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Women in Pastoral Office The Story of Santa Prassede
Rome 1st Edition Mary M. Schaefer Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Mary M. Schaefer
ISBN(s): 9780199977628, 0199977623
Edition: 1
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Year: 2013
Language: english
Women in Pastoral Office
This page intentionally left blank
 WOMEN IN
PASTORAL
OFFICE
The Story of Santa Prassede, Rome
z
MARY M. SCHAEFER

1
 3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Schaefer, Mary M. (Mary Martina)
Women in pastoral office : the story of Santa Prassede, Rome / Mary M. Schaefer ; edited by
Joyce Rilett Wood.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–997762–8 (alk. paper)—ISBN 978–0–19–997763–5 (ebook)
1. Women clergy—History. 2. S. Prassede (Church : Rome, Italy)—History. 3. Rome
(Italy)—Church history. 4. Liturgics. I. Rilett Wood, Joyce Louise, editor of
compilation. II. Title.
BV676.S28 2013
282'.45632—dc23
2013004448

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
 In memory of my parents
Paul Schaefer
and
Carolyn (Keseberg) Schaefer
Conservers of nature and heritage
Writers of books in their sunset years
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Preface xi
Editor’s Note xvii
Abbreviations xix

1. Saints, Setting, and Context 1

2. Iconography and Sources of S. Prassede’s
Decorative Cycles 52
3. Women’s Pastoral Offices in Churches Outside Rome 112
4. Women’s Pastoral Offices in the Church of Rome 169
5. Ordination Rites: For Men Only? For Women Too! 239
6. A Second Look at Myth, History, and Monument 313

Afterword 375
Bibliography 381
Index of Authors 435
Index of Sources 439
Index of Subjects 447
This page intentionally left blank
 Permission to reprint Figure 6.1 was granted by Gregory
J. MacNeil, Roderick J. MacNeil, Jerry MacNeil Architects
Limited, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface

this book had its beginnings toward the end of a memorable six-month
Roman sabbatical in 1990–1991. It had been my custom to attend the
Saturday evening liturgy celebrated in the ninth-century church of Santa
Prassede, accessible from a side street some ninety meters from St. Mary
Major’s atop Rome’s Esquiline hill. The hour of liturgical gathering was
the one assured time during the week when the apse, together with apsidal
and triumphal arches, were lit continuously. The intricate beauties of this
best preserved of Roman parish mosaic programs prior to 1200 could be
contemplated in keeping with the original intent of the structure, to serve
as environment for the action of the Roman mass. With the aid of a worn
New Testament, questions gradually formed: Given the schemes of pres-
byterium decoration known in the city’s churches from the fifth century,
why did this program contain so many unique and unexplained features,
including the apparent attempt to balance female and male imagery? The
jewel of Santa Prassede is the Zeno Chapel, which opens off the basilica’s
east aisle. No thoroughgoing hypothesis had yet been put forward to con-
nect these two contemporary and nearly intact pictorial cycles. Did the
pope who commissioned the church intend that the Zeno Chapel and its
decoration be independent of the presbyterium program?
As my time in Rome drew to its close I perused the bulging pilgrim’s
guide to Santa Prassede published in 1725 by its Benedictine prior Dom
Benigno Davanzati, stumbling upon references to the church’s patron
Praxedes made in 1655 by the priest-scholar and Roman antiquar-
ian Fioravante Martinelli. Martinelli asserted, with Davanzati follow-
ing him, that Praxedes had been a presbytera, head of an early Christian
house-church on the site of the present church. As elsewhere in Rome,
more awaited investigation here than first met the appreciative eye.
xii Preface

Edward J. Kilmartin, SJ (1923–1994), my doctoral adviser at the

University of Notre Dame, was now professor ordinarius at the Pontifical
Oriental Institute across the piazza from Santa Maria Maggiore. When
I informed him of Martinelli’s and Davanzati’s belief that Saint Praxedes
had been a woman presbyter of the early Roman church, he said in char-
acteristic fashion, “Don’t waste your time. They will have destroyed the
evidence.” Shortly afterward I returned to Canada by way of an eight-day
stopover in Romania in search of eucharistic imagery in Orthodox
churches. Sent north to “the Romanian Athos,” I was welcomed to the
Basilian Orthodox community of Varatec by its abbess, Reverend Mother
Nazaria Nita Natalia. Varatec consists of three monastic villages set amidst
peasant farms dotting a Carpathian mountainside. Mother Nazaria’s
abbatial responsibilities are described at the end of chapter five.
This book searches out the implications of the foundation myth
underlying Pope Paschal I’s rebuilding of Santa Prassede and that of its
sister-church down the hill, Santa Pudenziana. Chapter one recounts the
popular hagiographical story of the two sisters Praxedes and Pudentiana
and their model Christian senatorial family during the apostolic and
post-apostolic periods in Rome. It reviews their vita’s early Christian con-
text and rehearses what is known of Pope Paschal I (817–824). Chapter two
explores the iconography of the mosaics of Santa Prassede’s presbyterium
apse, triumphal arch, and Zeno Chapel, making the case for the thematic
importance of the book of Revelation and the Easter lectionary. This chap-
ter also introduces a topic that other authors have not considered: the male
and female imagery. Initiated by discussion of the mosaic bust of Theodora
episcopa that ends the second chapter, and utilizing categories and data
established by Ute Eisen’s epigraphical survey Women Officeholders in
Early Christianity, the third chapter surveys women’s official ecclesiasti-
cal ministries in the Christian world outside Rome. Chapter four turns
to Rome. Dom Davanzati, for sixteen years prior of Santa Prassede, was
familiar with scholarship about Eastern ordination rites and speculation
regarding women’s ministries in the early churches, and he drew on these
sources to explicate the presbyteral office attributed to Praxedes. Can evi-
dence be produced to support the abbot’s claim? Epigraphy, ecclesiasti-
cal texts, and works of art indicate that women exercised various pastoral
offices in Rome, the church believed to be the recipient of chapter 16 of
Paul’s letter to the Romans.
Chapter five reviews significant aspects of installation in church office
and analyzes relevant ordination rituals deputing women for pastoral office
 Preface xiii

