BRIEF CONTENTS

1. WRITING FIRTST CODE

#1 Hello World

#2 Comments in Code

2. DATA TYPE AND VARIABLE

2.1. Variable

#3 Variable Assignment

2.2. Number

#4 Integer

#5 Floating Point Number

2.3. Boolean

#6 Boolean Data Type

2.4. String

#7 String Data Type

#8 Displaying Various Data Type

#9 Length of String

#10 Accessing Character

 Column: Index

2.5. String Slicing

#11 String Slicing

2.6. Arithmetic Operator

#12 Addition

#13 Subtraction

#14 Multiplication

#15 Division

2.7. Comparison Operator

#16 Comparison Operator

2.8. Assignment Operator

#17 Assigning Value

2.9. Logical Operator

#18 Logical Expression

2.10. String Operation

#19 Concatenation

#20 Search
3. DATA STRUCTURE

3.1. List

#21 Creating List

#22 List Slicing

#23 Number in Range

#24 Nested List

#25 Sequential Indexing

#26 Merging List

3.2. Common List Operation

#27 Adding Element

#28 Inserting Element

#29 Removing Last Element

#30 Removing Particular Element

#31 Find Index of Element

#32 Verify Existence of Element

#33 List Sort

3.3. Tuple
 #34 Creating Tuple

#35 Merging Tuple

#36 Nested Tuple

#37 Find Index of Element

#38 Verify Existence of Element

3.4. Dictionary

#39 Creating Dictionary 1

#40 Creating Dictionary 2

#41 Accessing Value

3.5. Dictionary Operation

#42 Adding/Updating Entry

#43 Removing Entry

#44 Using Removed Entry

#45 Length of Dictionary

#46 Checking Key Existence

#47 Copying Content of Dictionary

3.6. Set
 #48 Creating Set 1

#49 Creating Set 2

#50 Length of Set

#51 Adding Element

#52 Removing Element

3.7. Set Theory Operation

#53 Union of Sets

#54 Intersection of Sets

#55 Difference of Sets

3.8. Data Structure Conversion

#56 Converting to List

#57 Converting to Tuple

#58 Converting to Set

#59 Converting to Dictionary

4. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

4.1. If Statement

#60 Flow of If Statement

 #61 Condition with Logical Operator

#62 Nested If Statement

4.2. If Else Statement

#63 If Else Statement

4.3. If Elif Else Statement

#64 If Elif Else Statement

#65 Multiple Elif Statement

5. LOOPS

5.1. For Loop

#66 Looping Through Range

#67 Looping Through List

5.2. Nested For Loop

#68 Nested For Loop

#69 Break Statement

#70 Continue Statement

#71 Pass Statement

5.3. While Loop

 #72 While Loop

#73 While Else

#74 Break Statement

#75 Continue Statement

#76 Pass Statement

6. FUNCTION

6.1. Built-in Math function

#77 Min function

#78 Max function

Column: Why Use Function?

6.2. Built-In String Function

#79 Finding String

#80 Replacing String

#81 Changing Letter Case

6.3. Type Conversion

#82 Converting Data to Integer

#83 Converting Data to Float

 #84 Converting Data to String

6.4. User-defined Function

#85 Creating Function

#86 Function Parameter

#87 Return Statement

6.5. Lambda

#88 Lambda Syntax 1

#89 Lambda Syntax 2

#90 If Else Statement

7. LIBRARY

7.1. Python Standard Library

#91 Importing Datetime Module

Column: Python Standard Library

#92 Importing Individual Class

#93 Importing and Naming Module

Python Workbook for Beginners
1. WRITING FIRTST CODE

#1 Hello World
Exercise ★

Display the words "Hello World" on your screen.

Solution

●●● Input

print("Hello World")

●●● Output

Hello World

Note

Since Python is one of the most readable languages, you can print
data to the screen simply by using the print statement.
 #2 Comments in Code
Exercise ★

Write your comments in the code.

Solution

●●● Input

print("Hello World")

# This line prints Hello World

●●● Output

Hello World

Note

Comments can be written using the # character. Comments do not

affect the code in any way. Comments are used to describe what is
going on in the code.
2. DATA TYPE AND VARIABLE

2.1. Variable

#3 Variable Assignment
Exercise ★

Assign a script to a variable and display the script.

Solution

●●● Input

fruit = "apple"

# Assigning a script to a variable

print(fruit)

fruit = "orange"

# Assigning a new script

print(fruit)

●●● Output

apple

orange

Note

You can assign a value to a variable using the = operator. Variable

is mutable. Therefore, the value of a variable can always be
replaced.
2.2. Number

#4 Integer
Exercise ★

Display the positive and negative whole numbers.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 12345

# Assigning an integer to a variable

print(num)

num = -12345

# Assigning a new integer

print(num)

●●● Output

12345

-12345

Note

The integer data type basically represents whole numbers.

