City of Meycauayan Vocational Senior High School

Pag-asa St., Malhacan, City of Meycauayan, Bulacan

Master Teacher II
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Discuss how catalysts affect reaction rates;
2. Recognize the effect of catalysts on reaction rates;
and
3. Display confidence in predicting the effect of
catalysts on reaction rates.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

As one famous saying goes

"change is the only permanent in
this world". Changes in matter can
be brought by many things such
as folding, cutting, burning and
cooking to name a few. Can cut
pieces of paper consider as paper?
How about burnt paper? Can
withered leaves be returned to
stems and perform
photosynthesis? Changes in
matter and how fast it occurs will
be discussed here.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

All matter change, either in appearance or content. Changes that affect

physical appearance of objects without changing its composition are called
physical change. Cutting a paper, sharpening a pencil, washing of clothes,
and melting of ice are examples of these kind of changes. Changes that
affect the composition of an object by turning it into a new one are called
chemical change. Any form of cooking, burning a paper, withering of leaves,
rusting of iron are all chemical changes.

Chemical changes can be expressed in chemical equations which show the

changes occurred from reactants going to products. Recall that a chemical
equation is composed of reactants (left) and products (right) and it should
always be balanced to make it functional in analytical analyses.
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑠) → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡s
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that studies reaction

rates and factors affecting rates. Reaction rate is the speed of a reaction to
produce the product(s); it is how fast a chemical reaction proceeds in each
condition. Why is it faster to cook meat in pressure cooker than in an open
casserole? Why are frozen food slower to spoil than those stored in the
refrigerator? These are some instances that certain factors affect how a
chemical reaction goes.
For a chemical reaction to occur, reactants should be in contact with
each other. Adding Mentos candies into a soft drink will produce enormous
amount of bubbles. This would not happen if you let the soft drink and
Mentos candies stay in separate containers. So, what happens when the
reactants combine? The particles of the reactants collide upon mixing, but
not all collisions make a chemical reaction.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

According to the COLLISION THEORY, the rate of a chemical

reaction is directly proportional to the number of collisions
between the reactants. However, effective collisions only produce
products. For an effective collision to happen, reactants must
meet the following conditions:

• They must be in proper orientation with respect to each other

• They must have more energy that the activation energy (energy
barrier).
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

https://youtu.be/wbGgIfHsx-I
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

1. PROPER ORIENTATION
Let us consider the reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide with an activation energy of 277 kJ/mol
(kilojoule per mole).
2𝐶𝑂 +𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2

The diagram below shows the structures of the reactants.

 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

When these molecules mix, the figures below are the possible
ways for these reactants to collide:
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

Among the collisions shown (A, B and C), only B is expected to

proceed in a reaction because its orientation is appropriate for
the formation of bond between carbon atom, of carbon monoxide
(CO) and oxygen (O2). This reaction will proceed to produce
carbon dioxide (CO2).
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

While collisions A and C will not proceed to produce the product

since their collision orientations are not appropriate for the
formation of the appropriate bond. Besides approaching each
other in proper orientation, reactants must overcome the energy
of activation to proceed in becoming the product(s). Thus, the
higher the energy of activation of a reaction, the lower the rate
and vice versa.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

2. ACTIVATION ENERGY

In order to effectively initiate

a reaction, collisions must be
sufficiently energetic (kinetic
energy) to break chemical
bonds; this energy is known
as the activation energy. As
the temperature rises,
molecules move faster and
collide more vigorously,
greatly increasing the
likelihood of bond breakage
upon collision.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

The rates at which reactants are consumed and products

are formed during chemical reactions vary greatly. We
can identify five factors that affect the rates of chemical
reactions: the chemical nature of the reacting
substances, the state of subdivision (one large lump
versus many small particles) of the reactants, the
temperature of the reactants, the concentration of the
reactants, and the presence of a catalyst.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

1.Concentration of reactants affects how fast a reaction

proceeds. Concentration describes the amount of molecule
present in a specified volume of a substance. The more
concentrated the reactants, the more particles are present to
effectively collide (with enough energy) with each other producing
the product(s) faster.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

1.Concentration
In a polluted atmosphere where the concentration of sulfur dioxide is
high, calcium carbonate deteriorates more rapidly than in less polluted
air. Similarly, phosphorus burns much more rapidly in an atmosphere of
pure oxygen than in air, which is only about 20% oxygen.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

2. Temperature plays an
important role in increasing or
decreasing the rate of a
chemical reaction. Increasing
the temperature causes the
molecules of the reactants to
gain more energy causing it to
increase collision and overcome
the energy of activation faster.
While lowering reaction
temperature, lowers collision
frequency making the reaction
slower. For example, cooking is
faster in higher temperature
compared to low.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

3. Particle Size

A finely divided solid has more surface area available for reaction than does
one large piece of the same substance. Thus, a liquid will react more rapidly
with a finely divided solid than with a large piece of the same solid. For
example, large pieces of iron react slowly with acids; finely divided iron
reacts much more rapidly (Figure 8.3.18.3.1). Large pieces of wood
smolder, smaller pieces burn rapidly, and saw dust burns explosively.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

3. Particle Size

If we mix baking soda and vinegar, carbon dioxide will form as evidenced by
formation of bubbles. Imagine two set ups, one using blocks of baking soda
and the other using powdered baking soda. Vinegar is added to each setup.
What do you think will produce bubbles faster? If you answered the setup
with powdered baking soda, you are correct. This is due to the amount of
surface area of reactant that come in contact with the other reactant. In a
block of baking soda, only six sides come in contact with vinegar while in
powdered form, every granule has a minimum of six sides, thus making the
total surface are in contact with vinegar way larger than in block form.
Thus, the smaller the particle size of the reactants, the more effective
collision occur, making the reaction faster.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

4. The Chemical Nature of the Reacting Substances

The rate of a reaction depends on the nature of the participating

substances. Reactions that appear similar may have different
rates under the same conditions, depending on the identity of the
reactants. For example, when small pieces of the metals iron and
sodium are exposed to air, the sodium reacts completely with air
overnight, whereas the iron is barely affected. The active metals
calcium and sodium both react with water to form hydrogen gas
and a base. Yet calcium reacts at a moderate rate, whereas
sodium reacts so rapidly that the reaction is almost explosive.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

4. Presence of Catalyst

Hydrogen peroxide solutions foam when

poured onto an open wound because
substances in the exposed tissues act as
catalysts, increasing the rate of hydrogen
peroxide’s decomposition. However, in the
absence of these catalysts (for example, in the
bottle in the medicine cabinet) complete
decomposition can take months. A catalyst is
a substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction by lowering the activation
energy without itself being consumed by the
reaction.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES