemal Ihsan Kilic

Department of Computer Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Northern Cyprus Campus
Kalkanli, Güzelyurt, Turkey

xiii
Chapter 1

Introduction
Fadi Al-Turjman
Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey

Content
1.1 Book Outline................................................................................................2

Recent advances in mm-Wave/terahertz (THz) communications, as well as

mobile access to computational power, are fostering a rapid growth of wearable
and nanotechnologies. In particular, application of such technologies to health-
care can improve the control over health and well-being, providing motivation to
achieve personal bests and creating a sense of community. By recording and report-
ing information about behaviors such as physical activity or sleep patterns, these
technologies can educate and motivate individuals toward better habits and better
health conditions. In addition, clinical and self-monitored data collected by wear-
able devices provides a means for improving the early-stage detection and manage-
ment of diseases as well as reducing the overall costs of more invasive standard
diagnostic approaches.
In this book, we aim to discuss some of the ongoing key innovations in com-
munications and nanotechnologies involved in the emerging Internet of Nano-
Things (IoNT) paradigm, which is setting the basis for the future of smart
wearable devices and approaches. The manufacturing processes of some of these
wearable technologies and their working principles are discussed in detail. In
addition, we investigate several up-to-date communication protocols and design
aspects that can dramatically affect performance.
Simply, this book aims to summarize recent achievements in the area of wearable
and wireless body-area networks and point to existing challenges that the research

1
2 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

and industrial communities are facing in trying to extend this paradigm to a broader
spectrum of related devices and communication protocols. This will indeed provide
solid guidelines for the future research directions and studies in this area.
Accordingly, our main contributions in this work can be summarized as follows:

◾◾ We start by a comprehensive overview about the millimeter waves (mm-Waves)

and their modeling techniques. We further classify various candidate categories
that can be applied in IoNT applications.
◾◾ We overview nanosensor technology and list the detailed challenges in man-
ufacturing and data gathering.
◾◾ Various techniques and tools available for performance evaluation of the
nanosensors used in wireless body area networks (WBAN) in IoNT environ-
ments are also presented in order to realize more energy-efficient solutions.
These solutions and energy-related challenges are discussed in detail.
◾◾ We describe prominent performance metrics to understand how energy effi-
ciency is evaluated. Then, we elucidate how energy can be modeled and
harvested in the literature.
◾◾ We present energy-based routing protocols in critical applications such as
healthcare. The potential reduction of the consumed energy and service
capacity due to body mobility effects are considered, as well as other perfor-
mance metrics such as delay, throughput, and resource utilization.
◾◾ We present the main motivations in carrying smart devices and the correla-
tion between the user WBAN and the mobile application usage.
◾◾ We also propose a bio-inspired routing algorithm to construct, recover, and
select reliable paths that tolerate the failure while satisfying quality of service
(QoS) requirements.

1.1 Book Outline

The rest of this book is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the challenges
introduced and strategies to be considered while dealing with the IoNT issues. In
Chapter 3, we focus on the nanosensors and WBAN technology in IoNTs that are
utilized in several industries. In Chapter 4, we focus on design aspects of the mm-
Waves and their applications in the IoNT era. In Chapter 5, we put forward a data
delivery framework for the nanoscale systems, where a number of nanosensors are
disseminated over the human body and the like to help in disaster management.
Chapter 6 proposes a resilient cache replacement approach for the WBAN based on
the value of sensed information. In Chapter 7, energy efficiency in three common
schemes, including the one-hop, cooperative, and two-hop networks are studied
and a new method for a batteryless WBAN is proposed. In Chapter 8, we investi-
gate a new routing technique for the IoNT paradigm in terms of energy consump-
tion and hop counts. The existing routing protocols for the wireless nanosensor
 Introduction ◾ 3

networks are reviewed in Chapter 9. A detailed classification and comparison of the

existing protocols has been performed and a new simple energy-aware approach is
proposed. To achieve the reliable data transmission, a low complexity parity check
(LCPC) approach is proposed in Chapter 10 to increase the targeted WBAN effi-
ciency by detecting and correcting common wireless signal errors. In Chapter 11,
we conclude with an overview of the existing energy-scavenging methods and their
potential usages in WBANs.
Chapter 2

Internet of Nano-Things
(IoNT) & WBAN
Fadi Al-Turjman, Enver Ever, and Hadi Zahmatkesh
Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey

Contents
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................6
2.2 IoNT Market Opportunity in the 5G Era.....................................................7
2.3 IoNT Architecture in 5G..............................................................................8
2.4 IoNT Design Factors and Assessment...........................................................9
2.4.1 Short Wavelength..............................................................................9
2.4.2 Energy Harvesting...........................................................................10
2.4.3 Security...........................................................................................10
2.4.4 Connectivity....................................................................................11
2.4.5 Delay...............................................................................................11
2.4.6 Cost.................................................................................................11
2.5 IoNT Physical Layer and 5G.......................................................................12
2.6 IoNT Communication Protocols and 5G....................................................13
2.6.1 Wireless Communication Models....................................................13
2.6.2 MAC Protocols................................................................................14
2.6.3 Routing Algorithms.........................................................................14
2.7 Constraint of the IoNT...............................................................................15
2.8 Open Research Issues..................................................................................17
2.9 Concluding Remarks..................................................................................17
References............................................................................................................18

5
6 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

2.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the use of Internet in recent years with
various applications. For instance, in the healthcare domain, body area networks
(BANs) are used to collect crucial information of patients and send it to the com-
puting systems of service providers in order to monitor a large number of people
more efficiently and accurately. Moreover, especially in domains such as healthcare
for elderly and physically disabled people, sensors deployed in the environment
can provide useful mechanisms in terms of real-time monitoring and rehabilita-
tion [1]. Cloud-based BANs are composed of (i) nodes for sensing, (ii) nodes that
relay data in addition to their own sensing, and (iii) hubs or sink nodes that send
control signals to gather information from the network and transmit to the cloud.
Communication channels in BANs can be classified into two categories depending
on the type of nodes: (i) on-body communication, which is communication of an
on-body sensor node to a hub or another on-body node, and (ii) in-body communi-
cation, which is communication of an implant node to the hub or an on-body node.
On-body communication in the latter can be categorized as line of sight (LoS) or
non-line of sight (NLoS) depending on the relative position of the nodes. Physical
and MAC layers’ parameters, such as the packet and payload size, are specified
by IEEE 802.15.6 standard and play a key role in the spectrum management and
optimization [1, 2].
In addition to the advancements in Internet and sensing technologies, recent
improvements in nanotechnology and design of nanoscale components (e.g. nano-
sensors, nano-antennas, etc.) have given rise to a new class of applications and
services in various sectors and industries such as health [2] and agriculture [3], and
have stimulated the evolution of a new networking paradigm called Internet of
Nano-Things (IoNT). IoNT is defined as an interconnection of nanoscale devices
with the current communication technologies and the Internet [4]. Terahertz
(THz) band communication is utilized through new developments in areas such
as spectrum management and antenna design to obtain data from various objects.
All these developments in turn result in the discovery of novel applications. For
instance, environmental nanosensors can provide information about allergens and
pathogens in a given environment, while on-body nanosensors can collect electro-
cardiographic and other similar important signals [1]. By combining this informa-
tion through IoNT, it would be much easier to monitor and diagnose a patient’s
conditions more accurately [1]. The IoNT paradigm is characterized by a very large
number of nanodevices, technologies, and protocols. It is really important to take
into account various properties for the IoNT, such as availability, flexibility, reli-
ability, scalability, and interoperability, in the 5G era. These properties can easily
be supported by the facilities of cloud computing [9]. Cloud computing can provide
efficient solutions for communications in the nanoscale. It can facilitate quick setup
and integration of nanodevices. Moreover, it can lower the deployment cost and
data-processing complexity.
 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 7

The aforementioned examples are just a few areas where IoNT and nanosensing
technology have made great enhancements. On top of all the studies presented for
efficient use of the new spectrum introduced for IoNT, it is necessary to investigate
the challenges and opportunities introduced by the IoNT concept. In this chapter,
we present an overview for the IoNT and focus on the strategies to be considered
while dealing with the challenges introduced by the IoNT paradigm. Accordingly,
our main contributions in this work can be summarized as follows:

◾◾ This chapter provides a critical overview of the IoNT considering the main
application areas, architecture, limitations, and design factors.
◾◾ Potential enabling technologies from the physical layer up to various routing
protocols that can be employed for the IoNT, as well as the interaction with
the cloud-based infrastructures, are presented.
◾◾ Various challenges regarding terahertz spectrum management in 5G com-
munication systems are comprehensively discussed.

The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. An overview of the IoNT market
opportunity is provided in Section 2.2. Section 2.3 presents the general architec-
ture of the IoNT. The most important factors in the design of IoNT are discussed
in Section 2.4. IoNT physical layer communication and communication proto-
cols, including various MAC approaches and routing algorithms, are presented in
Sections 2.5 and 2.6, respectively. Section 2.7 presents some of the constraints
caused by nanocommunications in the IoNT paradigm. Section 2.8 gives future
research directions and discusses some open research issues. Finally, Section 2.9
concludes this chapter.

2.2 IoNT Market Opportunity in the 5G Era

The number of connected devices is expected to rapidly increase in the coming
years. Further growth is also expected in the network size and complexity for real-
time traffic monitoring, since most of the communication devices are smart devices
with multiple features. In order to enable interaction between these devices, com-
munication is required between real-world physical elements. The IoNT will facili-
tate communication over the Internet for such devices.
According to market research analysis, it is estimated that the global IoNT
will grow at a significant compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 24%
from 2016 to 2020 [7]. The increasing utilization of nanotechnology is one of the
most important factors leading to the growth of IoNT markets on a global scale.
Significant investments in research and development by private as well as public
sectors have great potential to lead to notable growth for the IoNT market in the
coming years. For example, the NMP program under the Seventh EU Framework
Programme invested approximately USD 480 million in nanomedicine research
8 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

projects such as regenerative medicine, nanodiagnostics, and targeted nanophar-

maceuticals in 2014 [7]. Through commercialization of nanomaterials, such as
nanoscale electronic memory, the IoNT market is expecting dramatic growth.
The healthcare segment, among many other segments (e.g. manufacturing,
transportation and logistics, and energy and utilities) in the IoNT market, was
the largest as of 2015, with about 40% market share [7]. This segment is estimated
to have a significant growth from 2016 to 2020 due to the government plans for
digitalization of healthcare operations.
Some of the crucial factors leading to the market growth mentioned are tech-
nological innovations and the entry of new manufacturers. Manufacturers have
to pay attention to interoperability issues and develop test-beds, which are good
representations of real scenarios, in order to be successful in this market. Some of
these key vendors in the IoNT market are Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco, IBM, Intel, and
Qualcomm.

2.3 IoNT Architecture in 5G

Understanding the architecture of IoNT helps us to obtain a clearer insight of the
functionalities involved. The IoNT should be capable of interconnecting billions of
nanosensors and nanodevices through the Internet, interacting with each other in a
distributed manner. Regardless of the application of the IoNT, the general network
architecture of the paradigm contains the components [1, 4] presented in Figure 2.1.
Nanonodes: These are the end-points such as nanosensors and nano-actuators,
which are able to perform simple computation and processing tasks. Due to their
limited communication capabilities, reduced energy, and limited memory, they can
only transmit over very short distances. An example of nanonodes is nanomachines
having communication capabilities combined in various types of things, such as
books and keys. These devices can also be used inside the human body as biological
nanosensors.

NN Nano-node NN NMI Nano-micro interface

NN
NR Nano-router NR GW Gateway

NN
NN NMI Cloud

NN
NR
GW

NN

Figure 2.1 Network architecture and main components in the IoNT.

 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 9

Nanorouters: Compared to the nanonodes, nanorouters have larger compu-

tational resources, and they are appropriate for collecting information from lim-
ited nanomachines (e.g. nanosensors). Moreover, nanorouters can also monitor the
behavior of nanonodes by sending very simple control commands such as sleep, on/
off, etc. However, this would increase their size, and consequently their deployment
would be more invasive.
Nano-micro interface devices: Information forwarded by nanorouters is
aggregated by nano-micro interface devices. These devices can handle information
from microscale to nanoscale devices. Nano-micro interfaces can be considered as
hybrid devices that are able to communicate in nanoscale using nanocommunica-
tion technologies. In addition, they can also use classical communication models in
micro/macro communication networks.
Gateways: These are used to enable the remote monitoring of the entire sys-
tem over the Internet. Gateways can receive the information from a nano-micro
interface and forward it to the related service provider. For example, in the case of
a healthcare monitoring system, all the sensor data from the human body can be
forwarded over the Internet to the healthcare provider.
The IoNT architecture can also be customized according to the applications
and objectives of the network in order to achieve the specific goals of a system. For
example, in [5], the nanorouters forward the collected data to cognitive relay nodes
that are usually connected to the Internet for remote processing. These cognitive
nodes act and make decision based on the nanonetwork conditions in order to save
considerable amounts of energy in the entire system.