 #5 Floating Point Number
Exercise ★

Display the positive and negative decimal numbers.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 1.2345

# Assigning a positive float to a variable

print(num)

num = -1.2345

# Assigning a negative float to a variable

print(num)

●●● Output

1.2345

-1.2345

Note

A floating point number (float) is a positive or negative decimal

number.
2.3. Boolean

#6 Boolean Data Type

Exercise ★

Display the Boolean data type.

Solution

●●● Input

print(True)

print(False)

#The first letter of a bool needs to be capitalized

●●● Output

True

False

Note

The Boolean data type allows you to choose between two values
(True and False).
2.4. String

#7 String Data Type

Exercise ★

Display the string data type.

Solution

●●● Input

print("apple pie")

# Double quotation marks

print('apple pie')

# Single quotation marks

●●● Output

apple pie

apple pie

Note

The string is a collection of characters enclosed in single or double

quotation marks.
 #8 Displaying Various Data Type
Exercise ★

Display the various data types in a single print command.

Solution

●●● Input

print(10, 2.5, "Hello World")

●●● Output

10 2.5 Hello World

Note

You just have to separate multiple things using the comma to print
them in a single print command.
 #9 Length of String
Exercise ★★

Display the length of a string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "apple pie"

# 9 characters including space

print(len(my_string))

●●● Output

Note

The length of a string can be checked using the len statement.

 #10 Accessing Character
Exercise ★★

Display the character in a string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "apple pie"

first = my_string[0]

# Accessing the first character

print(first)

last = my_string[-1]

# Accessing the last character

print(last)

●●● Output

Note

Each character in the string can be accessed using its index. The
index must be enclosed in square brackets [] and added to the
string. Negative indexes start at the opposite end of the string. -1
index corresponds to the last character.
Column: Index

In a string, every character is given a numerical index based

on its position in the string.
The index of the first character in a string starts at 0.
Python strings are indexed from 0 to n-1, where n is the length
of the string.
2.5. String Slicing

#11 String Slicing

Exercise ★★

Display the substring of a string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "apple pie"

print(my_string[0:5])

# From the start till before the 5th index

print(my_string[6:9])

# From the 6th till before the 9th index

●●● Output

apple

pie

Note

Slicing is the process of getting a part of a string (substring) using

the index of the string.
2.6. Arithmetic Operator

#12 Addition
Exercise ★

Add two numbers.

Solution

●●● Input

print(5 + 8)

●●● Output

13

Note

You can add two numbers together using the + operator.

 #13 Subtraction
Exercise ★

Subtract one number from the other.

Solution

●●● Input

print(15 - 7)

●●● Output

Note

You can subtract one number from another using the - operator.
 #14 Multiplication
Exercise ★

Multiply two numbers.

Solution

●●● Input

print(30 * 5)

●●● Output

150

Note

You can multiply two numbers together using the * operator.

 #15 Division
Exercise ★

Divide one number by another.

Solution

●●● Input

print(30 / 10)

●●● Output

3.0

Note

You can divide one number by another using the / operator.

2.7. Comparison Operator

#16 Comparison Operator

Exercise ★

Compare the values using comparison operators.

Solution

●●● Input

print(5 > 3)

# 5 is greater than 3
print(5 < 3)

# 5 is less than 3
print(5 >= 3)

# 5 is greater than or equal to 3

print(5 <= 3)

# 5 is less than or equal to 3

print(5 is 3)

# Both have the same value

print(5 is not 5)

# Both have different values

print(5 == 3)

# Both are equal

print(5 != 3)

# Both are not equal

●●● Output

True

False

True

False
 False

False

False

True

Note

The result of the comparison is always bool. If the comparison is

correct, the value of bool will be True. Otherwise, the value will be
False.
2.8. Assignment Operator

#17 Assigning Value

Exercise ★

Assign a value to a variable and replace that value with another

value.
Solution

●●● Input

my_num = 123

# Assigning the value

print(my_num)

my_num = 321

# Replacing with another value

print(my_num)

●●● Output

123

321

Note

Variables are mutable, so you can change their values at any time.
2.9. Logical Operator

#18 Logical Expression

Exercise ★★

Manipulate the logic of Boolean expressions using the logical

operators.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 6

print(num > 4 and num < 8)

# returns True because 6 is greater than 4 AND 6 is less than

8
print(num > 4 or num < 5)

# returns True because one of the conditions are true

# 6 is greater than 4, but 6 is not less than 5
print(not(num > 4))

# returns False because not is used to reverse the result

●●● Output

True

True

False

Note

Logical expressions are formed using Booleans and logical

operators.
2.10. String Operation

#19 Concatenation
Exercise ★

Merge two strings together.

Multiply a string.
Solution

●●● Input

first_string = "apple"

second_string = " pie"

full_string = first_string + second_string

print(full_string)

print("ha" * 3)

●●● Output

apple pie

hahaha

Note

You can merge two strings together using the + operator.