in some of the churches of East and West. The prayer for the making of a
diacona introduced into the papal Gregorian Sacramentary in 682–683 and
the Hadrianum’s role in transmitting this prayer to Charlemagne’s realm
are discussed. Rituals for making diaconas and for ordaining canonical
and monastic abbesses, and parallels with ordination rites for men, are
analyzed to throw light on ecclesiastical offices brought forward in chap-
ters three and four. Information on the diaconal office available within
women’s religious houses in the fourteenth and later centuries closes this
chapter. Chapter six summarizes the place Paschal made for women in his
life and art commissions. The sisters’ story of house-church leadership, as
recounted in their vita, is analyzed for aspects of early church governance.
Reconstruction of the dedication ritual of Santa Prassede’s relic-altar clari-
fies the church’s dating. Paintings and frescoes corroborate their story.
Exploration of Praxedes’ “meaning” within the stational liturgies of Holy
Week and in the lectionaries ties together themes developed earlier.
A Roman sabbatical in 1990–1991, granted by the Board of Governors
of Atlantic School of Theology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, acquainted me with
the churches on the Esquiline hill, libraries, and selected catacombs.
Research has been carried forward in subsequent visits to the Eternal
City. I am especially indebted to the librarians and staffs of the follow-
ing institutions: In Rome, the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana and its for-
mer Prefect, Leonard Boyle, OP; the Pontificio Istituto Orientale and its
former Librarian, James Dugan, SJ; the Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia
Cristiana; the Pontificio Istituto di San Anselmo; Biblioteca Vallicelliana;
the Hertziana; the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut; in Grottaferrata,
the Librarian of its Monastic Library, Alessandro Caboni; in Switzerland,
the St. Gall Bibliothek and Fribourg University Library; in Toronto, the
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies; in Ottawa, Saint Paul University;
in Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks. Last, but by no means least, the
library staff of Atlantic School of Theology have been unfailingly helpful,
speedily tracking down whatever was needed.
An academic is indebted to her teachers and mentors. This book could
not have been written without introduction to the Middle Ages, its art and
culture, at the University of Toronto and the University of St. Michael’s
College. As a fledgling graduate student, I participated in the daunt-
ing seminar on early Christian and Byzantine architecture offered by
Richard Krautheimer (1897–1994) at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York
University. His archeological investigations of early Christian and medi-
eval churches in Rome have no equal. Krautheimer spent his last years
xiv Preface

in Rome reconstructing its culture through study of its buildings. In his

broad perspective the East was always in view, as was the truism that
churches were built for liturgy, to be “read” by making the connections
between material structure, ritual use, and spiritual aspiration, a task he
urged on his students.
Formal liturgical studies began with the Benedictines of Saint John’s
Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota. Edward Kilmartin, adviser of many gradu-
ate students at the University of Notre Dame, taught me what I know about
theology of worship as he developed the discipline. Kilmartin’s love of the
Church of Rome and of the whole oikoumene fueled his studies in patristic
theology and sacraments as well as his construction of a contemporary
theology of Trinitarian worship open to the ecumenical reality. He would
gladly have died in Rome. A long-time member of Orthodox and Oriental
dialogues in the United States and secretary to the former, Kilmartin never
tired of bringing the texts and theologies of the East into play with those
of the West. Robert F. Taft, SJ, has never shrunk from speaking truth.
Indefatigably he has studied the prayer texts of the Eastern churches,
showing his special students, others like myself at greater remove, and
the churches at large how very much the Christian East has to teach the
West. His method and work continue to enrich and challenge liturgical
and ecumenical scholarship. These three great teachers have approached
study of the churches of East and West as spiritually, if not always insti-
tutionally, in communion, diverse yet united in those beliefs that matter
most. I hope that the story of Praxedes and her church presented here is
not entirely unworthy of these mentors.
I am grateful to the many persons who have listened to and encour-
aged my exposition of the subject along the way. These include the inter-
national congresses of Societas Liturgica in Toronto (1991) and Dresden
(2005), the theology students of Montreal’s Concordia University (1996),
and in abbreviated form the Patristics Congress on the diaconate held
at Rome’s Augustinianum (2009). Special thanks go to two friends in
Rome, the liturgical scholars Elena Velkovska and Stefano Parenti; and
to Jutta Dresken-Weiland and Albrecht Weiland, scholars of antiquity and
early Christian archeology who first saw possibilities for this research.
Scholars and colleagues over the years have assisted at important junc-
tures, among them Gary Macy, Carmella Vircillo Franklin, Pamela Bright,
Tom McIllwraith, Cettina Militello, Eileen Schuller, OSU, Reverend Sue
Walters, Trudi Bunting, Tom S. Abler, Christine Mader, Ged Blackmore,
Gregory J. MacNeil, and Roderick J. MacNeil of Jerry MacNeil Architects.
 Preface xv