2.4 IoNT Design Factors and Assessment

The fifth generation of wireless networks (5G) is expected to be available very
soon. One of the main objectives specified is to have ubiquitous communica-
tion anytime and anywhere between anyone and anything. In this section, the
most important design factors of the IoNT paradigm that will significantly
affect the energy and spectral efficiency, and quality of service (QoS) are dis-
cussed [22].

2.4.1 Short Wavelength

In existing implementations, antennas and graphene transceivers are employed
popularly [15]. However, although this provides potentially good data rates
with frequency in the range of 0.1 to 10 terahertz, because of the very low
wavelength, the practical range is reduced to around 10 mm [16]. Therefore,
the limitations and opportunities of using very high frequency signals should
be considered in the design of the IoNT. For example, in the case of healthcare
monitoring systems, one of the promising solutions for the data exchange is
10 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

electromagnetic-based communication at the terahertz band [19]. This would

significantly contribute to potential medical technologies in the utilized spec-
trum at the terahertz band because it is less susceptible to propagation effects
(e.g. scattering) and it also has safety advantages for biomedical tissues [19].
Applications similar to the ones presented in [19] can effectively make use of
terahertz band communication, since the limitations in terms of the range
and the line of sight do not significantly affect the nature of the application.
However, if an application requires significant enhancements in terms of cover-
age, for example, in case mobility is required for the application, the allocated
spectrum becomes a serious limitation.

2.4.2 Energy Harvesting

Energy harvesting is a crucial factor in the IoNT paradigm in the 5G era. For
example, in the case of nanoscale batteries, they cannot store much energy for
the long duration of nonstop operation of the nanonodes. Due to the fact that
nanonetworks’ sensors usually come with limited capabilities and battery power,
the implementation and data routing processes face serious challenges. Thus,
data delivery algorithms and protocols should be energy efficient to extend the
overall network lifetime, which is directly proportional to the nanonode’s bat-
tery level.
Recent studies and surveys have emphasized the demand for microscale
energy-scavenging technology due to its importance in functioning ultra-low-
power electronic circuits. However, it is essential to identify the sources of energy
scavenging technology to evaluate whether the corresponding scavenging technol-
ogy is useful for a particular application in the IoNT paradigm or not. In general,
solar, thermal, mechanical movement or vibration, and ambient radio-frequency
(RF) sources can be used to extract energy from microscale energy scavenging
circuits. They can be divided into three major categories: electrostatic, electromag-
netic, and piezoelectric [21]. According to this classification, the energy extraction
capacity, physical size, robustness, and output impedance characteristics of the
harvester circuits can vary.

2.4.3 Security
One of the most important challenges as a result of the growth of the IoNT market
is related to the security of data communicated over the Internet. For example,
in the healthcare domain, a bio-cyber-attack can steal people’s personal health-
related information. This information can be used to create new types of viruses to
hack into already-deployed nanosensors in the IoNT. Therefore, security assurance
methods should be applied to communication networks in the 5G era, especially
in the IoNT, in order to prevent such problems, considering the nature of IoNT
communications carefully.
 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 11

2.4.4 Connectivity
The IoNT defines a paradigm where all types of nanodevices (e.g. nanosensors,
nanoactuators, etc.) are connected to the nanonetworks and are able to interact with
each other in real time. This form of seamless connectivity is essential for enabling
the applications that involve IoNT technologies. In turn, connectivity becomes an
important factor for integration of IoNT in the 5G environments as well.

2.4.5 Delay
In nanonetworks, the gateway must integrate data from different nanodevices (e.g.
nanosensors). However, due to the timing difference in data propagation between
nanosensors, this can lead to long delays for data before reaching the sink node.
Therefore, a time-delayed data fusion method should be applied at the gateway for
the processing of data before they are transmitted over the Internet.

2.4.6 Cost
Cost is another crucial factor in the design of IoNT in the 5G environment, and
it has to be carefully considered by both users and service providers. Using cloud
technology in the IoNT era can lower the cost for deployment and complex data
processing while facilitating quick setup and integration of new nanodevices [9].
In the following, we discuss a number of studies that consider the aforemen-
tioned factors while designing the network. In [10], the authors propose a rout-
ing algorithm that can be dynamically deployed within a nanonetwork. They also
examine static and dense topologies with several identical nodes. With the use of
simulation, they considered energy harvesting and cost as the preliminary metrics
for the assessment of the proposed algorithm.
The authors in [11] propose a routing algorithm for multi-hop data transmission,
which is enabled by the latest developments in physical network layer coding. Energy
harvesting and cost are considered as the primary design factors of the study in [11].
A channel-aware forwarding scheme for electromagnetic-based wireless nanosensor
networks is proposed in [12], providing a solution to the terahertz frequency selec-
tive feature from the networking point of view. Energy harvesting and security are
assessed as the preliminary design metrics in the proposed algorithm in [12]. In [15],
an in-depth overview of nanosensor technology and electromagnetic communication
among nanosensors is provided by considering energy harvesting, security, and tera-
hertz channel modeling. Security related issues in nanocommunication, especially for
molecular communication, are thoroughly discussed in [17] as well. The authors
in [16] propose an on-demand probabilistic polling scheme in order to avoid unneces-
sary resource consumption in electromagnetic-based wireless nanosensor networks.
They achieve higher bandwidth efficiency of IoT backhaul compared to the previ-
ously proposed algorithms.
12 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

Table 2.1 Summary of Design Factors

Ref Sw Eh S Cn D C

[10] X X - - - X

[11] X X - - - X

[12] X X - - X -

[15] X X X - - -

[16] X X - - X -

[17] - X X - - -

Sw: Short wavelength, Eh: Energy harvesting, S: Security,

Cn: Connectivity, D: Delay, C: Cost
- = Not Considered, X = Considered

A summary of the aforementioned design factors is presented in Table 2.1.

According to this table, there is a significant need for a new IoNT-based solution
that takes into consideration all of these factors to cope with the emerging cloud
challenges and 5G spectrum optimization. Furthermore, it is most important to
pay more attention to connectivity factors while optimizing the spectrum utiliza-
tion in 5G-based solutions as highlighted in Table 2.1.

2.5 IoNT Physical Layer and 5G

The communication in nanonetworks can utilize nanomechanical, acoustic, elec-
tromagnetic, and chemical or molecular communication. Comparison for the
existing communication technologies can be seen in Table 2.2. The physical sig-
naling is at the THz levels; therefore, due to the necessary antenna sizes, special
modulation techniques are required. On the other hand, research studies on use of
graphene-based plasmonic materials for antennas to overcome signaling difficul-
ties look promising. For example, in [6], the authors propose a graphene-based

Table 2.2 Comparison of Communication Technologies

Communication Type Internet Nano-molecular Nano-wireless

Signal type EM Chemical EM

Signal speed High Low High

Power consumption High Low Low

EM = Electromagnetic
 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 13

plasmonic nano-antenna for communication between nanodevices. They reveal

that by utilizing the high wave compression mode of surface plasmon polariton
(SPP) waves in armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs), graphene-based nano-
antennas can operate at much lower frequencies than traditional metallic antennas
of the same size.
The large bandwidth in terahertz band communication enables very high-speed
communication which is envisaged in 5G wireless communication systems [8].
Moreover, the terahertz band offers a great amount of spectrum resources, which
in turn reveal the potential to support data rates of up to even 1 Tbps [4]. In addi-
tion, Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques can be incorporated in
the terahertz-band communication in order to increase the data throughput and
improve the reliability of the systems [8]. The frequency spectrum of terahertz band
is already being investigated in studies such as [20] for 5G communication systems.
Existing studies investigate ways of efficient spectrum allocation through
pushing the carrier frequencies into the terahertz band quite extensively. Various
antenna designs are proposed for small cells and small coverage areas for this fre-
quency spectrum [20]. QoS related challenges are different when compared to tra-
ditional microwave spectrums using larger-range cellular infrastructures. To start
with, the interference structure in terahertz spectrums using systems can be prin-
cipally different from what is so far observed at lower frequencies. This structure
causes various limitations, which include the need for LoS links, since reflections
will deflect the waves and molecular absorption would significantly affect the sig-
nal strength. Therefore, the following challenges are quite important for terahertz
spectrum management in 5G communication systems:

◾◾ Implementations of antennas with high directivity to transmit and receive

◾◾ Solutions for molecular absorption caused by short wavelength
◾◾ Solution for blockage of high-frequency radiation

2.6 IoNT Communication Protocols and 5G

2.6.1 Wireless Communication Models
Communication in nanoscale can be classified in molecular communication and
nano-electromagnetic communication. Molecular communication is defined as the
transmission and reception of information encoded in molecules, while transmis-
sion and reception of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from components based on
nanomaterials defines nano-electromagnetic communication. It is of great impor-
tance to study the communication nature in very short range, since it is functioning
at the nanoscale. Therefore, the assumed path loss formula shall be at the terahertz
level. This formula usually has two essential parts: the absorption and the spread
path loss.
14 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

In [13], four different power spectral densities (p.s.d.) were studied, namely,
optimal p.s.d., flat p.s.d., the Gaussian pulse, and the p.s.d. for the case of the trans-
mission window at 350 GHz. The authors concluded that for the very short commu-
nication range in bio-inspired applications, transmission rates can be supported up
to terabits per second, indicating the promising future of the nanocommunication.
There are three types of data traffic that a nanonetwork can experience in an
assumed IoNT paradigm: on-demand, periodic, and emergency traffic. Each of
these are associated with a different quality of information (QoI) requirement based
on the served IoNT application. The QoI requirement for the routed data can be
decided by the following attributes: (1) the network reliability (fairness), (2) the
end-to-end delay/latency, and (3) the energy consumed. Some of the recent stud-
ies such as [18] focus on MAC/scheduling algorithms, not only to provide high
network throughput for the IoNT, but also to address challenges imposed by the
limited memory of nanodevices, as well as energy consumption and harvesting over
terahertz channels.

2.6.2 MAC Protocols

In the IoNT paradigm, the routing protocol should be coupled to the MAC layer
through a cross-layer design. Feedback from the MAC and physical layers, in addition
to the residual energy and current load of the IoNT nodes, will be utilized to identify
and bypass critical links. Therefore, the network lifetime can be effectively prolonged
by preserving residual energy and increasing network throughput, which can be
achieved through load balancing. Reducing the ratio of lost packets during channel
impairments is an important reliability objective, as well. Since classical MAC proto-
cols typically limit the number of backoffs and retransmissions, they cannot directly
be used in the IoNT [18]. This is because they do not capture the peculiarities of
the terahertz band [13], such as the very large distant-dependent bandwidth and the
very high path loss. Moreover, traditional MAC protocols do not capture the limited
processing capabilities and the small-capacity memory as well as the temporal energy
fluctuations of nanodevices [18]. Therefore, there is a need to design new MAC pro-
tocols and propose new solutions related to the IoNT paradigm.

2.6.3 Routing Algorithms

Numerous IoNT design aspects that stem from its unique features need to be incor-
porated into its routing protocols in order to realize the IoNT paradigm. Different
challenges against routing protocols’ design in terms of energy are still being inves-
tigated. Traditional nanonetworks spend energy in almost all processes. They spend
energy while making data transmissions and data sensing as well as data processing.
There have been a few attempts toward achieving energy efficiency in such networks
via wireless multi-hop networking such as [13] and [14]. However, such schemes
are only applicable in static wireless networks and are impractical in multi-hop
 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 15

nanoscale wireless networks with random topologies. Routing algorithms for the
IoNT can be classified to cluster-based algorithms vs. cognitive-based algorithms.
For example, a routing scheme for energy harvesting in terahertz bands was pro-
posed in [14]. The routing scheme assumes a hierarchical cluster-based architecture.
Packet transmission from the source to the cluster-head or nanocontroller can be
direct or multi-hop based on the probability of saving energy through transmis-
sion, optimizing throughput, and minimizing nanosensors’ load. On the other
hand, in [5], a cognitive-based routing algorithm was proposed for data delivery in
nanoscale networks where nanorouters forward the collected data to cognitive relay
nodes for acting and making decisions based on the network conditions.