You can multiply a string into a repeating pattern using the *
operator.
 #20 Search
Exercise ★★

Check if a particular substring is present in the string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "apple pie"

print("apple" in my_string)

# "apple" exists!
print("orange" in my_string)

# Check whether "orange" exists in my_string

●●● Output

True

False

Note

The in keyword can be used to check if a particular substring is

present in another string. If the substring is found, the operation
returns True.
3. DATA STRUCTURE

3.1. List

#21 Creating List

Exercise ★★

Create a list and access the value.

Display the number of element in the list.
Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "orange", 5, 2.5, True]

print(my_list)

print(my_list[1])

print(len(my_list))

●●● Output

['apple', 'orange', 5, 2.5, True]

orange

Note

The list can contain elements of different data types in a single

container. The elements of the list are enclosed in square brackets
[]. The elements in the list are numbered from 0 by the index to
identify them.
The Python list method len() returns the number of elements in
the list.
 #22 List Slicing
Exercise ★★

Slice the list to display the sublist.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape", "strawberry"]

print(my_list[2:4])

print(my_list[0::2])

# slice(start, stop, step)

●●● Output

['orange', 'grape']

['apple', 'orange', 'strawberry']

Note

You can slice the list and display the sublists using the index that
identifies the range.
 #23 Number in Range
Exercise ★★

Display a series of numbers in the specified range.

Solution

●●● Input

num_seq = range(0, 6)

# A sequence from 0 to 5
print(list(num_seq))

num_seq = range(3, 11, 2)

# A sequence from 3 to 10 with a step of 2

print(list(num_seq))

●●● Output

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[3, 5, 7, 9]

Note

You can indicate the range by specifying the first and last numbers
using the range().
 #24 Nested List
Exercise ★★

Create the lists inside another list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = [[1, "apple"], [2, "orange"], [3, "grape"]]

print(my_list)

●●● Output

[[1, 'apple'], [2, 'orange'], [3, 'grape']]

Note

You can put lists within the list.

 #25 Sequential Indexing
Exercise ★★

Access the elements and the character of the string in the nested
list.
Solution

●●● Input

my_list = [[1, "apple"], [2, "orange"], [3, "grape"]]

print(my_list[1])

print(my_list[1][1])

# Accessing 'orange'
print(my_list[1][1][0])

# Accessing 'o'

●●● Output

[2, 'orange']

orange

Note

You can access the elements and the character of the string in the
nested list using the concept of sequential indexing. Each level of
indexing allows you to go one step deeper into the list and access
any element of a complex list.
 #26 Merging List
Exercise ★

Merge two lists together.

Solution

●●● Input

num_A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

num_B = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

merged_list = num_A + num_B

print(merged_list)

●●● Output

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Note

You can easily merge lists using the + operator.

3.2. Common List Operation

#27 Adding Element

Exercise ★★

Add a new element at the end of a list using.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = [] # Empty list

my_list.append("apple")

my_list.append("orange")

my_list.append("grape")

print(my_list)

●●● Output

['apple', 'orange', ‘grape']

Note

You can add a new element to the end of the list using the
append() method.
 #28 Inserting Element
Exercise ★★

Insert a new element at a particular index in the list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "orange", "grape"]

my_list.insert(1, "banana")

# Inserting 2 at the 1 index.

print(my_list)

●●● Output

['apple', 'banana', 'orange', ‘grape']

Note

You can insert an element at a specific index of a list using the

insert() method. If there is already a value at that index, the
entire list after that value will be moved one step to the right.
 #29 Removing Last Element
Exercise ★★

Remove the last element from the list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]

last_list = my_list.pop()

print(last_list)

print(my_list)

●●● Output

grape

['apple', 'banana', ‘orange']

Note

You can remove the last element from the list using the pop()
operation.
 #30 Removing Particular Element
Exercise ★★

Remove a particular element from a list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]

print(my_list)

my_list.remove("banana")

print(my_list)

●●● Output

['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']

['apple', 'orange', ‘grape']

Note

You can remove a particular element from the list using the
remove() method.
 #31 Find Index of Element
Exercise ★★

Find the index of a given value in a list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]

print(my_list.index("banana"))

# It is at the 1st index

●●● Output

Note

You can find the index of a given value in a list using the index()
method.
 #32 Verify Existence of Element
Exercise ★★

Verify the existence of an element in a list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]

print("banana" in my_list)

print("pineapple" not in my_list)

●●● Output

True

True

Note

If you just want to check for the presence of an element in a list, you
can use the in operator.
 #33 List Sort
Exercise ★★

Sort alphabetically or numerically depending on the content of a list.

Solution

●●● Input

num_list = [10, 21, 13, 25.7, 50, 100, 4]

num_list.sort()

print(num_list)

fruit_list = ["banana", "orange", "grape","apple"]

fruit_list.sort()

print(fruit_list)

●●● Output

[4, 10, 13, 21, 25.7, 50, 100]

['apple', 'banana', 'grape', ‘orange']

Note

You can sort the list alphabetically or numerically according to its

contents using the sort() method.
3.3. Tuple

#34 Creating Tuple

Exercise ★★

Create a tuple and apply the indexing and slicing operations to it.
Solution

●●● Input

my_tup = ("apple", "red", "Washington", 3)

print(my_tup)

print(len(my_tup)) # Length
print(my_tup[1]) # Indexing

print(my_tup[2:]) # Slicing

●●● Output

('apple', 'red', 'Washington', 3)

red

('Washington', 3)

Note

A tuple is very similar to a list, but you can't change the contents. In
other words, tuples are immutable. The contents of a tuple are
enclosed in parentheses ().
 #35 Merging Tuple
Exercise ★

Merge two tuples.