From Atlantic School of Theology students I have learned much about

ecumenical collaboration and dedication to ministry. Sister Ada Samson,
OSA, and the nuns of Santa Lucia, Rome, and Our Lady of Grace Monastery,
Nova Scotia, have supported me by prayer, as have untold others. Friends
like Enid Rubin have offered encouragement however long the work went
on. Strangers in Roman restaurants have vowed to read this book.
Without the constant support and dedicated assistance of Anne
Moynihan the first draft would not have been completed, and she has
offered many valued ideas. Kevin Moynihan has played an irreplaceable
role in technical matters and accompanied me with friendship. Lloyd
Melanson has been indispensable in finalizing the manuscript. Deep
thanks go to Joyce Rilett Wood, biblical scholar, writer, editor, and unflag-
ging critic. Whatever richness the book contains comes from the observa-
tions and annotations of many persons who, in manuscript and in print,
have shared their views on Saint Praxedes and perceptions of her church
over the centuries. What errors are found in the story’s telling are all
my own.

Mary M. Schaefer
Halifax, Nova Scotia
October 27, 2012
This page intentionally left blank
 Editor’s Note

mary martina schaefer died on March 27, 2013, during Holy Week,
in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and within days of entering the final production
stages of her manuscript. Mary was an avid mountain climber, the apt
metaphor for the challenges she faced in finishing her book on women
clergy and the story of Santa Prassede. It takes physical strength and cour-
age to reach a summit. It takes will and wisdom for a successful climb
under dire circumstances. In the months leading up to her death, Mary
focused on all the steps to reach her goal. With joyful spirit and steely
determination, she revised her text several times, and in March she was
preparing for the arrival of the first set of proofs.
The completion of Mary Schaefer’s book has depended on the collab-
orative effort of individuals and institutions. Cynthia Read, executive edi-
tor at Oxford University Press, played a big part in speedily processing the
manuscript through its review stage. Charlotte Steinhardt, assistant editor
at OUP, offered advice and support and discussed with Mary the design
of her book. Cammy Richelli, production editor, was gracious and help-
ful in providing professional and technical expertise. Katherine Ulrich,
copyeditor, was my conversation partner in commenting on the manu-
script, and she updated my research on the bibliography and documenta-
tion by reconciling the two. Lloyd Melanson generously provided editorial
and technical assistance and reviewed the tables he constructed. Anne and
Kevin Moynihan took charge of the illustrations and checked their accu-
racy. Diane Barrington carefully prepared the indices. To these and others
we are indebted in bringing Mary’s legacy to fruition.

Joyce Rilett Wood

Toronto, Ontario
August 15, 2013
This page intentionally left blank
 Abbreviations

AA.SS. Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur

AB Analecta Bollandiana
ACC Alcuin Club Collections
ACW Ancient Christian Writers
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
AT Apostolic Tradition
ATR Anglican Theological Review
BAV Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana
BHL Bibliotheca hagiographica latinae antiquae et mediae aetatis
BHLns Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis, novum
supplementum
BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift
CA Cahiers archéologiques
CARB Corso di cultura sull’arte ravennate e bizantina
CBCR Krautheimer, Richard. Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae
CCCM Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis
CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina
CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
CTSA Catholic Theological Society of America
DACL Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie
EL Ephemerides liturgicae
EM Encyclopedia of Monasticism
EME Early Medieval Europe
EO Ecclesia orans
fol. folio; r = recto (right-hand page), v = verso (left-hand page)
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 When Theo heard where I was going, she said she
would walk with me. We had a pleasant ramble through the
wood and down the Coombe to the village, and were most
hospitably received by good Mrs. Penrose, and entertained
with cakes and cream. Mr. Penrose was well pleased with
the idea, and said he would himself talk with Dinah and find
out her qualifications.

"I should like to be a parson's wife," said Theo, as we

walked homeward.

"You Theo!" I exclaimed, in amazement. "You of all

people."

"Yes, I of all people," she returned gaily. "It seems to

me such a useful, pleasant, quiet life."

"But I thought you did not like quiet," I said. "You

always seem to enjoy company so much."

"Well, so I do; and I like to dress prettily, just as I like

everything to be pretty and neat; but any head is not set on
such matters—no, not so much as Martha's, though she is
so demure. Perhaps not so much as yours is."

"You would make a good parson's wife in many ways, I

am sure of that," said I. "You would make every one like
you."