2.7 Constraint of the IoNT

It is possible to classify the constraints of the IoNT into primary vs. secondary
constraints. Primary constraints are the most important limitations of the network
in order to achieve accurate results. Secondary constraints have less importance
compared to the primary ones, but still can significantly affect the performance
of the network under study. Energy consumption is one of the most important
issues in implementing the concept of IoNT. In the IoNT paradigm, energy is
enough for transmitting one packet per each energy charge. Hence, retransmission
is very expensive. Moreover, nodes require roughly 10 seconds to recharge. Some
methods compose clusters and assign IP addresses for the cluster head while oth-
ers do not assume IP addressing schemes. Most proposals can be divided into two
types: (1) flooding-based routing schemes, and (2) peer-to-peer or point-to-point
methods.
Another important constraint regarding the implementation of the IoNT is
related to the deployment issue. For instance, in [10], the authors assume a grid-
static deployment. They map this deployment into circular/radial deployment with
the following assumptions:

◾◾ The routing protocol is built around a beacon node which is chosen exter-
nally; nodes on the same circle are considered same hop distance away from
the beacon.
◾◾ Nodes on two consecutive circles are on the same radial.
◾◾ Nodes may be on radial, center of circles (beacon), on a circle, or between
circles.

This scheme is engaged at two phases: the deployment phase and the data routing
phase. In the deployment phase, a beacon sends two types of setup messages to
all nodes: a low-power transmission node, with transmission coverage assumed to
cover at least two circles (one radial distance), and normal-power transmission mode
assuming to cover neighbors on one circle. For the deployment of low-transmission
16 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

power, a setup message is sent by the beacon with the number-of-hops field set to 0
to all nodes. Any node that receives the message increases the number-of-hops field,
and checks its energy to decide to participate in the topology as a relay or just a user
node. A similar procedure is carried out for the normal power transmission. Finally,
a node can be in either a normal-power transmission mode or a low-power trans-
mission mode. In the data-routing phase, any node receives a packet; then it checks
its n-hop count against the packet-hop count and its mode. If it is low-power mode
and its n-hop count is within the source-hop-count and the recover-hop-count, and
it is a relay node, then it forwards the packet. If not, it checks the following. If it is
in normal power mode, and if its hop count is equal to either the source-hop-count
or the receiver-hop-count, then it can forward the packet. Otherwise, it refrains.
In [11], a greedy routing algorithm is proposed by defining three circles with
diameters r_d, r_min, and r_max, respectively. The algorithm routes the packet in
a pair-based routing as follows. The source node composes a pair with the closest
neighbor within r_d distance, which we call a source-neighbor pair. The algorithm
then checks the distance of the source-neighbor pair with the destination. If it is
less than r_max, it finds the closest neighbor v to the destination and pairs it with
the destination. Let’s call this pair, the pair_next. The algorithm then forwards
the packet on a pair to pair bases. Otherwise, it finds pair_next, such that r_min
is less than or equal to the distance between the pair and its associated pair_next
that is also less than or equal to r_max. Then it forwards the packet. This process is
repeated until the packet is delivered.
A centralized algorithm is proposed in [12] where the sink assigns a selection
index value for each neighboring node to the source. The selection index depends
on the distance between the source and the relay node and the attainable channel
capacity. The sink chooses the relay node with the highest selection index to for-
ward the message. The scheme assumes that the sink node knows the location of
each nanonode and the channel capacity of each link.
When secondary constraints are considered, radiation exposure evolving from
the communication/routing techniques must be considered carefully, especially
in the biomedical applications of the IoNT paradigm. Electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) at different spectrums can negatively affect the human body in different
ways. For example, the spectrum between 1 MHz to 10 GHz frequency can pen-
etrate through tissues and produce absorbable heat. However, EMFs over 10 GHz
are strongly blocked by the skin, and the heat created causes damage such as eye
cataracts or skin burns if the field density is above 1000W/m2. Accordingly, the
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
developed general guidelines for EMF exposure limits recognized under the World
Health Organization (WHO). And thus, the shared spectrum RF emissions must
be considered carefully to avoid undesired human body damage. Security and pri-
vacy concerns and the high cost of initial investment are also some of the secondary
constraints in implementing the IoNT.
 Internet of Nano-Things and WBAN ◾ 17

2.8 Open Research Issues

In spite of various research activities and rapid developments that have been
achieved in recent years regarding the IoNT paradigm, there are still many chal-
lenges and open research issues that need to be taken into account regarding the
performance improvements of the IoNT. One of them is terahertz band channel
modeling. The IoNT needs to transmit very large amounts of data in a timely and
reliable manner. Therefore, the impact of molecular absorption on the path loss and
noise should be accurately analyzed. This will help to locate the best transmission
window in terms of achievable information rates and channel capacity. Moreover,
the impact of multi-path propagation on the capacity and achievable information
rates should be accurately investigated.
Another important challenge is related to the MAC protocol. The terahertz
band supports very high bit rates and has a specific relation between the available
transmission window, the bandwidth for each window, and the transmission dis-
tance. Therefore, research into transmission schemes would be beneficial in order to
develop novel transmission techniques using the relation between the transmission
bandwidth and the transmission distance. The MAC protocol should also guarantee
that the transmitter and receiver are properly aligned before the transmission of the
data packet.
Another key challenge in the IoNT paradigm is security. Research for
mechanisms to develop new authentication schemes for nano-things as well
as to guarantee data integrity and user privacy is essential in order to protect
important personal information of the people. It is also important to inves-
tigate neighbor discovery mechanisms that utilize the high directivity of the
terahertz antennas to specify the relative location and orientation among vari-
ous nano-objects.

2.9 Concluding Remarks

Nowadays, the emerging paradigm of the IoNT is rapidly growing and aiming
to improve people’s quality of life. These enhancements in the IoNT and nano-
technology will have a great impact on advanced development in various fields,
such as healthcare, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and next-generation
cellular systems, to just name a few. In this chapter, we provided an overview
of the IoNT, considering the architecture and main application areas. We also
presented potential enabling technologies from the physical layer up to various
routing protocols that can be employed for the IoNT. We discussed challenges
regarding terahertz spectrum management in 5G communication systems.
Moreover, radiation exposure and other side effects for the IoNT applications
were discussed.
18 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

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Chapter 3

Nanosensors for the

Internet of Nano-Things
(IoNT): An Overview
Seda Demirel Topel1 and Fadi Al-Turjman2
1
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology
Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey

Contents
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................22
3.2 Understanding the Sensing Mechanism at Nanoscale.................................22
3.3 Examples of Research Studies Targeting the Internet of Nano-Things
(IoNT ) in Healthcare Applications.............................................................23
3.3.1 IoNTs for the Patient’s Surrounding Environments.........................24
3.3.2 IoNTs for the Patient’s Body............................................................27
3.4 Nanosensor Fabrication and Material Science.............................................29
3.4.1 Optical Nanosensors........................................................................30
3.4.2 Electrochemical Nanosensors..........................................................33
3.4.3 Mechanical Nanosensors.................................................................35
3.5 Nanosensor and Energy Harvesting............................................................35
3.6 Nanosensors and Body Networks................................................................36
3.7 Open Research Issues..................................................................................38
3.8 Concluding Remarks..................................................................................39
References........................................................................................................... 40

21
22 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

3.1 Introduction
Fifty years ago, the famous physicist Richard Feynman gave a talk called “There
Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an annual meeting of the American Physical
Society at Caltech. With his historic speech, he laid the foundations of a new era
called Nanotechnology and emphasized the importance of nanotechnology with
these words: “I don’t know how to do this on a small scale in a practical way, but I do
know that computing machines are very large; they fill rooms. Why can’t we make
them very small, make them of little wires, little elements, and by little, I mean little?”
By now, the scientists have made the dream possible within the last three decades.
Nowadays, nanotechnology has become one of the most significant research topics,
and it promises novel solutions for several applications in the industrial, military, health-
care, biomedical, environmental, agricultural and textile sectors. Each of those application
fields requires new nanodevices which acquire, generate, compute, process, and transfer
the data at a nanoscale dimension. These nanodevices are interconnected with the exist-
ing communication systems, which produces a new domain that is called the Internet of
Nano-Things (IoNT ). The nanodevices used in IoNTs are mainly composed of nanosen-
sors in order to supply the communication between the system and the device. In IoNTs,
nanosensors are connected to the Internet via local gateways. Integrating IoNT with other
local area networks of these nanosensors can significantly expand the range of services
which can be provided to public users as well as decision makers.
This chapter has been mainly focused on the nanosensors in IoNTs that are uti-
lized in several industries, and it has been organized as follows: In Section 3.2, we
aim at understanding the sensing mechanism at the nanoscale level. In Section 3.3,
examples of the existing research studies targeting the Internet of Nano-Things in
healthcare and medicine applications are proposed. The nanosensor fabrication pro-
cess and its material science are discussed in Section 3.4. In Section 3.5, nanosensor
and energy-harvesting issues are investigated. In Section 3.6, the nanosensor and
its relation to body area networks is detailed. Open research issues and concluding
remarks are highlighted in Sections 3.7 and 3.8, respectively.

3.2 Understanding the Sensing Mechanism

at Nanoscale
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical, chemical, or biological
stimuli. When the nanotechnology merges with the sensor technology in order to
sense with a nanomaterial having the size of 10 to 100 nanometers, it is called a
“nanosensor.” The nanosensor is much more efficient than a regular sensor due to
the reduced size of the sensor material. So what happens when the dimensions of
a material are in the nanometric scale? The modifications in the properties due to
reduction in grain size to nanoscale dimensions are very large, and in most cases the
resultant properties are superior to those of conventional materials. It can be well
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 23

Intercrystal region

Volume fraction
Triple junction

Grain size (nm)

(A) (B)

Figure 3.1 (A) The hypothetical structure of a nanomaterial. The black circles
indicate atoms in the grain, while the white circles indicate atoms at the grain
boundaries. (B) Increase in the intercrystalline region (grain boundaries) and
triple junctions with decrease in grain size of nanomaterials [1].

explained by the grains in the nanostructured materials. Nanostructured materi-

als are composed of grains and grain boundaries. Nanometer-sized grains contain
only a few thousand atoms within each grain. A large number of atoms reside at
the grain boundaries (Figure 3.1A). As the grain size decreases, there is a signifi-
cant increase in the volume fraction of grain boundaries or interfaces and triple
junctions (Figure 3.1B). When the fraction of atoms residing at defect cores, such
as dislocations, grain boundaries, and triple junctions, becomes comparable with
that residing in the core, the properties of the material are restricted by the defect
configurations, dynamics, and interactions. Hence, the mechanical and chemical
properties of nanomaterials are significantly altered due to defect dynamics [1].
The theory mentioned above is one of the fundamental explanations of how
performance is related to sensitivity and specificity of the nanosensor. The other
feature that can enhance the performance of the nanosensor is the ability to func-
tion with ligands offering a single molecule selectivity [2], and this offers more rapid
and multiplexed detection of analytes in integrated nanosensors systems [3‒5].

3.3 Examples of Research Studies Targeting

the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT)
in Healthcare Applications
As we aforementioned, nanotechnology and IoNTs have significant roles in myr-
iad applications. In particular, the healthcare and medicine industries hold the
potential to bring the greatest benefits to society. As Metin Sitti said, small-scale
24 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

networks have quite a bright future, especially in healthcare and bioengineering

scenarios, because the corresponding devices in the network are “unrivalled for
accessing into small, highly confined and delicate body sites, where conventional
medical devices fall short without an invasive intervention” [6]. In light of this
explanation, the combination of medicine with IoNTs will result in revolution-
ary changes in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Moreover, the early-
stage diagnosis of the diseases and targeted therapy will save a great number of
lives as well as extended the average lifespan. Therefore, IoNTs have opened a
whole new world of potential remarkable betterments in medicine and healthcare.
Additionally, it is forecasted that the global nanotechnology market will grow at
a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 17% during the 2018‒2024
period, while IoNTs and medicine markets will grow at CAGR of 22.81% from
2016 to 2020 and 12.3% from 2013 to 2019, respectively [7].
Current healthcare applications are carried out in two domains: (1) the patient’s
surrounding environment, and (2) the patient’s body area. In the first domain,
sensors and actuators can be installed in the patient’s surrounding environment
in order to track the patient’s daily activities. However, in the second domain, the
nanosensors can be planted inside the body via medical operations and/or nano-
drugs given orally to the patient or through the blood vessel. Then, they monitor
the biological properties of the tissues and organs, and send the collected data to
a gateway. And thus, they can detect significant diseases such as cancer and other
health issues caused by viruses, chemicals, and/or heart attacks.