Solution

●●● Input

my_tup1 = ("apple", "orange")

my_tup2 = ("grape", "banana")

my_tup3 = my_tup1 + my_tup2

print(my_tup3)

●●● Output

('apple', 'orange', 'grape', 'banana')

Note

You can merge two tuples using the + operator.

 #36 Nested Tuple
Exercise ★★

Create a nested tuple with the two tuples.

Solution

●●● Input

my_tup1 = ("apple", "orange")

my_tup2 = ("grape", "banana")

my_tup3 = (my_tup1, my_tup2)

print(my_tup3)

●●● Output

(('apple', 'orange'), ('grape', 'banana'))

Note

Instead of merging the two tuples, you can create a nested tuple
with these two tuples.
 #37 Find Index of Element
Exercise ★★

Find the index of a given value in a tuple.

Solution

●●● Input

my_tup = ("apple", "orange", "grape", "banana")

print(my_tup.index("orange"))

●●● Output

Note

You can find the index of a given value in a tuple using the
index() method.
 #38 Verify Existence of Element
Exercise ★★

Verify the existence of an element in a tuple.

Solution

●●● Input

my_tup = ("apple", "orange", "grape", "banana")

print("orange" in my_tup)

print("pineapple" in my_tup)

●●● Output

True

False

Note

You can verify the existence of an element in a tuple using the in

operator.
3.4. Dictionary

#39 Creating Dictionary 1

Exercise ★★

Create a simple phone book using the dictionary data structure.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print(phone_book)

●●● Output

{'Eric': 548, 'Susan': 638, 'Bob': 746}

Note

A dictionary stores information in key-value pairs. Dictionaries are

unordered because the entries are not stored in a linear structure.
In Python, the contents of the dictionary must be placed in
parentheses {}.
 #40 Creating Dictionary 2
Exercise ★★

Create a simple phone book in a different way.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = dict(Bob=746, Susan=638, Eric=548)

# Keys will automatically be converted to strings

print(phone_book)

●●● Output

{'Eric': 548, 'Bob': 746, 'Susan': 638}

Note

If the key is a simple string, you can build a dictionary using the
dict() constructor. In that case, the value will be assigned to the key
using the = operator.
 #41 Accessing Value
Exercise ★★

Access a value in the dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print(phone_book["Susan"])

print(phone_book.get("Eric"))

●●● Output

638

548

Note

You can access the value by enclosing the key in square brackets
[]. Alternatively, you can use the get() method.
3.5. Dictionary Operation

#42 Adding/Updating Entry

Exercise ★★★

Add and update the entry in the dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print(phone_book)

phone_book["Emma"] = 857

# New entry

print(phone_book)

phone_book["Emma"] = 846

# Updating entry

print(phone_book)

●●● Output

{'Susan': 638, 'Eric': 548, 'Bob': 746}

{'Susan': 638, 'Emma': 857, 'Eric': 548, 'Bob': 746}

{'Susan': 638, 'Emma': 846, 'Eric': 548, 'Bob': 746}

Note

You can add a new entry to the dictionary by simply assigning a

value to the key. Python will create the entry automatically. If a
value already exists for this key, it will be updated.
 #43 Removing Entry
Exercise ★★★

Remove an entry in the dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print(phone_book)

del phone_book["Bob"]

print(phone_book)

●●● Output

{'Bob': 746, 'Eric': 548, 'Susan': 638}

{'Eric': 548, 'Susan': 638}

Note

You can remove an entry by using the del keyword.

 #44 Using Removed Entry
Exercise ★★★

Use the removed value in a dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

susan = phone_book.pop("Susan")

print(susan)

print(phone_book)

●●● Output

638

{'Eric': 548, 'Bob': 746}

Note

If you want to use the removed values, the pop() method will work
better.
 #45 Length of Dictionary
Exercise ★★★

Calculate the length of the dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print(len(phone_book))

●●● Output

Note

As with lists and tuples, you can calculate the length of the
dictionary using the len() method.
 #46 Checking Key Existence
Exercise ★★★

Check if a key exists in a dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

print("Susan" in phone_book)

print("Emma" in phone_book)

●●● Output

True

False

Note

You can check whether a key exists in the dictionary or not using
the in keyword.
 #47 Copying Content of Dictionary
Exercise ★★★

Copy the contents of one dictionary to another.