"I know I am not so very bright," said Theo; "I cannot

sing and play like you, nor read great books like Martha, nor
do any other grand things. But I like to help people enjoy
themselves in their own way, and to comfort them in
trouble if I can."

"I am sure you do," said I. "Janey Lee said the other
day when her child died it was a comfort just to have you
come in."

"Did she? I am very glad," said Theo. "But I don't know

what I did, only to sit by her, and let her weep, and by and
by draw her on to talk of the poor babe and its little pretty
ways. I never can preach to people in trouble. It seems
somehow unfeeling to talk to them of judgments and so on.
No, if I should marry a parson, I should let him do all the
preaching, you may be sure of that. I should content myself
with making his house pleasant, and cooking up messes for
the poor, and making baby things for the lying-in women.
That is my idea of a happy life."

It seemed as if Theo's idea of a happy life was like

enough to be fulfilled. She went on a little visit to her
godmother, any lord's sister, an elderly lady who had a
house near Exeter, where she maintained several young
ladies of reduced circumstances but good family, giving
them a suitable education, and a small dowry whenever
they settled in life.

Here she made the acquaintance of the Dean of Exeter,

a man, of course, a good deal older than herself, but of fine
presence and agreeable manners. He had always been a
good deal of a stickler for the celibacy of the clergy; but it
seems Theo found means to change his mind, for she had
not been at home a week before he followed her, and asked
her of her father in marriage.

It was one of those happy matches to which there

seems no objection on any side. The dean was rich and
greatly respected. He had beside his deanery a cure in the
same parish where my lady Jemima, my lord's sister,
resided, and a beautiful rectory, where in Theo might
concoct sick messes and make baby linen to her heart's
content. She had a small property of her own, and my lord
gave her a portion as to his own daughter.

Mrs. Martha's wedding (which I should have mentioned

in its proper place) was celebrated very quietly, as we were
all in recent mourning for my mother; but my lord was
determined that Theo should have a grand wedding. So she
did, indeed, with all proper ceremony from the first going to
church to the bedding of the bride. Matters of that sort have
greatly changed since that time, and I cannot but think for
the better, though I do hold that weddings should be
celebrated publicly and joyfully, not huddled up as if they
were something to be ashamed of. If matters go on as they
have begun, I expect my granddaughters will jump into a
carriage at the church door, and drive off to get as far as
possible from all their friends.

However; Theo's wedding was public enough. We had

the house full of guests, and among them two whom I had
no wish to see, and beheld with dread as birds of ill omen,
and so indeed they were. These were no other than my
cousin Betty and her husband. They had come to the
neighborhood to visit a cousin of Mr. Lovel's, and my lady
meeting them and learning who they were, thought she
could do no less than invite them to the wedding. My lord
did not look too well pleased when he heard of it, for he had
taken a great dislike to Betty upon their first meeting, but
he could not treat her otherwise than courteously in his own
house. As to Mr. Lovel, he never seemed to me to have any
character, but to be a mere lay figure for the display of
whatever mode in clothes or manners happened to be
uppermost.

Betty had not been one evening in the house before she
began exercising her powers. My lord was praising lip the
institution of marriage, of which he was a great promoter,
and my lady, smiling, called him a match-maker.

"Well, I am a match-maker, I don't deny it," said he.

"Would you be ashamed of it if you were me, cousin Lovel?"

Betty had been sitting rather silent, and I suppose he

meant to include her in the conversation. She answered at
once—

"No, indeed, my lord. It is a good vocation. I am sure I

have always thanked Vevette for betraying me to my
brother, and so bringing my marriage to pass sooner than I
could have done."

She spoke in those clear silver tones of hers, which

always commanded attention, and several people turned to
look at us. As may be guessed, I was covered with
confusion, but I made shift to answer.

"You certainly owe me no thanks, Betty, for what I

never did. I knew nothing of your affairs, and therefore
could not betray them, had I been so inclined."

"Oh, I beg your pardon!" said she, with her mocking,

superior smile. And then presently to me in a kind of stage
aside which every one about us could hear—

"What is the use of keeping up that stale pretence? I

suppose you did what you thought right, and I don't blame
you; but why deny what you and I know to be true?"

To this I made no answer whatever, and my lady

presently called upon me to sing. I by and by saw Betty in
close conference with Mrs. Bernard, and I had no doubt
from the looks Martha cast at me that I was the subject of
their conference.
 The next day brought home my lord's son, whom I had
not yet seen. He had been travelling abroad for some years,
but meeting the news of his sister-in-law's approaching
marriage in London, he had hurried home to be present on
the occasion. He was a fine, grave, soldierly-looking young
man, and very much like Andrew in the face, though taller
and with much more of courtly grace in his manner. He was
warmly welcomed by all, and especially by Mrs. Bernard. I
never saw her soften so much toward any one, and, indeed,
I believe he was the only person she ever really loved. He
was very polite and kind to me, and I naturally liked him
because he was so much like Andrew. He was musical, like
all his family, and we sang together a good deal. One
morning, as we were practising a song together, Betty
peeped into the room. I believe she thought I did not see
her, for she slipped out and presently returned with my
lady, whom I have no doubt she brought on purpose. They
stood listening a few minutes, and then Betty said half
under her breath, and with a sigh—

"Ah, my poor brother, I see his cake is dough; but no

doubt it is all for the best."