3.3.1 IoNTs for the Patient’s Surrounding Environments

Due to aging and chronic diseases, public health expenditures have increased in
many countries. Therefore, shifting from expensive institutional care centers to
home, personal well-being, and preventive healthcare is highly promoted. In order
to realize this shift, there is a need for long-term monitoring of the physiologi-
cal signals. New nanosensor technology offers solutions for long-term monitoring
with its small, reliable, comfortable, flexible, personalized, power-efficient, and safe
properties.
Current medical sensors and remote-control monitoring units are generally
based on electrodes embedded into electronic devices connected with wires. In
addition, with the developments in microelectronic and communication technolo-
gies, the embedded smart-device networks have been produced in order to sense
their environment, process data, and exchange information by forming networks
with the concept of IoNTs [8, 9]. This technology, including IoNTs, has been
integrated with other enabling technologies such as the radio frequency identifica-
tion (RFID), near-field communication (NFC), global positioning systems (GPS),
utra-wide band (UWB) communication, sensors, and actuators [9, 10]. These tech-
nologies provide a unique and secure identification for the physical item, includ-
ing the measurement, and management processes for rapidly changing data in
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 25

18%

45% 55%

Figure 3.2 An application of remote healthcare using IoNTs [11].

real-time fashion. And thus, IoNTs have been applied in home environment for
residential healthcare applications, which makes it possible to connect everything
at any time and any place. In this regard, the nanosensor measures the physiologi-
cal parameters and activities such as blood pressure, muscle activity, heart activity,
glucose level, and body temperature, etc. Then the recorded parameters are sent
to a mobile device or to the cloud for storage and extensive analysis. Afterward,
physicians can better diagnose the patient case and provide a long-term feedback as
depicted in Figure 3.2.
In 2014, a research group from Finland developed an integrated system for
wireless physiological monitoring [11]. This integrated system was built from the
combination of an an inkjet printer and a radio frequency (RF) system on chip
technologies. In this study, Sillanpää and coworkers manufactured the biosensor
on a single substrate. The wiring and the antenna were inkjet-printed with silver
(Ag) nanoparticle ink, and the core sensor was a commercial NRF51822 system
on chip (SoC). The resultant device has been used to measure electrocardiogram
(ECG) signals and send the signals to a smartphone (Figure 3.3). Furthermore,
the mobile device could use the Internet connection to send the raw data (heart
rate, breathing rate, etc.) to a cloud service and/or doctors. The device can read
up to a distance of 14 meters using the printed antenna in a close vicinity of the
body [11].
Besides the silver nanoparticles, there are other types of nanomaterials such
as polypyrrole, graphene, copper, gold nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) which can be easily printed on flexible plastic, textile, paper, glass, and
metallic surfaces in order to fabricate inkjet-printed RFID tag sensors for wear-
able applications for healthcare [12–17]. The fabrication of electronic devices by
26 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

(A) (B)

Figure 3.3 (A): The sensor fabricated on a stretchable substrate. (B): The sensor
signal is delivered in real time in mobile device [11].

inkjet-printing technique is inexpensive compared with existing chemical vapor

deposition (CVD), plastic vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition
(ALD), and lithography. The flexible plastic substrates of polyethylene terephthal-
ate (PET), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
and polyimide (PI) have been widely used for developing flexible and strechable
electronic devices. The well-defined, high-resolution, and conductive patterns can
easily be fabricated with inkjet printing on different flexible and strechable sub-
strates for wearable electronics.
In a recent study, Kassal and co-workers demonstrated a low-power RFID
tag sensor for potentiometric sensitivity [18]. The memory chip in the RFID tag
has the capability to measure and eventually store the electrode potential, which
is later on wirelessly transferred to a smartphone by near-field communication
(NFC). Figure 3.4 shows the RFID/NFC-based chemical tag sensor platform and
its operating principle. The RFID/NFC chemical tag sensor is suitable for detect-
ing pH or ion-selective electrodes as part of a chemical sensor network for IoNTs.
The practical application of RFID/NFC tag sensors was verified for milk spoilage
by monitoring the pH value of souring milk over a period of six days. The pH of
the souring milk decreased to 2.4 for the first two days due to lactic acid forma-
tion. Thereafter, the pH value stabilized at 4.3, which was in agreement with the
4.28 pH value measured by a laboratory meter. Furthermore, a buffer solution of
pH 6.00 was monitored for five days where RFID tags recorded data at an inter-
val of every ten minutes and transferred the data to the PC. The measurements
showed the fluctuation of pH value between 5.89 and 6.10 over the five days, aver-
aged to a pH of 6.03. Therefore, RFID/NFC tag sensors show potential for IoNT
applications.
Another example of nanosensors for healthcare applications is the continuous
glucose monitoring systems. These systems have been attached to the patient’s body
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 27

Antenna

RFID Sensor Chemical

Sample
processor interface sensor

Data acquisition with Wireless data

RFID reader or NFC and power
Tag-sample interface
enabled phone transmission

Figure 3.4 Schematic illustration of an RFID-based tag chemical sensor platform

and its operating principle [18].

in the form of plaster and regularly (between one to five minutes), they measure
the glucose level over a time span of five to fourteen days [43]. The system is com-
posed of a glucose sensor, readout electronics, a battery, and a communication unit.
Infectious disease testing is another significant example for nanosensor systems.
There are flowstrips which are capable of testing a limited number of biochemical
paramaters.

3.3.2 IoNTs for the Patient’s Body

A new branch of nanotechnology combined with medicine is called nanomedi-
cine. The more detailed definition is that nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary
scientific field that involves medicine, chemistry, physics, biology, engineering,
and optics. The combination of nanomedicine with IoNTs will make remark-
able changes in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as creating
a molecular communication, which is a new paradigm that uses biochemical
signals to supply information exchanged among naturally and artificially cre-
ated bionanosensors over short distances. It has found potential applications in
targeted drug delivery and disease diagnosis/monitoring/therapy executed at the
nanoscale level.
For example, nanosensors that can monitor the glucose level of the blood
have been developed for the protection of diabetes patients or possible diabetes
patients [43]. Furthermore, magnetic nanosensors for the detection and profiling
of erythrocyte-derived microvesicles have also been used in [20, 44]. The successful
28 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

implementation of such a technology will make the monitoring of individual health

much easier by offering an all-time low-cost monitoring system.
Engineered nanodevices and nanostructures used in medicine and healthcare
can be classified into four categories:

◾◾ first generation of nanomaterials (2000): These nanomaterials are in the class

of colloids, nanostructured metals, and polymers.
◾◾ second generation of nanomaterials (2000–2005): These are the physically
and chemically active structures such as actuators and amplifiers, and bioac-
tive devices such as targeted drugs.
◾◾ third generation of nanomaterials (2005–2010): These are robotics and evo-
lutionary biosystems.
◾◾ fourth generation of nanomaterials (2010–2020): These include the molecu-
lar devices and nanosystems that could serve as a foundation for regeneration
or replacement of lost body parts.

The development of nano-based drug delivery systems includes the use of nanopar-
ticles (Figure 3.5) in order to encapsulate the drug molecules, deliver them to the
target places, and release the drug controllably to repair the damaged cells. Smart
drug delivery systems are mainly used for treating cancer, neurological disorders
(such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases), HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus) infection and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) [21].

Nanogels Carbon nanotubes

Liposomes Metallic NPs

Dendrimers
Polymeric NPs

Quantum dots Peptide based NPs

Chitosan NPs

Figure 3.5 Schematic presentation of nanocarrier platforms for drug delivery

systems [21].
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 29

There are many nanocarrier platforms, such as liposomes, polymersomes, quan-

tum dots, chitosan nanoparticles, peptide-based nanoparticles, dendrimers, metal-
lic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for drug delivery used in nanomedicine
(Figure 3.5) [22].

3.4 Nanosensor Fabrication and Material Science

Nanotechnology puts impact on the area of diagnostics in the health, medicine,
food, environment, and agriculture sectors. By the developments and innovations
in these fields, novel nanosensors and nanobiosensors have been designed and fab-
ricated. Although sensors have a long and illustrious history, the realm of nanosen-
sors is relatively new. A milestone chart in the development of various nanosensors
from 1994 to 2005 is summarized in Figure 3.6 [23].
Nanosensors are sensing devices which convert chemical information into a
quantitative useful signal with at least one of their sensing dimensions being not

Nanofiber
nanosensors
[24]

Magnetic
field [20]

Super
DNA as
conducting
nanosensors
[16]
[23]

Nanoribbon FRET-
[13] based [19]

Nano- Localized
crystal [15] surface plasma
resonance nano-
sensors [22]
Ion channel
[12]
Semiconductor
Nanoelectrode [6] and piezoelectric
C-60 [14] [21]
Liposomal [4] Magnetic [9]
Magnetic
nano-
Polymer Quantum particles
beads [5] dot [11] [18]

Fiber Nanowire PEBBLE Nanogap-

Mechanical [1] Optical [2] optic [3] [7, 8] [10] nano-
particle [17]

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Figure 3.6 Milestone chart of various types of nanosensors [23].

30 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

greater than 100 nm. In the field of nanotechnology, nanosensors are fabricated for
(a) monitoring physical and chemical phenomena in regions difficult to reach,
(b) detecting biochemicals in cellular organelles, and (c) measuring nanoscopic
particles in the industry and environment [23].
The various nanosensors can be grouped into three categories, and the categori-
zation depends on the transduction mechanism for generation of output.

1. Optical nanosensors
2. Electrochemical nanosensors
3. Mechanical nanosensors

3.4.1 Optical Nanosensors

Optical biosensors rely on the detection of the change in the observed optical sig-
nal. This makes it highly compatible with various spectroscopic measurements,
such as absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, Raman spectroscopy, surface-
enhanced Raman scattering, and refraction, by detecting changes in wavelength,
phase, time, intensity, and polarity of the light [24].
The first reported optical nanosensor was based on fluorescein, which is trapped
within a polyacrylamide nanoparticle, and was used for pH measurement [25]. In
the most basic concept, fluorescent chemosensors are molecules composed of at least
one substrate binding unit(s) and photoactive component(s) [26]. The luminescence
phenomenon is a process by which a fluorophore absorbs light of a certain wave-
length, which is followed by emission of a quantum of light with an energy cor-
responding to the energetic difference between the ground and excited states [26].
Some instances, such as detection of nitrite [27], reactive oxygen species [28],
pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, V. parahemolyticus, and S. typhimurium,
E. coli [29], and detection of organophosphates [30] have been performed by
optical-based nanosensors. For sensing such substrates and other substrates,
luminescence nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles,
carbon dots, quantum dots, and upconversion nanoparticles have been used in
optical-based nanosensors.
Among these types of luminescent nanoparticles, rare earth doped upconver-
sion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which are tunable optical luminescence nanoma-
terials, have received increased attention for their attractive features and unique
upconverting capabilities. UCNPs can efficiently convert near-infrared light (NIR)
into a visible light, which results in short wavelength luminescence emission via
two-photon or multiphoton mechanism [22].
Generally, the UCNPs consist of a host lattice and doped lanthanide ions, which
may act as an absorber and emitter ion in the host lattice material. Some crystalline
lattices of trivalent rare earth ions (Sc3+, Y3+, La3+, Gd3+), alkaline earth ions (Ca2+,
Sr2+, Ba2+), or certain transition metals (Ti4+, Zr4+) may be used as the host materials.
The most commonly used hosts are halides (NaYF4, YF3, LaF3), oxides (Y2O3, ZrO2),
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 31

and oxysulfides (Y2O2S, La2O2S) [19]. On the other hand, the dopant ions located
in the selected host lattice play a critical role for absorbing (e.g. Yb3+) and emitting
photons (Er3+, Tm3+, Ho3+), which are responsible for the color of emitted light [31].
In order to synthesize UCNPs, a variety of chemical synthesis methods, including
coprecipitation, thermal decomposition, hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis, and sol-gel,
have been applied [32]. In each of these techniques, optimization of synthesis param-
eters in the method is crucial to obtain nanocrystals having desired size, morphology,
and optical properties.
In recent years, utilizing small but efficient UCNPs, biomolecule sensors
based on the upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) tech-
nique have also been proven to exhibit a high sensitivity in a range of biologi-
cal and chemical analyses in optical-based nanosensors [33]. A FRET system is
comprised of a fluorescence donor and acceptor, which are conjugated to different
biomolecular entities. The fluorescence of the donor can be effectively quenched
(absorbed) by the acceptor when the distance of the donor and the acceptor comes
into nanometer scale. As the distance of the donor and the acceptor is determined
by their concentrations, the fluorescence intensity is linearly related to the con-
centration of the target when fixing either a donor or an acceptor concentration.
Importantly, the FRET-UCNPs system was proved to have quite low limits of
detection (LOD) in a range of experiments [34]. Wang et al. [34] firstly exploited
the FRET system using UCNPs as energy donors and gold (Au) NPs as energy
acceptors to detect goat antihuman immunoglobulin (IgG), reaching a low LOD
of 0.88 mg/mL.
Wolfbeis and coworkers developed the FRET system, employing the accep-
tor of biotinylated Au-NPs and the donor of the avidin-modified NaYF4:Yb3+/
Er3+ NPs in order to detect trace amounts of avidin [35]. The scheme of the
FRET system in their work is shown in Figure 3.6. When Au-biotin NPs were
added into the solution of avidin-conjugated UCNPs, it will bond to the sur-
face of the UCNPs due to the sensitive and selective interaction between avidin
and biotin. Since the strong absorption at ∼541 nm of Au NPs well matches
the UC emission of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ NPs, the green emission in UCNPs will
be quenched due to the FRET process. A resulting linear quenching of green
upconversion emissions allows to detect and trace amounts of the avidin pro-
teins as shown in Figure 3.7.
In another recent study, Liu et al. reported a turn-on Hg 2+ nanosensor,
which was based on the FRET between the long-strand aptamers-functioning as
Up Conversion NanoParticles (UCNPs) and short-strand aptamers-functioning
as Gold NanoParticles (GNPs) [36]. In the absence of Hg 2+, FRET between
UCNPs and GNPs has occurred because of the specific matching between two
aptamers, resulting in the fluorescence quenching of UCNPs. In the presence
of Hg 2+, long-stranded aptamers have been folded back into a hairpin struc-
ture due to the stable binding interactions between Hg 2+ and thymine, leading
to the release of GNPs from UCNPs, resulting in the quenched fluorescence
32 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

Bt-Au-NPs added

Luminescence intensity (a.u.)