Solution

●●● Input

first_phone_book = {"Bob": 746,"Susan": 638,"Eric": 548}

second_phone_book = {"Emma": 749, "Liam": 640, "Olivia": 759}

# Add second_phone_book to first_phone_book

first_phone_book.update(second_phone_book)

print(first_phone_book)

●●● Output

{'Susan': 638, 'Bob': 746, 'Emma': 749, 'Eric': 548, 'Liam': 640, 'Olivia':
759}

Note

You can copy the contents of one dictionary to another dictionary

using the update() operation.
3.6. Set

#48 Creating Set 1

Exercise ★

Collect various data items in the set.

Solution

●●● Input

my_set = {"apple", 3, 4.8, True}

print(my_set)

●●● Output

{True, 3, 4.8, 'apple'}

Note

The contents of the set are encapsulated in curly braces {}. The set
is an unordered collection of data items. The data is not indexed,
and you cannot use indexes to access the elements. The set is best
used when you simply need to keep track of the existence of items.
 #49 Creating Set 2
Exercise ★★

Create a set in a different way.

Solution

●●● Input

my_set = set( {"apple", 3, 4.8, True})

print(my_set)

●●● Output

{True, 3, 4.8, 'apple'}

Note

You can create a set in a different way using the set() constructor.
 #50 Length of Set
Exercise ★★

Calculate the length of the set.

Solution

●●● Input

my_set = {"apple", 3, 4.8, True}

print(len(my_set)) # Length of the set

●●● Output

Note

You can calculate the length of a set using the len().

 #51 Adding Element
Exercise ★★★

Add a single element to an empty set.

Add multiple elements to the set.
Solution

●●● Input

my_set = set()

print(my_set)

my_set.add(1)

print(my_set)

my_set.update([2, 3, 4, 5])

print(my_set)

●●● Output

set()

{1}

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Note

You can add a single element using the add() method. To add
multiple elements you have to use update(). The set does not
allow duplicates, so you cannot enter the same data or data
structure.
 #52 Removing Element
Exercise ★★★

Removing a particular element from the set.

Solution

●●● Input

my_set = set({"apple", 3, 4.8, True})

print(my_set)

my_set.discard(4.8)

print(my_set)

my_set.remove(True)

print(my_set)

●●● Input

{'apple', True, 3, 4.8}

{'apple', True, 3}

{'apple', 3}

Note

You can remove a particular element from the set using the
discard() or remove() operation.
3.7. Set Theory Operation

#53 Union of Sets

Exercise ★★★

Unite two sets.

Solution

●●● Input

set_A = {"Liam", "Eric", "Bob"}

set_B = {"Emma", "Olivia", "Sophia"}

print(set_A | set_B)

print(set_A.union(set_B))

●●● Output

{'Emma', 'Eric', 'Liam', 'Bob', 'Sophia', 'Olivia'}

{'Emma', 'Eric', 'Liam', 'Bob', 'Sophia', 'Olivia'}

Note

You can unite the sets using either the pipe operator, |, or the
union() method. The set is unordered, so the order of the
contents of the outputs does not matter.
 #54 Intersection of Sets
Exercise ★★★

Intersect two sets.

Solution

●●● Input

set_A = {"Liam", "Eric", "Emma","Bob"}

set_B = {"Emma", "Olivia", "Liam","Sophia"}

print(set_A & set_B)

print(set_A.intersection(set_B))

●●● Output

{'Liam', 'Emma'}

{'Liam', 'Emma'}

Note

You can perform intersection of two sets using either the & operator
or the intersection() method.
 #55 Difference of Sets
Exercise ★★★

Find the difference between two sets.

Solution

●●● Input

set_A = {"Liam", "Eric", "Emma", "Bob"}

set_B = {"Emma", "Olivia", "Liam", "Sophia"}

print(set_A - set_B)

print(set_A.difference(set_B))

print(set_B - set_A)

print(set_B.difference(set_A))

●●● Output

{'Bob', 'Eric'}

{'Bob', 'Eric'}

{'Sophia', 'Olivia'}

{'Sophia', ‘Olivia'}

Note

You can find the difference between two sets using either the -
operator or the difference() method.
3.8. Data Structure Conversion

#56 Converting to List

Exercise ★★★

Convert a tuple, set, or dictionary to a list.

Solution

●●● Input

my_tup = ("apple", "orange", "grape")

my_set = {"apple", "orange", "grape"}

my_dict = {1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3: "grape"}

my_list = list(my_tup)

# Converting from tuple

print(my_list)

my_list = list(my_set)

# Converting from set

print(my_list)

my_list = list(my_dict)

# Converting from dictionary

print(my_list)

●●● Output

['apple', 'orange', 'grape']

['apple', 'orange', 'grape']

[1, 2, 3]

Note

You can convert a tuple, set, or dictionary to a list using the list()
constructor. In the case of a dictionary, only the keys will be
converted to a list.
 #57 Converting to Tuple
Exercise ★★★

Convert a list, set, or dictionary to a tuple.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "orange", "grape"]

my_set = {"apple", "orange", "grape"}

my_dict = {1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3: "grape"}

my_tup = tuple(my_list)

# Converting from list

print(my_tup)

my_tup = tuple(my_set)