We stopped singing at this, and my lady asked me with

some sharpness whether I had been at the school that
morning. I told her no, and she at once thought of errands
for me, both there and at the village, which would keep me
busy all the morning.

"I will walk with you, cousin," said my young lord. "I
want to go down to the Cove and see Will Atkins."

Certainly, my lady had not mended matters for herself

or me. I got rid of my cousin as soon as I could, telling him
that I should be a long time at the school-house, and after
that had some poor people to visit. He was rather unwilling
to leave me, but I insisted, and he had to yield.

Betty staid two days longer, and then went back to

Allinstree, leaving mischief enough behind her. I do believe
my lady meant to be just to me, but it was hard to resist
the force of Betty's constant and artful insinuations, and she
really came to think that I was angling for her step-son. It
was not long, of course, before my lord took up the same
idea, and what was worst of all, my young lord soon showed
that he had no kind of objection to being angled for, and in
fact was very ready and even anxious to be caught.

From this time my life at the castle was not at all

comfortable. I missed the companionship of Theo, of whom
I had grown very fond, though she never filled Rosamond's
place to me. I missed my mother more and more. Besides,
my conscience was not easy. My lord and lady were good
people, as I have said; but the times were times of great
laxity. It was the fashion to profess great abhorrence of the
Puritans and their ways, and immense devotion to the
Church of England, and a good many people showed their
devotion by deviating as far as possible from the ways of
the precisians, as they were called.

We professed to observe Sunday—that is, we all went to

church in the morning, and my lady was very careful to see
that all the servants were present at prayers. But my lord
yawned over a play or romance all the evening when he had
no one to take a hand at cards or tables with, and when we
had company staying in the house the Sunday evening was
as any other. My young lord had taken up the kind of infidel
notions by which, as I said, some young men tried to
appear intellectual at a cheap rate, and he had brought
down some books of Mr. Hobbes with him which he would
fain have had me read; but that I refused. I had been
brought up to a strict observance of Sunday as a day of
worship and of sacred rest, and at first I was shocked at
what I saw. While my mother lived we usually spent our
Sunday evenings together in her own room, but after her
death, and especially after Dinah went away, I was easily
drawn into whatever was going on below stairs, even to
playing at tables with my lord, when he had no one else to
amuse him.

Then my old pleasure in dreams of wealth and

consequence revived. I was something of an heiress,
though my income was wholly dependent upon my lord's
pleasure or discretion till I should be of age, and so I had
plenty of attention. I began again to let the world come into
my mind, and, of course, it soon gained a foothold there
and ruled for the most part supreme.

Now and then, especially when anything strongly

reminded me of my mother, my better self—that self which
loved Andrew—came uppermost, but at such times, I
suffered so much from the reproaches of conscience, that I
strove by every means to stifle its voice. I said to myself
that my father and mother had been brought by the
circumstances in which they were placed to take a gloomy
view of religion and its requirements. That the strictness
which they had inculcated was not needful at present, and
that it tended (a favorite argument this with the devil) to
make religion unamiable. That a man or woman might be a
Christian and yet allow themselves many diversions which
the stricter sort denied.

In fine, my thought was, not how much I could do for

my Lord, but how much of the world I could safely keep for
myself. I was like a man who in time of war, instead of
fleeing to the safe hills in the interior of the country,
chooses to live as near the border as he can for the
advantage of keeping up a trade with the enemy. Instead of
simply shutting my ears to my cousin's infidel reasonings
and declining the subject, I allowed myself to listen to him,
and to be influenced by him to think that so long as a man
lived a good life, forms and doctrines mattered very little,
and I did not ask myself on what this good life was to be
founded.

In short, I grew more and more conformed to the world,

which in the bottom of my heart I had always loved, and in
proportion as I did so, the remembrance of my father and
mother, and of their teachings faded from my mind, I still
loved Andrew enough to reject with considerable vivacity a
proposal made me by young Mr. Champernoun, a
gentleman of the neighborhood, with a good fortune, and I
must say a personable and pleasing man, though grave
beyond his years.

My lord and lady were very much vexed at my refusal,

and used every argument to make me change my
resolution, saying that Mr. Champernoun was a much better
match than Andrew could ever be—which was true so far as
fortune went—and that I should perhaps never have so
good a chance to settle in life again.

"Well, well!" said my lord at last. "Wilful must have her

way. An I had not promised your honored mother never to
force your inclinations in any such matter, I should not use
so much ceremony with you, mistress! You should be made
to do what was best for you, whether you liked it or not."

He could not let the matter rest, but must needs take it
up again when his son was present.

"Vevette is right," said my young lord. "Were I in her

place I would not marry black Basil Champernoun either—a
sour Puritan and precisian whose father was in the favor of
Old Noll as long as he lived. I wonder, my lord, that you
could think of such a thing."

"Aye, aye, you would fain find her a husband, I dare

say; but mind, I will have none of that. If Vevette is flying
at any such game, she may as well come down at once."