(µg/mL)
400
25
50
I1 75 I2
980 nm 300
green
Au-NP 100
125
200 150
Bt

a b c
AV

UCNP 175
Bt

red 200
100 225
Au-NP 250
0
500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
(A) (B)

Figure 3.7 (A) Illustration of the binding of biotinylated gold nanoparticles

to avidinylated UCNPs. (a) Colorless suspension of UCNP under visible light;
(b) UCNPs with green luminescence under 980-nm laser excitation; (c) adding
red Au-NPs under visible light. (B) Luminescence of the UCNPs (excited at 980 nm)
after addition of varying concentrations of biotinylated gold NPs [35].

restoration (Figure 3.8). Under the optimized conditions, the nanosensor has
achieved a linear detection range of 0.2-20 μM and a low detection limit (LOD) of
60 μM. Meanwhile, the nanosensor has also shown a good selectivity feature and
has been applied to detect Hg2+ in tap water and milk samples with good precision.

FRET

Hg2+

b
a
UCF Intensity (a.u.)
Absorbance (a.u.)

GNPs
UCNPs

300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

UCNPs GNPs N O C H

Long-stranded aptamer Short-stranded aptamer

Figure 3.8 Schematic illustration of the UCNPs-aptamers-GNPs FRET sensor for

Hg2+ [36]. (a) The absorbance and intensity of GNPs and UCNPs complex; (b) The
DNA molecules and UCNPs.
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 33

3.4.2 Electrochemical Nanosensors

Electrochemical sensors are the most commonly used and widely accepted sensor
functions on the principle of electrochemistry. The electron consumed or generated
during biointeraction produces electrochemical signals, measured by electrochemi-
cal methodologies. The electrochemical nanosensors rely on chemical reactions
between nanofabricated chemicals, biomolecules, and the biological element and
target analyte to produce or consume ions or electrons, measured as voltage, cur-
rent, or impedance. Based on their working principle, electrochemical nanosensors
device could be categorized in amperometry, voltammetry, and potentiometry.
The amperometric sensor is a variant of an electrochemical sensor that con-
tinuously measures current generated due to the redox reaction of an electroactive
species. The working principle behind amperometric sensors is the measurement of
the current-potential relationship in an electrochemical cell where equilibrium is
not established. The current is quantitatively related to the rate of the electrolytic
process at the sensing electrode (also known as the working electrode) whose poten-
tial is commonly kept constant using another electrode (the so-called reference
electrode) [37].
Panraksa and co-workers developed a paper-based amperometric sensor for
determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using a screen-printed graphene
electrode [38]. AChE is an important enzyme, which is found mainly in the
central and peripheral nervous system, and the abnormal function of AChE can
accelerate and promote the aggregation of amyloid-betapeptides, which plays an
important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological
diseases. According to the study, the amperometric detection of AChE is based on
the determination of thiocholine (TCh) produced from hydrolysis of acetylthio-
choline chloride (ATCh) by AChE. To detect TCh, the ATCh-immobilized sheet
was stacked onto the detection sheet using double adhesive tape; then samples of
AChE were dropped on the back side of an ATCh immobilized sheet with only
1 minute of incubation time (Figure 3.9). Under optimized conditions, the LOD
from the experiment of AChE determination was 0.1 U/mL with AChE concen-
tration in range of 0.1–15 U/mL [38].
The voltammetric sensor is a sensor that measures the varying current in a
controlled way. Cyclic voltammetry is preferably used to get the redox potential
and electrochemical reaction rates of the electrochemical reaction with analyte.
The voltage parameter varies between the reference electrode and working elec-
trode, by measuring the current between the working electrode and the coun-
ter electrode. The obtained data plotted as current versus voltage is known as a
voltammogram.
Rassas and coworkers designed and fabricated a voltammetric glucose biosensor,
based on the encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOx) in a chitosan/κ-carrageenan
(CHIT/CAR) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) using a simple coacervation pro-
cess [39]. Compared to biosensors based on a chitosan film, a more sensitive
34 ◾ Internet of Nano-Things and Wireless Body Area Networks

i ii

WE
CE

RE
Hydrophobic Immobilized
barrier zone

Electrochemical Double
test zone adhesive tape

(A) 5 mm

(B)

Figure 3.9 Paper-based electrochemical sensor: (A) The basic design of the
developed sensor consisting of (i) the detection area with electrochemical detec-
tion (WE, working electrode; RE, reference electrode; CE, counter electrode) and
(ii) ATCh immobilized sheet. (B) Image of developed sensor [38].

voltammetric detection of glucose has been obtained. Using square-wave voltam-

metry (SWV), the CHIT/CAR PEC-based biosensor has exhibited a wide lin-
earity range from 5 μM to 7 mM glucose with a detection limit of 5 μM. The
nanosensor has excellent selectivity against ascorbic acid, uric acid, and urea, and
the applicability of the biosensor for glucose detection in spiked saliva samples has
been demonstrated in the study [39].
Potentiometric sensors measure potential at the working electrode with
respect to the reference electrode. The output signal is generated because of accu-
mulation of ion at ion-selective electrodes and ion-sensitive field-effect transistors at
equilibrium. Potentiometric sensors detect ions such as Na+, K+, Ca 2+, H+, or NH4+
in complex biological matrices by sensing changes in electrode potential.
In a recet study, Silva and co-workers reported a label-free potentiometric
immunosensor toward Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) assembled in a homemade
pipette-tip electrode [40]. The signal-output amplification was implemented on a
gold nanoparticle polymer inclusion membrane (AuNPs-PIM), which was used
as sensing platform and for antibody immobilization. Additionally, a marker ion
was used to detect the antibody-antigen binding event at the electrode surface.
The immunosensor construction was performed in several steps: (i) gold salt ions’
extraction in PVC membrane; (ii) AuNPs’ formation using Na 2EDTA as reduction
agent; and (iii) antibody anti-Salmonella conjugation on AuNPs-PIM in pipette-
tip electrodes. The potential shift observed in potentiometric measurements was
 Nanosensors for the Internet of Nano-Things ◾ 35

derived simply from the blocking effect in the ionic flux caused by antigen-antibody
conjugation, without extra steps, mimetizing the ion-channel sensors. A detection
limit of 6 cells mL−1 was attained. As proof of concept, recovery studies were per-
formed in spiked commercial apple juice samples with success.

3.4.3 Mechanical Nanosensors

The earliest mechanical nanosensor was proposed by Binh and co-workers [41]
for measuring the vibrational and elastic characteristics of a nanosphere attached
to a tapered cantilever. This work is important for application in nanodevices
components and nanoscale subassemblies in microelectronic devices. Instead of
measuring the vibrational and elastic properties of the subassemblies attached
to a surface, Binh and co-workers [41] introduced the concept of producing
replicas of these objects from heating fine wires terminated with sharp tips. In
another study, Hierold explored the possibility of down-scaling the mechani-
cal inertia sensors from the microscale to nanoscale [42]. The sensing force is
measured as a result of pressure, acceleration, and yaw rate that displaces the
sensing electrode against the spring force. The change of distance with respect
to the counter electrode is then measured by a change of the capacitance. Such
microscale mechanical inertial sensors could be scaled down into nanosensors
provided that self-assembly of nanostructures becomes a well-controlled fabrica-
tion technology.

3.5 Nanosensor and Energy Harvesting

Typically, batteries are used to supply power in IoNT communication networks.
However, their finite capacity and replacement necessity are significant problems,
especially in health applications [43]. Increasing the battery size/capacity is not a
solution as the cost and weight of the nanosensor will simultaneously increase. An
increase in the nanosensor weight can create a bulky system and hurt the desired
mobility feature in IoNT. Therefore, recent studies demand the use of energy har-
vesting (EH) methods instead of using these batteries. EH in nanosensors and
nanotechnology in general is a relatively recent trend toward prolonging the IoNT
system lifetime. By employing state-of-the-art ambient energy harvesting circuits,
self-powered nanosensors have been introduced to utilize various ambient energy
sources such as the body heat and movement, radio frequencies (RF), and/or solar
energy [43–45]. Body heat has been proven to be a suitable candidate for energy
harvesting in order to fully eliminate the use of batteries in IoNT [46, 47]. The
study presented in [51] focuses on EH methods, and it briefly explains the work-
ing principles of each method. In [51], EH methods are classified by considering
the sensor application specifications. Similarly, [52] presents the classification of
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Ambition, ambiš’n, eerzucht; wrok, nijd (Amer.); Ambitious =
eerzuchtig, begeerig, hoogdravend, aanstellerig, schitterend; subst.
Ambitiousness.

Amble, amb’l, subst. telgang, kalme gang; verb. (laten) loopen als
een telganger; voorzichtig of gemaakt loopen; Ambler = telganger.

Ambrose, ambrouz, Ambrosia, ambrouž(i)a, ambrosia,

godenspijs; Ambrosial, ambrozijnsch, hemelsch; zwierig: They
appeared in Ambrosial locks and rolling collars; Ambrosian =
Ambrosial.

Ambry, ambri, etenskast, vliegenkast.

Ambs-ace, amzeis, eimzeis, dubbel een of aas; ongeluk.

Ambulance, ambjul’ns, ambulance, ambulance-wagen =

Ambulance-cart (-wagon); Ambulance-man = drager.

Ambulate, ambjuleit, rondtrekken; Ambulator = afstandsmeter;

Ambulatory court = rondgaand gerechtshof.

Ambuscade, ambəskeid, Ambush, ambuš, subst. hinderlaag;

Ambush verb. in hinderlaag liggen, plotseling aanvallen: To lay an
ambush for (To lie in ambush).

Ameer, əmîə, (Afghaansch) emir.

Amelia, əmîljə, Amalia.

Ameliorable, əmîljərəb’l, te verbeteren; Ameliorate, əmîljəreit,

verbeteren, beter worden; Amelioration, verbetering, stijging;
Ameliorative, verbeterend.
Amen, eimen, âmen, het zij zoo, amen: To say Yes and Amen to
everything.

Amenable, əmînəb’l, verantwoordelijk; afhankelijk (to);

onderworpen; vatbaar, ontvankelijk voor; Amenableness =
verantwoordelijkheid, etc.

Amend, əmend, verbeteren, amendeeren; beter worden: He

amended his ways = beterde zich; Amendable, voor verbetering
vatbaar; [16]Amendatory = verbeterend (Amer.); Amendment,
verbetering, amendement: To move an amendment; Amends =
excuus, vergoeding: To make amends for.

Amenity, əmeniti, aangenaamheid, vriendelijkheid; Amenities =

beleefdheden, lievigheden.

Amerce, əmɐ̂ s, beboeten met geld (in money); Amercement,

boete.

America, əmerikə, American, əmerik’n, subst. en adj.

Amerikaan(sch): American fair = een soort liefdadigheidsbazaar;
American leather = een soort van donkerbruin wasdoek; The
America Cup = een beker, die voor ’t eerst in 1851 door de Royal
Yacht Squadron als prijs werd aangeboden; Americanism =
voorliefde v. het Amerik.; Amerik. eigenaardigheid v. taal, etc.;
Americanist = kenner v. Amerik. toestanden; Americanize =
veramerikaanschen; Americomania = manie voor alles wat Amerik.
is.

Amesbury, eimzbri.

Amethyst, aməthist, amethist; purperkleur; Amethystine,

violetkleurig.
Amiability, eimjəbiliti, beminnelijkheid; Amiable, eimjəb’l,
beminnelijk, lief; Amiableness.

Amiant(h)us, amian-təs, asbest, steenvlas.

Amicability, amikəbiliti, vriendschappelijkheid; Amicable,

amikəb’l, vriendschappelijk, welwillend; subst. Amicableness.