# Converting from set

print(my_tup)

my_tup = tuple(my_dict)

# Converting from dictionary

print(my_tup)

●●● Output

('apple', 'orange', 'grape')

('grape', 'orange', 'apple')

(1, 2, 3)

Note

You can convert any data structure into a tuple using the tuple()
constructor. In the case of a dictionary, only the keys will be
converted to a tuple.
 #58 Converting to Set
Exercise ★★★

Convert a list, tuple, or dictionary to a set.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = ["apple", "orange", "grape"]

my_tup = ("apple", "orange", "grape")

my_dict = {1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3: "grape"}

my_set = set(my_list)

# Converting from list

print(my_set)

my_set = set(my_tup)

# Converting from tuple

print(my_set)

my_set = set(my_dict)

# Converting from dictionary

print(my_set)

●●● Output

{'apple', 'orange', 'grape'}

{'apple', 'orange', 'grape'}

{1, 2, 3}

Note

You can create the set from any other data structure using the
set() constructor. In the case of dictionary, only the keys will be
converted to the set.
 #59 Converting to Dictionary
Exercise ★★★

Convert a list, tuple, or set to a dictionary.

Solution

●●● Input

my_list = [[1,"apple"], [2,"orange"], [3, "grape"]]

my_tup = ((1, "apple"), (2, "orange"), (3, "grape"))

my_set = {(1, "apple"), (2, "orange"), (3, "grape")}

my_dict = dict(my_list)

# Converting from list

print(my_dict)

my_dict = dict(my_tup)

# Converting from tuple

print(my_dict)

my_dict = dict(my_set)

# Converting from set

print(my_dict)

●●● Output

{1: 'apple', 2: 'orange', 3: 'grape'}

{1: 'apple', 2: 'orange', 3: 'grape'}

{1: 'apple', 2: 'orange', 3: 'grape'}

Note

You can convert a list, tuple, or set to a dictionary using the dict()
constructor. The dict() constructor requires key-value pairs, not
just values.
4. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

4.1. If Statement

#60 Flow of If Statement

Exercise ★★

If the condition is True, execute the code. If not, skip the code and
move on.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 3

if num == 3:

# The condition is true

print("The number is equal to 3")

# The code is executed

if num > 3:

# The condition is false

print("The number is greater than 3")

# The code is not executed

●●● Output

The number is equal to 3

Note

You can verify the value of an integer using the if statement.

 #61 Condition with Logical Operator
Exercise ★★★

Create more complex conditions with logical operators.

Solution

●●● Input

a = 10

b = 5

c = 30

if a > b and c > a:

print("Both conditions are True")

if a > b or a > c:

print("At least one of the conditions is True")

●●● Output

Both conditions are True

At least one of the conditions is True

Note

The first if statement uses the and operator, so if both conditions

are met, the code will be executed. The second if statement uses
the or operator, so if either condition is met, the code will be
executed.
 #62 Nested If Statement
Exercise ★★★

Make complex conditions using the nested if statements.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 65

if num >= 0 and num <= 100:

if num >= 50 and num <= 75:

if num >= 60 and num <= 70:

print("The number is in the 60-70 range")

●●● Output

The number is in the 60-70 range

Note

You can put an if statement inside another if statement. In other

words, by nesting, you can create complex conditions in your
program. Each nested if statement needs to be indented further.
4.2. If Else Statement

#63 If Else Statement

Exercise ★★★

Execute a different set of operations in case the if condition turns

out to be False.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 70

if num <= 50:

print("The number is less than or equal to 50")

else:

print("The number is greater than 50")

●●● Output

The number is greater than 50

Note

If the condition turns out to be False, the code after the else:
keyword will be executed. Thus, we can now perform two different
actions based on the value of the condition. The else keyword will
be at the same indentation level as the if keyword. Its body will be
indented one tab to the right, just like the if statement.
4.3. If Elif Else Statement

#64 If Elif Else Statement

Exercise ★★★

Check the state of a traffic signal and generates the appropriate

response.
Solution

●●● Input

light = "Red"

if light == "Green":

print("Go")

elif light == "Yellow":

print("Caution")

elif light == "Red":

print("Stop")

else:

print("Incorrect")

●●● Output

Stop

Note

The if-elif-else statement makes it easy to create multiple

conditions. The elif indicates that if the previous condition fails,
try this condition.
 #65 Multiple Elif Statement
Exercise ★★★

Check whether the value of an integer is in the range and prints the
word in English.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 3

if num == 0:

print("Zero")

elif num == 1:

print("One")

elif num == 2:

print("Two")

elif num == 3:

print("Three")

elif num == 4:

print("Four")

elif num == 5:

print("Five")

●●● Output

Three

Note

The if-elif statement can end with the elif block without the
else block at the end.
5. LOOPS

5.1. For Loop

#66 Looping Through Range

Question ★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5.

Solution

●●● Input

for i in range(1, 6):

# A sequence from 1 to 5
print(i)

●●● Output

1
2
3
4
5

Note

In Python, the built-in range() function can be used to create a

sequence of integers. This sequence can be iterated through a
loop. The end value is not included in the list.
 #67 Looping Through List
Exercise ★★★

Double each value in the list.