"I am not flying at any game that I know of," said I,

feeling my cheeks flame, as what lady's would not.

"Your face tells another tale," returned my lord. "Such

blushes do not come for nothing."

"One may blush for others as well as for one's self," said
I, rising from the tables where I had been playing with my
lord, and in my confusion oversetting the board. And I
betook myself to my own room, nor did I leave it all the
next day, saying that I was ill at ease, which was the truth,
and wished to be quiet. Lewis must needs make matters
worse by coming to my door to inquire for me, and though I
did not see him, but sent him a message by Lucy, my new
little maid, his doing so did not help me with his father and
mother.

When I came down-stairs again, I found my lord had

gotten over his pet and was as gracious as before, but my
lady was very cool to me. She loved Lewis as her own son,
and was ambitious for him. The insinuations of Betty had
not been without their effect, and Mrs. Bernard, who was
settled in the neighborhood, threw all her influence on the
same side.

In short, I was very unhappy, and as I had about that

time an opportunity of writing to my Aunt Jemima in
London, I told her my troubles, and added that I knew not
what to do.
 The result was an immediate invitation from her and my
uncle to come to them in London, and make their house my
home. My uncle also wrote a letter to my lord, which I did
not see, but which I suppose satisfied him, for he made no
objection to my going, and my lady decidedly forwarded it.
Lewis had a great deal to say against it, but it may be
guessed that his arguments had no great weight.

It was settled that I was to travel with Theo and her

husband, who were going up in a week or two, and my lady
was directly in a great bustle to get me ready; now that
there was a chance of getting me off her hands, she was all
kindness once more.

The evening before I was to go to join Theo at Exeter, I

sought out my lady in her dressing-room and asked to
speak with her in private. I thanked her for her kindness to
me, and assured her that I had had no desire to displease
her in any way, and least of all by marrying Lewis. Then as
she gave me a kind though somewhat embarrassed answer,
I ventured to ask her what Betty had said about me. She
would not tell me at first, but presently changed her
purpose, and when I heard the cunning tale which Betty
had imposed upon her, I no longer wondered so much at
her change toward me. It was not only in the matter of the
meeting with Mr. Lovel, that she had misrepresented me,
but she had told my lady that I had avowed to her a settled
purpose to make myself the wife of some great man, and to
that very end had persuaded my mother to break off the
match with Andrew, at the very time that the change in my
fortunes made it likely that I should go to Stanton Court.

I explained the whole matter to my lady from beginning

to end, and she was pleased to say that I had wholly
exculpated myself, and to take shame to herself for being
so ready to believe evil. She kissed me and said she was
sorry I was going away, and bade me always think of
Stanton Court as my home. She had been very generous to
me before, and she now gave me a gold watch and a
beautiful set of pearl ornaments which she had bought in
Exeter. I believe she talked my lord over that night, for the
next day he told me he was sorry I was going away, and if I
would even now give up the plan, I should have a home at
the court as long as I liked, and he would not tease me to
marry any one.

But the die was cast. The step was taken which was the
beginning of a long journey—far longer indeed, than any of
us thought, and I had no mind to turn back.

CHAPTER XVI.
 LONDON.

THE next day I went to Exeter, from which place we

were to set out for London in a few days. I found Theo
living in a noble house, with everything pleasant about her,
and enjoying herself to the full. She had no fancy for the
journey to London, and would, I believe, much have
preferred going to the country rectory, whither Mr. Dean
usually retired in summer. We rode out to see the place,
and truly I did not wonder at her love for it—all about it was
so beautiful. There were no gentlemen's houses very near,
but my Lady Jemima, my lord's sister, lived, as I have said,
in an old mansion which had once been a convent of gray
nuns. The house stood on a rising ground, and was
beautifully embosomed in very ancient timber and a part of
this same wood reached even to the walls of the rectory
itself.

We visited the little village school, taught by a charming

old dame, and where Theo distributed buns, gingerbread,
and comfits with a lavish hand. Then we went into the
house, where all was in order, and where the old
housekeeper and her blooming neat maids welcomed us
with evident pleasure at seeing their mistress.

We also called upon my Lady Jemima, who was as great

a contrast to my own Aunt Jem as could well be conceived.
She was sitting at work among her family of maidens, who
were all busy with their fingers, while one read aloud. There
were six of them, all dressed alike in gray gowns and white
caps with blue ribbons, and I must say they looked very
bright and happy. Lady Jemima was a plain woman, with
none of the family beauty of color, but she had a most
sweet expression, at once benign and commanding. She
sent away her young ladies to walk, and then sat down to
talk with us.

"You have married off the last of your old family, have
you not?" asked Theo.

"Yes, only a month ago, and the child hath done well, I
think. Another has gone to be a governess in the family of a
distant cousin of ours, a rich sugar refiner's wife in Bristol,
and in one way or another, they are all scattered and doing
well for themselves. But my house is nearly full again."

"Not quite full, I hope, for I have a petition to make for

a poor maid, the eldest child of Mr. Brown, the vicar of
Torton," said Theo. And she proceeded to unfold the matter,
saying that the Curate was very poor, with a large family,
and this daughter being lame, was not fit for service.