Amice, amis, amictus, de strook linnen, die de priester bij de mis

over den schouder draagt; soort toga.

Amid(st), əmid(st), te midden van: Amidships =

mid(den)scheeps.

Amir, əmîə = Ameer.

Amiss, əmis, verkeerd, te onpas: Don’t take it amiss = kwalijk;

That is not amiss = niet kwaad.

Amity, amiti, vriendschappelijke verhouding: All is amity and

sweetness = pais en vree, botertje tot den boom.

Amma, amə, breukband.

Ammonia, əmounjə, ammonia: Liquid ammonia = salmiakgeest:

Ammoniac = Ammoniacal, ammoniak.…; Ammonium, ammonium.

Ammunition, amjuniš’n, krijgsvoorraad; ’model’-(mil.):

Ammunition-boots = “model” schoenen; Ammunition-bread =
kommiesbrood; Ammunition-cart = munitiewagen.

Amnesia, amnîsiə, verlies van ’t geheugen.

Amnesty, amnəsti, subst. amnestie; verb. amnestie verleenen.

Amock, əmok. Zie Amuck.

Among(st), əmɐŋ(st), vermengd met, te midden van: Among
ourselves = onder ons gezegd; We bought the house and garden
Among us = met ons allen (méér dan twee).

Amorist, amərist, minnaar; Amorous, verliefd, liefdes..; subst.

Amorousness.

Amorphous, əmöfəs, vormloos, amorphe.

Amortization, əmötizeiš’n, overdracht, amortisatie; Amortize,

əmötaiz, goederen schenken of overdragen (in de doode hand);
amortiseeren; subst. Amortizement.

Amount, əmaunt, subst. som, bedrag; hoofdinhoud: Amount of

balance = saldo: verb. bedragen: The debit Amounts to 50
guilders a head = bedraagt.

Amour, əmûə, minnarij.

Amove, əmûv, wegzenden, ontzetten.

Amphibia, amfibjə, amphibieën; Amphibian, amfibjən,

tweeslachtig (dier); Amphibiology = de leer der amphibieën;
Amphibious = tweeslachtig.

Amphibrach, amfibrak, amphibrachys (⏑ – ⏑).

Amphiscians, amfisiənz; Amphiscii, amfisiai, dubbelschaduwigen.

Amphitheatric(al), amfithiatrik(’l), amphitheatersgewijze;

Amphitheatre, amfithîətə, amphitheater.

Amphitrite, amfitraiti, vrouw van Poseidon; kokervorm.

Amphora, amfəra, amphora.

Ample, amp’l, groot, ruim, breedvoerig, prachtig; Ampleness,
grootte, etc.; Amplification = vergrooting, uitweiding; Amplify =
vergrooten, uitbreiden, uitweiden.

Amplitude, amplitjûd, grootte, uitgestrektheid, rijkdom; amplitudo:

Amplitude of oscillation = slingerwijdte.

Ampulla, ampɐla, fleschje bij de Romeinen in gebruik ter balseming

van het lichaam na het baden; glazen karafjes bij het Misoffer
gebruikt; zilveren (tinnen) busjes met H. olie gevuld; fleschjes met
bloed gevuld en gelegd bij de graven der martelaren; Ampullaceous,
blaasvormig.

Amputate, ampjuteit, afzetten; Amputation = amputatie;

Amputator = hij, die amputeert.

Amsel, ams’l, lijster.

Amuck, əmɐk, amok: To run amuck against = in blinde woede

aanvallen.

Amulet, amjulet, amulet.

Amuse, əmjûz, (aangenaam) bezighouden, vermaken: To be

amused at (by, in, with) = zich vermaken met, pret hebben over;
Amusement, vermaak, tijdverdrijf; Amuser = iemand die met
beloften paait; handlanger.

Amy, eimi.

Amygdalate, əmigdəleit, subst. amandelmelk; adj. amandelachtig.

An, ən, art. het onbepaald lidwoord (vóór vokalen); conj. indien, of;
prep. = on.
Ana, einə of ânə, letterkundige anecdoten over, uitspraken van:
Shakespeariana.

Anabaptism, anəbaptizm, Anabaptisme; Anabaptist = Anabaptist;

Anabaptistic(al) = Anabaptistisch.

Anachronism, ənakrənizm, anachronisme, Anachronistic =

anachronistisch.

Anaconda, anəkonda, python, reuzenslang.

Anacreon, ənakrion, Anacreon; Anacreontic, anacreontisch (vers).

Anaemia, ənîmiə, bloedarmoede; Anaemic, ənemik, bloedarm.

Anaesthetic, anəs-thetik, gevoelloos, verdoovend; subst.

verdoovend middel; Anaesthetize = verdooven.

Anagram, anəgram, anagram; Anagrammatic(al), een anagram

betreff. of vormend.

Anak, einak: Son of Anak.

Analecta, anəlekta, Analects, anəlekts, bloemlezing; Analectic,

Anal. betreffende.

Analepsis, anəlepsis, herstel van krachten; Analeptic, subst. en

adj., versterkend (middel). [17]

Analepsy, anəlepsi, herstelling.

Analogical, anəlodžik’l, analogisch; Analogism, ənalədžizm,

gevolgtrekking uit analogie; Analogize = analogisch verklaren;
Analogous = analogisch; Analogue = analogon; Analogy, ənalədži,
analogie: By false analogy with; In analogy with; On the
analogy of.
Analysable, anəlaizəb’l, anəlaizəb’l = ontleedbaar; Analysation =
analyse; Analyse = analyseeren, oplossen; Analysis = analyse,
oplossing; Analyst = scheikundige: Public Analyst = ambtenaar
met het onderzoek van voedingsmiddelen belast; Analytic(al) =
ontledend.

Anana(s), ənanə, əneinəs, ənânəs, ananas.

Anapaest, anəpest, anapaestus (⏑ ⏑ –).

Anarch, anək, onruststoker; tyran; Anarchic = anarchistisch;

Anarchism = anarchisme; Anarchist = anarchist; Anarchy =
anarchie.

Anasarca, anəsâka, huidwaterzucht; Anasarcous, huidwaterzuchtig.

Anathema, ənathəma, anathema, banvloek; Anathematization =

excommunicatie, vervloeking; Anathemize = vervloeken.

Anatomical, anətomik’l, anatomisch; Anatomist = anatoom;

Anatomize = ontleden; Anatomy = ontleedkunde, ontleding;
geraamte.

Ancestor, ansəstə, stamvader, voorvader; Ancestorial = Ancestral,

ansestrəl, ansestrəl, voorvaderlijk; Ancestress, ansəstrəs,
stamvrouw; Ancestry = geslacht, afstamming, (hooge) geboorte,
voorvaders.

Anchor, aŋkə, subst. anker; Anchor verb. ankeren, rusten: I had

an anchor to windward = nog iets achter de hand, in reserve; To
be at anchor (= To ride at anchor) = voor anker liggen; To cast,
drop (let go the) anchor = laten vallen; To weigh (the) anchor
= het anker lichten; The fluke (of an anchor) = hand, klauw;
Sheet anchor = plechtanker (ook fig.); Anchorage = ankergrond,
ankerplaats, liggeld: The ship was cast loose from her anchor = is
losgeslagen.

Anchoret, aŋkərət, Anchorite, aŋkərait, kluizenaar.

Anchovy, antšouvi, ansjovis.

Ancient, einš’nt, oud, uit vroegeren tijd, eerwaardig, verjaard;

subst. grijsaard, oudere collega; vlag, vaandrig; The Ancients = de
Ouden, klassieken; oudsten: The Ancient of Days = God de Vader;
Ancientness, oudheid; Ancientry = ouderdom, voorrang, hooge
geboorte.

Ancillary, ansiləri, ondergeschikt, aanvullend.

Ancipital, ansipit’l, tweesnijdend = Ancipitous.

And, and of ən(d), en: Without buts, ifs and ands = zonder
voorbehoud; And all that (sort of thing) = en dergelijke (meer);
Deeper and deeper = al dieper; She wept and wept = schreide
al maar door; Try and take it = tracht het te nemen; What’s that
and please you? = met uw verlof, wat is dat?

Andalusia, andəl(j)ûžə, Andalusië; Andalusian, Andalusisch;

Andalusiër; Andaman, andəman: Andaman Islands.

Andante, andante, adj. andante; subst. andante; Andantino,

andantînou, andantino, adj. en subst.

Andes, andîz, de Andes.

Andiron, andaiən, vuurbok; het ijzer, waarin het spit draait;

haardstel.
Andrew, andrû, Andries: Merry Andrew = Hansworst; St.
Andrews, s’ntandrûz.

Androgynal, androdžin’l = Androgynous, androdžinɐs,

tweeslachtig; Androgyny, tweeslachtigheid.

Andromache, androməkî; Andromeda, andromədə; Andronicus,

andrənaikəs.

Anear, ənîə, nabij.

Anecdotage, anəkdoutədž, verzameling anecdoten: He fell into

Anecdotage = werd sufferig; Anecdotal = anecdotisch; Anecdote
= anecdote; Anecdotic(al) = anecdotisch, anecdoten …, praatziek.

Anemograph, əneməgraf, anemograaf; Anemography =

anemographie; Anemometer, anəmomətə, anemometer.

Anemone, Anemony, əneməni, anemoon.

Aneroid, anerôid, aneroïde barometer.

Anew, ənjû, opnieuw, anders.

Angel, einž’l, engel, Godsgezant, oude Engelsche munt (± 10 s.):

Talk of an angel, and we hear the flutter of her wings = als
men van den duivel spreekt, komt hij zelf, of stuurt een oud wijf;
The father gave his little cherub a flying angel = de vader nam
zijn kleinen lieveling op den schouder; Guardian angel =
beschermengel; Angel-shot, kettingkogel; Angelic(al) =
engelachtig; Angelology = engelenleer.

Angelica, andželikə, engelkruid.

Angelot, anžələt, eene soort luit; oud Eng. muntstuk van 5
shillings; kaas (uit Normandië).

Angelus, anžəlɐs, de “Angelus” verkorte aanduiding van het

gebedje “Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariae”, etc. Het wordt driemaal
daags gebeden bij ’t luiden van het Angelus klokje = Angelus-bell.

Anger, aŋgə, subst. toorn, gramschap, verontwaardiging; Anger

verb. vertoornen, tergen.

Angevin Kings, andžəvinkiŋz, koningen uit het huis van Anjou.

Angina, andžinə, andžainə, een soort keelontsteking; adj.

Anginous.

Angle, aŋg’l, subst. hoek, haak; Acute (Adjacent, Alternate,

External, Internal, Obtuse, Right) angle; At right angles to =
rechthoekig op; (To branch off at right angles from, (To turn off)
at right angles to) = rechthoekig staan op (van straten); To go
off at a right angle = dadelijk heengaan; You had better set your
wishing-cap at another angle = deed beter iets anders te
wenschen.

Angle, aŋg’l, hengel; Angle verb. hengelen: He was angling for a

compliment = vischte naar een compliment; Angler = hengelaar;
Angling-line = hengelsnoer; Angling-rod = roede.

Angle(s), aŋg’l(z), Angel(en); Anglia, aŋgliə, Anglia; Anglian,

aŋgliən, subst. Angel; adj. van de Angelen.

Anglican, aŋglik’n, Anglikaansch; subst. Anglikaan; lid van de Angl.

Church; Anglicanism, leer der Angl. kerk; Anglice, [18]aŋglisi, in
het Engelsch; Anglicism, aŋglisizm, Engelsch idioom; Anglicize,
verengelschen.
Anglo, anglou (in samenstellingen), Engelsch; Anglo-American =
Engelsch-Amerikaansch; subst. Amerikaan van Engelsche afkomst;
Anglo-catholic, subst. en adj. Engelsch-Katholiek; Anglo-catholicism,
anglo-katholicisme; Anglo-Indian = Engelsch-Indisch; subst.
Engelschman wonende in Indië; Anglo-Israelites, izrəlaits = secte
uit de laatste helft dezer eeuw, bewerende, dat de Engelschen de
verloren “Tien Stammen” waren; Anglo-mania = manie voor
Engelsche gewoonten en zeden; Anglophobe, iemand die Engeland
vreest (haat); Anglophobia = vrees voor Engeland; Anglo-Saxon =
Angelsaksisch; subst. Angelsakser.

Angora, aŋgôrə: Angora-cat (-goat, -wool).

Angriness, aŋgrinəs, boosheid; Angry, aŋgri, boos; stormig;

ontstoken, pijnlijk: Angry at (a person); Angry about, with (a
thing); To get (grow, become) angry = boos worden.

Anguilliform, aŋgwiliföm, aal- of slangvormig.

Anguish, aŋgwiš, subst. angst, pijn, smart: Anguish of (the)

mind = zielesmart.