Solution

●●● Input

num_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(num_list)

for i in range(0, len(num_list)):

# Iterator traverses to the last index of the list

num_list[i] = num_list[i] * 2

print(num_list)

●●● Output

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Note

The list can iterate over its indices using the for loop.
5.2. Nested For Loop

#68 Nested For Loop

Exercise ★★★

Display two elements whose sum is equal to10.

Solution

●●● Input

n = 10

num_list = [10, 4, 3, 6, 8, 13, 26]

for n1 in num_list:

for n2 in num_list:

# Now we have two iterators

if(n1 + n2 == n): # n1 + n2 = 10
print(n1, n2)

●●● Output

4 6

6 4

Note

In the code above, you can check each element in combination with
another element to see if n1 + n2 is equal to 10.
 #69 Break Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display two elements whose sum is equal to 10 and stop it when

the pair is found once.
Solution

●●● Input

n = 10

num_list = [10, 4, 3, 6, 8, 13, 26]

found = False

# This bool will become true once a pair is found

for n1 in num_list:

for n2 in num_list:

if(n1 + n2 == n):

found = True

# Set found to True

break

# Break inner loop if a pair is found

if found:

print(n1, n2) # Print the pair

break

# Break outer loop if a pair is found

●●● Output

4 6

Note

You can break the loop whenever you need to using the break
statement.
 #70 Continue Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5 except for 3.

Solution

●●● Input

for num in range(1,6):

if num == 3:

continue

print(num)

●●● Output

Note

If you use the continue statement, the remaining iterations will be

skipped and the loop will proceed to the next iteration.
 #71 Pass Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5 except for 3.

Solution

●●● Input

for num in range(1,6):

if num == 3:

pass

else:

print(num)

●●● Output

Note

The pass statement does nothing for the execution of the code.
5.3. While Loop

#72 While Loop

Exercise ★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 1

while num <= 5:

print(num)

num = num + 1

●●● Output

Note

In the for loop, the number of iterations is fixed. On the other

hand, the while loop repeats a specific set of operations as long
as a specific condition is true.
 #73 While Else
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5, and display "Done" when

finished.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 1

while num <= 5:

print(num)

num = num + 1

else:

print("Done")

●●● Output

Done

Note

In the above code, the numbers 1 through 5 will be displayed first. If

num is 6, the while condition will fail and the else condition will
be triggered.
 #74 Break Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers in order from 1, and stop execution when the
number reaches 5.
Solution

●●● Input

num = 1

while num <= 10:

if num == 5:

break

print(num)

num += 1

# num = num + 1

●●● Output

Note

In the above code, num is displayed in order starting from 1, and

when num reaches 5, the loop stops executing using the break
statement.
 #75 Continue Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5 except for 3.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 0

while num < 5:

num += 1

# num = num + 1
if num == 3:

continue

print(num)

●●● Output

Note

In the above example, the loop prints the numbers 1 through 5

except for 3. When num is 3, that command will be skipped and the
next command will be executed using the continue statement.
 #76 Pass Statement
Exercise ★★★

Display the numbers 1 through 5 except for 3.

Solution

●●● Input

num = 0

while num < 5:

num += 1

# num = num + 1
if num == 3:

pass

else:

print(num)

●●● Output

Note

The pass statement does nothing for the execution of the code.
6. FUNCTION

6.1. Built-in Math function

#77 Min function

Exercise ★★

Find the minimum value between two integers.

Solution

●●● Input

minimum = min(10, 40)

print(minimum)

●●● Output

10

Note

You can find the minimum using the min() function.

 #78 Max function
Exercise ★★

Find the maximum value between two integers.

Solution

●●● Input

maximum = max(10, 40)

print(maximum)

●●● Output

40

Note

You can find the maximum using the max() function.

Column: Why Use Function?

Reusability: Function can be used over and over again. There

is no need to write redundant code.
Simplicity: Function is easy to use and make the code
readable. You only need to know the input and the purpose of
the function without paying attention to the inner workings.
6.2. Built-In String Function

#79 Finding String

Exercise ★★

Find a substring in a string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "Hello World!"

print(my_string.find("Hello"))

# First instance of 'Hello' occurs at index 0

print(my_string.find("Goodbye"))

#-1 is a conventional value that represents a None

●●● Output

-1

Note

The find() method returns the index of the first occurrence of the
substring, if found. If it is not found, it returns -1.
 #80 Replacing String
Exercise ★★

Replace a part of a string with another string.

Solution

●●● Input

my_string = "Hello World!"

new_string = my_string.replace("Hello", "Goodbye")

print(my_string)

print(new_string)

●●● Output

Hello World!

Goodbye World!

Note

You can be used to replace a part of a string with another string

using the replace() method. The original string will not be
changed. Instead, a new string containing the replaced substring
will be returned.
 #81 Changing Letter Case
Exercise ★★

Change the letter case of a string.