"Are they so very poor?" asked Lady Jemima.

"They are poorer than they need be, if the wife were a
better manager," replied the dean's lady. "But she hath
been a waiting-gentlewoman to my Lady Saville, and still
sets herself up on her gentility, forsooth, cannot possibly
work with her hands, and talks of how she hath come down
in the world. The aunt, who is a good plain farmer's wife,
with a small army of children, tells me that this maid's
lameness hath come, she verily believes, from working
beyond her strength to make up her mother's deficiencies.
She is her father's greatest comfort, poor man, but he will
willingly spare her for the chance of having her recover her
health."

"Will you send him to see me?" asked Lady Jemima. "I
would talk the matter over with him myself, for no
disparagement to you, Theo," she added with a smile, "you
are one of those softhearted people who think everybody
ought to have everything, and as my means are limited, I
must make a discrimination, and not use them to encourage
idleness or improvidence."

Theo smiled in her turn, and admitted that she was

easily imposed upon. "But I am learning something, I
assure you," said she. "I have found out that all the clean
people are not saints and all the dirty ones reprobates,
which was the notion I at first set out with."

After a little more talk we had dinner with Lady Jemima

and the young ladies, and set out on our way home, calling
at the house of the curate I have mentioned.

Such a house—showing in every corner the results of

sluttishness and improvidence.

The poor man, into whose study we were shown, sat in

a ragged cassock, writing with one hand and holding a
sleeping infant on the other arm, while his lame daughter
was resting upon a rude couch or settle—a hard resting-
place it looked—keeping two more little ones quiet by telling
them a story, though her feverish cheeks and bright heavy-
lidded eyes showed how much she needed rest.

Another girl about twelve was clearing a table of the

remains of what certainly looked like a very scanty meal.
Theo at once took possession of the children, and
distributed some cakes among them, which they devoured
in a way that showed their dinner had still left them with an
appetite. She had also brought new gowns for the elder
girls, at sight of which the somewhat sullen face of the
second girl brightened, and she looked really pretty.

The father said just enough and not too much by way of
thanks, and promised that he would go to see Lady Jemima
next day. Just as we were about going, madame sailed into
the room, having evidently been busy attiring herself in the
remains of her old waiting-gentlewoman's finery. She was
loud in her thanks and praise of the gowns, and equally
loud in her lamentations over the state of her own
wardrobe, a hint of which Theo took no notice.

"I little thought I should live to receive charity," said the

foolish woman; "but when one weds beneath one's station,
there is no knowing what one will come to."

"As to that, I dare say your husband was so much in

love as to think you capable of filling any station," returned
Theo, wilfully misunderstanding her; whereat she tossed
her head, and looked ready to bite, but made no reply.

"I dare say she will make up the gowns for herself," said
Theo, when we had taken leave. "It is a wonderful thing to
see what sort of people little children are sent to, is it not?"

I agreed with her. I may as well say that the woman

flatly refused at first to let Sally go to Lady Jemima,
declaring that her lameness was more than half a pretence
to get rid of work. But the father had his way for once, and
poor Sally, if she did not recover, at least spent her last
days in peace.

In a day or two we went up to London, in the dean's

coach, with outriders, and spare saddle horses for one of us
to ride now and then. It was a toilsome journey—worse by
far than it is now, and that is saying a great deal. More than
once the coach was fairly stuck, and we had to borrow oxen
from the neighboring farmers to drag it out of the mire, and
once we just missed an attack from highwaymen. They
thought our party too strong, it seems, and let us pass, but
a gentleman with whom we had spent the evening before at
an inn, was stripped of all his own and his wife's valuables
and received a severe wound in the arm. However, in spite
of dangers and detentions, we arrived safely in London at
last, and I was left at my uncle's new house in Covent
Garden, whither he had removed at the death of my Aunt
Jean's father, who had left her quite a fortune.

My uncle and aunt were not at home, but I received

every attention from my aunt's waiting-gentlewoman, and
was installed in a pleasant room and treated to a cup of
chocolate. I was glad to go to rest early, as I was very tired
with the journey, and Mrs. Mercer said her lady would not
be at home till quite late. It was long before I could fall
asleep, there was such a noise in the street, but weariness
overcame me at last.

I slept soundly and awoke refreshed, though still

somewhat stiff with the jolting I had endured. I had meant
to begin the day with reading and devotion, but I was
hurried and a good deal in awe of the new waiting-damsel
my aunt had provided for me. I was afraid I should keep my
aunt waiting breakfast, and so went down without any
prayer whatever. Thus I began my new life with a false step.

I found my uncle much changed, and not for the better.

He received me very kindly, as did my aunt, but he looked
haggard, had grown older, and had a hard, worn
expression, as if he lived under the stress of some habitual
excitement. My aunt too looked older, and had lost a good
deal of her beautiful bloom. They both welcomed me kindly,
and any aunt began at once to talk of taking me out to the
theatre and the park so soon as I should be provided with
new clothes. My uncle said very little, and went out
immediately after breakfast. I saw his wife take him aside
and ask him some questions to which, judging from her
face, she did not receive a favorable answer.
 "But the child must have new clothes! I cannot take her
out with me till she is fit to be seen," I heard her say.