Angular, aŋgjulə, hoekig, stijf, hoek …; Angularity = hoekigheid,

stijfheid; Angulate(d) = Angular.

Anhydrous, anhaidrəs, watervrij.

Anight(s), ənait(s), in den nacht.

Anil, anil, indigo-plant (West-Indië).

Anile, an(a)il, kindsch.

Aniline, anil(a)in, aniline.

Anility, əniliti, kindschheid.

Animadversion, animadvɐ̂ š’n, waarneming, inzicht; berisping,

verwijt, critiek; adj. Animadversive; Animadvert, animadvɐ̂ t,
waarnemen; berispen, etc. (on).

Animal, anim’l, subst. dier; adj. dierlijk: Animal charcoal =

beenderkool; Animal food = vleeschvoeding; Animal kingdom =
dierenrijk; Animal spirits = levenslust; Animals Protection Act =
wet op de dierenbescherming; Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals = genootschap ter bescherming van dieren;
Animalcule, animalkjûl, microscopisch diertje; meerv. Animalcula,
animalkjulə; Animalism = dierlijkheid; Animality = dierlijke natuur,
dierlijk leven.

Animate, animeit, bezielen, opwekken: Animated nature =

dierenrijk; adj. animit, bezield, levendig; Animation = bezieling,
levendigheid, animo.

Animosity, animositi, verbittering, haat, vijandschap.

Animus, animɐs, gezindheid, doel; verbittering, wrok: Their words

were dictated by animus and self-interest = hun ingegeven door
hunne vijandige gezindheid.

Anise, anis, anijs: We pay too much attention to the anise and
cu(m)mins of literature = minder belangrijke zaken (Mattheus
XXIII, 23 ); Aniseed = anijszaad: The devotees of the aniseed-
bag = liefhebbers van eene zoogenaamde drag-hunt, die “ride after
the red-herring”, i.e. een net of hazevel gevuld met de litter van een
tammen vos, langs den grond gesleept en om de vijf minuten
besprenkeld met een paar druppels “oil of aniseed”, een spoor, dat
de honden na eenige oefening getrouw volgen.
Anisette, aniset, anisette.

Anker, aŋkə, vochtmaat van 10 gallons (= 45,4358 L.).

Ankle, aŋk’l, enkel: Ankle-deep; Ankle-jacks = halve laarzen;

Ankle-joint = enkelgewricht; Anklet = enkelring, -sieraad, -
verband.

Ankus(h), aŋkəs (aŋkəš), drijfstok van een mahout.

Anlace, anleis, hartsvanger.

Ann(e), an, Anna, anə, Anne, Anna.

Annal, an’l: Annals, annalen; Annalist, schrijver van annalen.

Anneal, ənîl, brandverven, émailleeren; temperen; uitgloeien;

Annealing-furnace = temperoven.

Anectant, ənekt’nt, verbindend, overgangs …; Annex, əneks,

aanhechten, toevoegen, vereenigen; subst. bijlage, bijgebouw(tje) =
Annexe; Annexation, bijvoeging, annexatie.

Annesley, anzli.

Annihilate, ənaihileit, vernietigen, te niet doen; Annihilation,

vernietiging; Annihilator: Fire annihilator = bluschapparaat.

Anniversary, anivɐ̂ s’ri, jaarlijksch; subst. verjaardag, jaarfeest: The

four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America.

Annotate, anəteit, annoteeren; Annotation = annotatie; adj.

Annotative; Annotator, schrijver van annotaties.

Announce, ənauns, aankondigen, aanmelden (to);

Announcement, aankondiging.
Annoy, ənôi, subst. (= Annoyance) = plaag, ergernis; schade,
beschadiging; Annoy verb. ergeren, kwellen, hinderen; The
Annoying boy read a tedious book = vervelende (lastige) …
vervelend.

Annual, anjuəl, jaarlijksch, één jaar durend; subst. éénjarige plant,

jaarlijks uitkomend boek, een soort Muzen Almanak; Annuary =
jaarboek.

Annuitant, ənjûit’nt = hij, die een jaarlijksche rente geniet;

Annuity, ənjûiti, jaargeld, annuïteit.

Annul, ənɐl, vernietigen; afschaffen, herroepen; Annulment,

vernietiging, etc.

Annular, anjulə, ringvormig, ring..: Annular eclipse of the sun;

Annulate(d) = geringd; Annulation = ringvormige bouw; Annulet,
anjulet, ringetje; Annulose, anjulous, anjulous, uit ringen
bestaande.

Annunciate, ənɐnš(i)eit (= Announce). Annunciation Day =

Maria Boodschap (R.K. kerk, 25 Maart); Will you be so kind as to
touch the annunciator (button) = knopje van electrische of
luchtschel.

Anodyne, anədain, pijnstillend; subst. pijnstillend middel.

Anoint, ənôint, zalven: The Lord’s Anointed = de Gezalfde des

Heeren; subst. Anointment.

Anomalous, ənoməlɐs, anomaal, afwijkend, onregelmatig; subst.

Anomaly.

Anon, ənon, dadelijk, aanstonds; weer: Ever and anon = telkens

weer, nu en dan.
Anonym, anənim, anonymus, pseudoniem; [19]Anonimity =
anonymiteit; Anonymous, anonimɐs, anoniem; subst.
Anonymousness.

Another, ənɐdhə, een ander, nog een: One another = elkander;

Such another creature = een dergelijk schepsel; Have another
glass = neem nog een glas (ter onderscheiding van; an other
glass = een ander glas); One misfortune rides upon another’s
back = een ongeluk komt nooit alleen; He is a fool, and I am
another = en ik ook; One thing with another = het eene met
het andere.

Anselm, ans’lm, Anselmus.

Anser, ansə, gans; Anserine, ansər(a)in, als van een gans, dom.

Anstruther, anstrûthə, anstrûthə, anstə.

Answer, ânsə, subst. antwoord, verantwoording, oplossing;

Answer verb. antwoorden, beantwoorden, respondeeren, instaan
voor, boeten, luisteren naar, voldoen, rendeeren, bevredigen,
passen, oplossen: An answer will oblige = er wordt op antwoord
gewacht; There was no answer = er werd niet op antwoord
gewacht; To call a person to answer = ter verantwoording; To
answer the bell (call, door) = opendoen; To answer a letter;
What you say there, does not answer our purpose = is niet
geschikt voor; It seldom answers to break treaties = men komt
zelden verder met …; To answer for = instaan voor, rechtvaardigen,
boeten voor; To answer to = antwoorden op; passen bij;
overeenkomen met; The ship answered to the helm = luisterde
naar; answerable (to, for), verantwoordelijk; subst.
answerableness; answerer = weerlegger.
Ant, ant of ânt, (maar ant in samenstellingen, zooals ant-hill), mier;
Ant-bear, Ant-eater = miereneter; Ant-hole, Ant-hill =
mierennest.

Antagonism, antagənizm, antagonisme; Antagonist =

tegenstander, tegenpartij; tegenspier; adj. tegenstrevend;
Antagonistic, antagonistisch; Antagonize, tegenwerken; wedijveren,
neutraliseeren.

Antalgic, antaldžik, subst. en adj. pijnstillend (middel).

Antarctic, antâktik, Zuidelijk: The Antarctic Pole, de Zuidpool.

Antecede, antəsîd = voorafgaan; Antecedence, voorafgaan,

voorrang; Antecedent, antecedent: His antecedents = vroegere
gedragingen.

Antechamber, antitšeimbə, voorkamer, wachtkamer.

Antedate, antideit, subst. vóórdatum; Antedate verb. vroeger

dateeren, vooruitloopen op, anticipeeren.

Antediluvian, antidil(j)ûvj’n, antidiluviaansch; antidiluviaan,

ouderwetsch mensch.

Antelope, antiloup, antilope.

Antemeridian, antimiridj’n, vóór den middag: At 7 a.m. = te 7

v.m.

Antemetic, antimetik, geneesmiddel tegen het vomeeren.

Antemundane, antimɐndein, vóórwereldlijk.

Antenatal, antineit’l, vóór de geboorte geschiedend.

Antenna, antenə, voelhoren, antenne, luchtdraad (Draadl. telegr.);
Antennal, voelhorensdragend of betreffend.

Antenuptial, antinɐpš’l, vóór de bruiloft of het huwelijk

gebeurende.

Antepenult(imate), antipinɐlt(imeit), derde lettergreep van

achteren.

Anteprandial, antiprandj’l, vóór den maaltijd.

Anterior, antîriə, voorafgaand, vroeger; Anteriority, voorafgaan,

voorrang; hoogere ouderdom.

Ante-room, antirûm; Zie Antechamber.

Anthem, an-th’m, beurtzang, hymne: The national anthem = het

volkslied.

Anthemis, an-thəmis, kamille.

Anther, an-thə, helmknop.

Anthology, an-tholədži, bloemlezing.

(St.) Anthony’s fire, antənizfaiə, (St.) Antoniusvuur (soort roos).

Anthracite, an-thrəsait, anthraciet.

Anthropography, an-thrəpogrəfi, anthropographie;

Anthropology, an-thrəpolədži, anthropologie; Anthropomorphic =
menschvormig, menschachtig; Anthropomorphism, an-
throupəmöfizm, het toeschrijven van menschelijken vorm en
menschelijke eigenschappen aan de Godheid; vergelijken van dieren
en planten met den mensch; Anthropophagi, an-threpofədžai,
menscheneters; Anthropotomy, an-thrəpotəmi, ontleedkunde (van
den mensch).

Anti, anti, tegen, strijdig met.

Antibacchius, antibakiəs, versvoet (– – ⏑).

Antibilious, antibiljəs = tegen de gal.

Antic, antik, kluchtig, grappig; subst. grappenmaker, hansworst;

klucht, grimas.

Antichrist, antikraist, Antichrist; Antichristian, tegen het

Christendom; vijand van het Chr.

Anticipate, antisipeit, anticipeeren (op), bij voorbaat doen,

vooruitloopen op, voorzien, vooraf gevoelen, vooruit betalen,
verhinderen; subst. Anticipation, antisipeiš’n: Beyond
anticipation = boven verwachting; By (In) anticipation = bij
voorbaat: He rejoiced in anticipation = al vooruit; Anticipative;
Anticipatory = anticipeerend.

Anticlimax, antiklaiməks, of antiklaiməks, het belachelijk

verhevene (in stijl).

Antidotal, antidoutəl, als tegengif dienend; Antidote = antidotum,

tegengift.

Antidrinkist, antidriŋkist, afschaffer: My friend is both an anti-

smokist and an Antidrinkist.

Antifebrile, antifebril of antifîbril, subst. geneesmiddel tegen de

koorts; adj. koortsstillend.
Antifederal, antifed’rəl, tegen bondgenootschappelijke vereeniging;
Antifederalism, antifederalisme; Antifederalist, antifederalist.

Antigropelos, antigropilos of antigropilouz, waterdichte lederen

beenbeschermers, soort rijlaarzen.

Antilles (The), (dhi) antilîz, de Antillen.

Antilogy, antilədži, tegenstrijdigheid.

Antimacassar, antiməkasə, antimacassar.

Antimonial, antimounj’l, adj. antimoon …; subst.

antimoniumhoudende medicijn; Antimony, antimoon.

Antinome, antinoum = Antinomy, antinəmi, antinomie. [20]

Antioch, antiok, Antiochië; Antiochia, antiəkaiə.

Antipathetic(al), antipəthetik(’l), antipathiek; Antipathy,

antipəthi, antipathie.

Antiphon, antifon = Antiphony, antifəni, antiphoon.

Antipodal, antipədəl, antipodisch; Antipode, antipoud,

tegenvoeter; Antipodes, antipədîz, tegenvoeters: We stand
distinctly at antipodes in our political views = wij staan lijnrecht
tegenover elkaar; Antipodean = Antipodal.

Antipyretic, antip(a)iretik, subst. en adj. koortswerend (middel);

Antipyrin(e), antipairin, antipyrine.

Antiquarian, antikwêrj’n, adj. oudheidkundig; Antiquary,

antikwəri, oudheidkenner, antiquaar; Antiquated, antikweitid,
verouderd; Antique, antîk, oud, ouderwetsch; subst. antiquiteit: A
dealer in Antique furniture; subst. Antiqueness; Antiquity =
oudheid, antiquiteit.

Antiseptic, antiseptik, bederfwerend (middel).

Antispasmodic, antispazmodik, subst. en adj. krampstillend

(middel).

Antistrophe, Antistrophy, antistrəfi, antistrophe; Antistrophic, de

antistrophe betreffend.

Antithesis, antithisis, tegenstelling; Antithetic(al), antithetik(’l),

tegenstellend.

Antitype, antitaip, tegenbeeld, symbool; adj. Antitypic(al).

Antler, antlə, tak (van het gewei); Antlered = met een gewei,
knoestig; Antlers, antləz, het gewei.