Solution

●●● Input

print("Hello World!".upper())

print("Hello World!".lower())

●●● Output

HELLO WORLD!

hello world!

Note

You can easily convert a string to upper case using the upper()
method and to lower case using the lower() method.
6.3. Type Conversion

#82 Converting Data to Integer

Exercise ★★

Convert a data to the integer.

Solution

●●● Input

print(int("5") * 10)

# String to integer
print(int(18.5))

# Float to integer
print(int(False))

# Bool to integer

●●● Output

50

18

Note

You can convert a data to the integer using the int() function.
 #83 Converting Data to Float
Exercise ★★

Convert a data to the floating-point number.

Solution

●●● Input

print(float(13))

print(float(True))

●●● Output

13.0

1.0

Note

You can convert a data to the floating-point number using the

float() function.
 #84 Converting Data to String
Exercise ★★

Convert a data to the string.

Solution

●●● Input

print(str(False))

print(str(123) + ' is a string')

●●● Output

False

123 is a string

Note

You can convert a data to a string using the str() function.

6.4. User-defined Function

#85 Creating Function

Exercise ★★★

Create a plain function that prints three lines of text.

Solution

●●● Input

def my_print_function():

# No parameters
print("apple")

print("orange")

print("grape")

# Function ended
# Calling the function in the program multiple times
my_print_function()

●●● Output

apple

orange

grape

Note

You can create a function using the def keyword. The function can
be called in your code using its name and empty parentheses.
 #86 Function Parameter
Exercise ★★★

Create a function to compare two numbers and print the smaller

number.
Solution

●●● Input

def minimum(first, second):

if (first < second):

print(first)

else:

print(second)

num1 = 12

num2 = 53

minimum(num1, num2)

●●● Output

12

Note

The position of the parameters is important. In the above example,

the value of num1 is the first parameter, so it is assigned to the first
position. Similarly, the value of num2 is assigned to the second
parameter.
 #87 Return Statement
Exercise ★★★

Create a function to compare two numbers and return the smaller

value.
Solution

●●● Input

def minimum(first, second):

if (first < second):

return first

else:

return second

num1 = 12

num2 = 53

result = minimum(num1, num2)

# Storing the value returned by the function

print(result)

●●● Output

12

Note

You can return something from a function using the return

statement.
6.5. Lambda

#88 Lambda Syntax 1

Exercise ★★

Triple a value of the parameter and return this new value.

Solution

●●● Input

triple = lambda num : num * 3

# Assigning the lambda to a variable

print(triple(11))

# Calling the lambda and giving it a parameter

●●● Output

33

Note

The function is named using the def keyword, but the lambda is a
special class that does not require a function name to be specified.
The lambda is an anonymous function that returns data in some
form.
 #89 Lambda Syntax 2
Exercise ★★

Take the first character of three strings and concatenate them.

Solution

●●● Input

concat_strings = lambda a, b, c: a[0] + b[0] + c[0]

print(concat_strings("Game", "Of", "Thrones"))

●●● Output

GOT

Note

It is a simple lambda that takes the first character of three strings

and concatenates them.
 #90 If Else Statement
Exercise ★★★

Compare a number to 100 using the conditional statement.

Solution

●●● Input

my_function = lambda num: "High" if num > 100 else "Low"

print(my_function(110))

print(my_function(60))

●●● Output

High

Low

Note

The lambda cannot have multi-line expressions. This means that

code must be able to be written on a single line. Therefore, the
lambda is suitable for short, one-line function.
7. LIBRARY

7.1. Python Standard Library

#91 Importing Datetime Module

Exercise ★★★

Display the current date and time.

Solution

●●● Input

import datetime

# Importing modules at the beginning of the program is a good practice

date_today = datetime.date.today()

# Current date
print(date_today)

time_today = datetime.datetime.now()

print(time_today.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))

# Current time

●●● Output Example

2021-01-10

10:12:30

Note

The datetime module contains a number of methods related to

the current date and time. The datetime.date and
datetime.datetime are classes of the datetime module.
Column: Python Standard Library

The Python Standard Library, PSL, is a collection of a set of

predefined modules and methods that help you perform
specific tasks in Python.
The library contains a number of useful utilities that can save
you a lot of time.
In order to use the methods of a module, you need to import
the module into your code. This can be done using the
import keyword.
 #92 Importing Individual Class
Exercise ★★★

Use a particular class from the module.

Solution

●●● Input

from datetime import date

# Now we only have the methods of the date class

date_today = date.today()

# Current date
print(date_today)

●●● Output Example

2021-01-10

Note

If you want to extract only a specific class from a module, you can
use the from keyword.
 #93 Importing and Naming Module
Exercise ★★★

Import and Give your own name to the module.

Solution

●●● Input

import datetime as dt

date_today = dt.date.today()

# Current date

print(date_today)

time_today = dt.datetime.now()

print(time_today.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))

# Current time

●●● Output Example

2021-01-10

10:12:30

Note

You can also give your own name to the module you are importing
by using the as keyword.