"Well, well. I suppose Lord Stanton has sent me some

money by the dean. I shall wait upon him as soon as it is
late enough. Meantime I can spare you this," putting some
gold into her hands. "It is a part of my winnings last night."

"Ah, Charles, if you would but quit gaming," said my

aunt, in a low tone, but not so low but that I heard her.

"How can I, child, when the king sets the example,

unless I withdraw from court altogether, and I suppose you
would not, have me do that?"

"No, you cannot do that," replied my aunt, "but then—"

"Don't trouble thy head about the matter," interrupted

my Uncle Charles. "If I lose one day, why I gain the next.
So it is all even. You will be an old woman before your time,
and have to take to painting, like my Lady Castlemaine—or
to devotion, which I should like still less."

So saying, he kissed her and went away, and she came

back to me with a little line of vexation between her arched
brows.

"Well, well! Men will be men. Come up-stairs, child, and

we will look over your wardrobe and see what you need."

I ventured to say that, my Lady Stanton had provided

me with everything she thought needful.

"Yes, I dare say, according to her notions. But she has

not been in London these seven years, and I dare say she
has not changed the fashion of her dress since that time."
 My new maid had unpacked all my things by this time,
and my aunt, though she criticised unmercifully the fashion
of my gowns and petticoats, yet allowed that Lady Stanton
had been very liberal.

"This may do well enough with a silk petticoat laid with

silver," said she, laying aside what was meant for my best
gown. "But you must have another and some lace whisks
and a hat and riding coat, and Mercer must curl your hair."

"It curls of itself," said I, "but I have always worn a

cap."

"Nonsense, child; what do you want of a cap? Come, I

shall allow yo no free will in this matter of dressing. You
must needs confess that I am the best judge, and be ruled
by me. You shall wear my t'other hat and mantle, and we
will drive to the Royal Exchange and buy you some gloves
and stockings and a fan and so on."

"But, Aunt Jem, I am in mourning," I ventured to say.

"Well, and so am I, child. Don't you see I am all in

black?"

Certainly she was in black, but I should never have

guessed she was in mourning, she wore so much lace and
fine cut work. However, I promised to be guided by her
judgment in all such matters, as indeed was no more than
fitting, seeing I had come to be under her care. We
presently went out in my uncle's coach, and were busy
shopping all the morning. I thought I never could use all the
things my aunt bought for me, and my head fairly whirled
with the excitement of seeing so many new places and
people.
 My aunt was in the very heart of the gayest society
about the court, and many were the salutes she received
from this and that great lady—even from my Lady
Castlemaine herself and another very handsome woman
whom she said was Mrs. Stewart, a great favorite of the
king's. When we had finished our shopping, we went into
the park, and here I saw the king and queen, the latter of
whom I had never beheld before. I thought her very sad-
looking, and remarked upon it to my aunt.

"Yes, poor thing, she is sad enough, and no wonder,

since she is silly enough to love her husband," said my
aunt.

"Do you think it silly for a woman to love her husband,

aunt?" I asked.

"Yes, when he does not love her. But in truth, the queen
is too grave and too devout to please a merry monarch like
King Charles."

"Perhaps she finds comfort in devotion," I ventured to

remark.

"Yes, I dare say. 'Tis the refuge of disappointed wives

and faded widows. Perhaps I may take to it some day—who
knows?"

I thought within myself that my mother always found

comfort in devotion, though she was by no means faded,
and that devotion when it was taken up in that way as a
last resort, was not like to afford any great solace; but I did
not venture to speak my thoughts. I had already learned to
be ashamed of being thought devout.

"And who is that young lady in attendance upon the

queen?" I asked.
 "That! Oh, that is Mrs. Godolphin," was my aunt's reply,
with a curious change of tone. "She is a true saint, if you
please. I do not believe the smile or frown of any or all the
kings in Europe would make her turn a hair's breadth to the
right hand or the left, in any matter of duty or religion. We
used to be great friends when we were young chits together
at school," and she sighed.

"And are you not friends now?" I asked.

"We have never quarrelled, child, if that is what you

mean, but she has gone her way, and I mine. There, we
won't talk of it. See there is the coach of the French
ambassador. Is it not fine? He has some fine lady and
gentleman visiting him from France. I dare say we shall
meet them to-morrow night. But we must be going home to
dinner."

My uncle was not at dinner, being in attendance upon

the Duke of York in some capacity or other. I forget what.
When the meal was over my aunt said she meant to take a
rest, and she dared to say I would like to do the same. I
took the hint and retired to my own room.

Here was a chance for the devotions I had neglected in

the morning, but it may be guessed that I was in no
promising frame for them. However, I read a chapter and
hurried over a few forms, and then spent the rest of the
afternoon reading a French romance I had found on my
table, and in practising upon the harpsicon my uncle had
sent home for me. He was very fond of music, and wished
me above all things to cultivate it and to improve my voice.

In the evening, my aunt entertained a small company of

her friends, and she would have me sing for them. I
received many compliments, both upon my voice and my
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