Antonomasia, antənəmeižə, antonomasia.

Antral, antr’l, hol …

Antwerp, antwɐ̂ p, Antwerpen.

Anus, einəs, anus.

Anvil, anv’l, aambeeld: On the anvil = in voorbereiding; Between

hammer and anvil = tusschen twee vuren.

Anxiety, aŋzaiiti, angst, bezorgdheid; benauwdheid; vurig

verlangen; Anxious, aŋšəs, angstig, bezorgd; verlangend, begeerig:
He is on the anxious seat = hij zit leelijk in de klem; I am
anxious to increase my collection of stamps = verlangend;
subst. Anxiousness = bezorgdheid; verlangen.
Any, eni, eenig (in zéér algemeenen zin) etc.: Have you any money
for me? = ook? Is my father any better? = soms ook wat; (Verg. ’t
Amer.: That don’t comfort me any = geen sier; Will that help you
any? = in eenig opzicht; If I had slept any last night = ook maar
een oogenblik); You have not been here any time = nog maar zoo
kort; You will be welcome at any time, (anywhen) = te allen
tijde, wanneer ge ook komt.

Anyhow, enihau, in elk geval, hoe dan ook; Anything = iets, wat
dan ook, etc.: For anything I know = voor zoover ik weet; Like
anything = zooveel mogelijk, dat het een aard heeft; That is too
charming for anything = onbeschrijfelijk (weergaloos) bekoorlijk;
Anything but = alles behalve; My clock is, if anything, fast =
loopt in elk geval voor; Anything like forty times = lang geen 40
keer; He ceased to think of her as the most beautiful or the most
anything woman = of superieur in wat opzicht dan ook; Anyway
= hoe dan ook, in allen gevalle; Anywhere = ergens; Anywise =
op eenigerlei wijze.
Aonian, eiounj’n, dichterlijk.

Aorist, eiərist, aoristus.

Aorta, eiöta, aorta; Aortic, tot de aorta behoorend.

Aoul, âûl, een Tartaarsch kamp.

Apace, əpeis, snel, vlug: Ill weeds grow apace = onkruid

vergaat niet.

Apanage, apənidž, apenage, aandeel, afhankelijk gebied.

Apart, əpât, afgescheiden van, apart, anders dan anders: You

cannot consider the one apart from the other = de beide
dingen zijn niet te scheiden; subst. Apartness.

Apartment, əpâtm’nt, vertrek: Apartments, reeks vertrekken (als

woning); Apartments to let = kamers te huur (ook fig.);
Apartment house (Am.) = huizen in verdiepingen verhuurd met
gemeenschappel. ingang.

Apathetic, apəthetik, apathisch; Apathy, apəthi, apathie, laksheid.

Ape, eip, subst. aap (zonder staart), naäper; verb. naäpen: The
higher the ape goes, the more he shows his tail; An ape’s an
ape, a varlet’s a varlet, tho’ they be clad in silk and scarlet =
al draagt een aap een gouden ring, het is en blijft een leelijk ding;
Apery = apenstreek; naäperij.

Apeak, əpîk, recht op en neer, bijna loodrecht = Apeek.

Apelles, əpelîz; Apennines, apənainz = Appenijnen.

Apepsia, əpepsiə, Apepsy, əpepsi, slechte spijsvertering.

Aperient, əpîriənt, subst. laxeermiddel; adj. laxeerend = Aperitive.

Aperture, apətjuə, opening, spleet.

Apetalous, əpetəlɐs, zonder bloemblad.

Apex, eipeks (Meerv. Apices, eipisiz, of Apexes, eipeksiz),

toppunt.

Aphaeresis, əfîrisis of əferisis, aphaeresis.

Aphelion, əfîliən, aphelium.

Aphidian, əfidiən, adj. bladluis …; subst. = Aphis, eifis of afis,

bladluis. (Mv. Aphides, afidîz).

Aphorism, afərizm, aphorisme; Aphoristic, aphoristisch.

Aphrodite, afrədaiti, de Grieksche Venus.

Aphtha, af-thə, spruw.

Aphyllous, əfiləs of afilɐs, bladloos.

Apiarian, eipiêriən, de bijen betreffend; Apiarist, eipjərist, ijmker;

Apiary, eipjəri, bijenstal.

A-piece, əpîs, per stuk, elk.

Apish, eipiš, aapachtig, potsierlijk; subst. Apishness.

A-pit(-a)pat, əpit(ə)pat, met snel geklop.

Aplomb, əploŋ, aplomb.

Apocalypse, əpokəlips, Openbaring; Apocalyptic number = het

getal 666.

Apocope, əpokəpî, apocope.

Apocrypha, əpokrifə, de apocryphe boeken (van het Oude

Testament); Apocryphal = aprocief.

Apodictic, apədiktik, apodictisch.

Apogean, apədžîən: Apogean tides = Neap apogean; Apogee,

apədži, apogaeum. [21]

Apograph, apəgraf, afschrift.

Apollo, əpolou, Apollo: Apollo and the Nine.

Apollyon, əpoliən, Apollyon, (Openb. IX, 11 ).

Apologetic(al), əpolədžetik(’l), verontschuldigend; Apologist =

apologeet; Apologize = zich verontschuldigen; Apology = apologie,
verdediging, excuus: He made an apology = maakte excuus.

Apo(ph)thegm, apəthem, kernspreuk.

Apoplectic, apəplektik, beroerte …: Apoplectic fit (stroke) =

aanval van beroerte; Apoplexy, apəpleksi, beroerte: A fit of
apoplexy = aanval van beroerte.

Apostasy, əpostəsi, afvalligheid: Julian the Apostate = Juliaan de

Afvallige; Apostatical, afvallig; Apostatize, afvallen.

Apostil, əpostil, kantteekening, naschrift.

Apostle, əpos’l, apostel: Acts of the Apostles = Handelingen d.
Apostelen; Apostle-spoons = zilveren lepels, waarvan het
handvatsel in het beeld van een apostel uitloopt (een gewoon
geschenk van peetvaders bij het doopen); Apostleship, ambt v.
apostel = Apostolate, əpostəlit; Apostolic = apostolisch:
Apostolic fathers = Christelijke schrijvers ten tijde of onmiddellijk
na de apostelen; Apostolic succession = machtsoverdracht van af
de apostelen.

Apostrophe, əpostrəfi, aanspraak, toespraak, afkappingsteeken;

Apostrophize, zich wenden tot; met een apostrophe voorzien.

Apothecary, əpothəkəri, apotheker (Schotl. en Amer.); soort van

plattelands-heelmeester; Apothecaries’ Society = College, dat
sedert 1874 examens afneemt en Licenses uitreikt (Zie Chemist):
Apothecary’s Bill = apothekersrekening (fig.); Apothecary’s
Latin = potjeslatijn.

Apotheosis, apəthiousis of apəthîəsis, verheerlijking;

Apotheosize, apəthîəsaiz, verheerlijken.

Appal, əpôl, verschrikken, ontstellen.

Appanage = Apanage.

Apparatus, apəreitəs, apparaat, hulpmiddelen, uitrusting, organen:

The digestive apparatus = de verteringsorganen.

Apparel, əpar’l, subst. de kleederen, gewaad; opschik; Apparel

verb. kleeden, uitrusten, opschikken.

Apparent, əpêr’nt, blijkbaar, duidelijk; schijnbaar; rechtmatig: Heir

apparent = rechtmatige troonopvolger; Apparent horizon =
schijnbare horizon; Apparent time = ware tijd; Apparent from =
blijkend uit.
Apparition, apəriš’n, verschijning, spooksel; Apparitional =
schijnbaar, zichtbaar; spookachtig.

Apparitor, əparitə, deurwaarder, pedel.

Appeal, əpîl, subst. beroep, het recht van beroep, appel,

dagvaarding; smeekbede: Appeal verb. appelleeren, zich beroepen
op, smeeken: Lord Justice of Appeal = lid van Her Majesty’s
Court of Appeal (Hof van Beroep); Without appeal = in laatste
instantie; He gave notice of appeal = gaf kennis dat hij wou
appelleeren; He appealed from this Court of Justice to the king’s
mercy = hij appelleerde … van deze rechtbank op; The ministry will
appeal to the country = zal de Kamer(s) ontbinden; appealable
= vatbaar voor beroep.

Appear, əpîə, verschijnen, zichtbaar worden, duidelijk zijn, blijken

(by, from): It would appear that = lijkt wel of; Appearance,
verschijnen, voorkomen, aanblik, verschijnsel, vertoon: To keep up
(save) appearances = den schijn redden; To keep up a proper
appearance = fatsoenlijk voor den dag komen; He put in an
appearance = kwam, verscheen.

Appeasable, əpîzəb’l, te bevredigen; Appease, əpîz, stillen,

bevredigen; Appeasing remedies = pijnstillende.

Appellant, əpel’nt, appelleerend, het appèl betreffend: Party

appellant = de appellant; subst. appellant; requestrant; Appellate
= het appèl betreffend: Appellate Court = Hof. v. Beroep;
Appellation, apəleiš’n, benaming, naam; Appellative: Appellative
name = soortnaam; Appellee, beschuldigde, aangeklaagde;
Appellor, əpelə, aanklager; King’s (Queen’s) Evidence; wraker v.
partijdige Jury-leden.
Append, əpend, aanhechten, bijvoegen; Appendage =
aanhangsel; Appendages = bijbehoorende terreinen; Appendant,
bijgevoegd, begeleidend; subst. aanhangsel; afhankelijke;
Appendicitis = blindedarmontsteking; Appendix = aanhangsel.

Apperception, apəsepš’n, apperceptie, waarneming, voorstelling

met bewustheid.

Appertain, apətein, behooren tot, toebehooren; Appertainment

= toebehooren.

Appetence, apətens, begeerte; attractie; Appetent = begeerig.

Appetite, apətait, eetlust, begeerte: To get an appetite = honger

krijgen; To give an appetite = opwekken; To have an appetite;
To sharpen one’s appetite = eetlust geven; To take away the
appetite = benemen; The appetite is concealed under the
teeth = al etende krijgt men eetlust; Appetitive (əpetitiv of
apətaitiv): Appetitive power (faculty) = begeervermogen; An
appetizing book = boeiend, smakelijk.

Applaud, əplôd, toejuichen; He was received with general

applause (əplôz); Applausive = bijvals …

Apple, ap’l, appel: Apple of the eye; Apple of discord =

twistappel; Apple-cart = appelkar; lichaam, wezen: To upset one’s
apple-cart = een streep door de rekening halen; Apple-jack =
appelcider (Amer.); Apple-john = appel, die lang goed blijven kan,
doch dan ook rimpelig wordt; Apple-pie bed = bed, opzettelijk
zoodanig opgemaakt, dat men zijn beenen niet kan uitstrekken;
Everything is in apple-pie order = in volmaakte orde; Apple-tree;
Apple-woman; Apple-yard = boomgaard.

Appliance, əplaiəns, toepassing, middel, toestel, toebehooren.

Applicability, aplikəbiliti, toepasselijkheid, bruikbaarheid,
Applicable, toepasselijk (to); Applicant, sollicitant; requestrant;
Application (= aplikeiš’n) toepassing (to) gebruik; ijver, vlijt;
aanvraag, sollicitatie; For outward application = voor uitwendig
gebruik; On application = bij inschrijving, op aanvraag; A
personal (written) application; application for membership
in a club; applications are invited for the post = sollicitanten
worden opgeroepen; [22]applications are to be made in writing =
zich schriftelijk aan te melden.

Apply, əplai, leggen op, brengen aan; toepassen, aanwenden,

gebruiken; zich wenden tot (to), solliciteeren (for), betrekking
hebben op (to), van toepassing zijn; Apply oneself (to) = zich
toeleggen op.

Appoint, əpôint, subst. saldo; Appoint verb. bepalen, bescheiden,

bestemmen, aanwijzen, vaststellen, inrichten, benoemen, aanstellen:
He was appointed governor of the town = aangesteld; I must hear
the two voices in my breast; it has been appointed me = God
heeft het bepaald, het is Zijn wil; Well-appointed = keurig;
Appointee = vruchtgebruiker; Appointment = aanstelling,
afspraak, honorarium, inrichting of uitrusting: He got his formal
appointment = benoeming; Mr. B. by appointment! = die belet
heeft laten vragen; Appointment-book = agenda; By
appointment (tailor) to his Majesty = hofleverancier.

Apportion, əpöš’n, evenredig verdeelen, aanwijzen: The wages

apportioned to this post = verbonden; Apportionment =
verdeeling, toedeeling.

Appose, əpouz, leggen (drukken) op; tegenover elkaar stellen.

Apposite, apəzit, geschikt, voegzaam, te pas: This argument is

apposite to the case in question = toepasselijk op; subst.
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