SPRING LOAD TESTING MACHINE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The spring manufacturing industry is a rapidly growing sector that plays a crucial role in various
fields, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and industrial machinery. Springs are
fundamental components used in numerous applications, from simple mechanical devices to
complex engineering systems. The manufacturing process of springs requires precise design,
high-quality materials, and rigorous testing to ensure performance, durability, and reliability.
With the increasing demand for high-performance springs, advanced inspection and testing
machines have become essential in the industry to evaluate the strength, flexibility, and load-
bearing capacity of different types of springs. Our project, the Spring Load Testing Machine, is
designed to provide an efficient and accurate method for testing the load-bearing capacity of
springs with varying diameters and lengths. The primary objective of this machine is to measure
the force required to compress or extend a spring, ensuring that it meets industry standards and
performance requirements. This project focuses on developing a user-friendly and cost-effective
testing machine that incorporates a microcontroller with a digital display, allowing precise
measurements and real-time data monitoring. Spring testing is a critical aspect of quality control
in manufacturing industries. Springs are designed to store mechanical energy and release it when
required, making them essential for applications where force and motion control are necessary.
The mechanical properties of a spring, including stiffness, elasticity, and resilience, must be
carefully analyzed to ensure that it performs optimally under specific conditions. Without proper
testing, a defective or substandard spring could lead to mechanical failure, reduced efficiency, or
even hazardous situations in critical applications such as vehicle suspension systems, medical
devices, and industrial machinery. The Spring Load Testing Machine operates by applying a
controlled load to the spring and measuring its deformation or displacement. This data helps
determine the spring's mechanical characteristics, including its load-deflection curve and
maximum load-bearing capacity. The machine consists of a power supply unit, a microcontroller,
a digital display, and a set of transistors (T1, T2, T3, and T4) responsible for activating the
display elements based on the applied load. The microcontroller receives input signals and
processes them to provide accurate readings, ensuring that the testing procedure is efficient and
reliable. One of the key features of this machine is its ability to handle various types of springs
used in different industries. Compression springs, extension springs, torsion springs, and
specialty springs all require precise load testing to confirm their specifications. The machine's
adaptability allows manufacturers to test a wide range of springs, making it a versatile tool for
quality assurance. By integrating digital technology and automation, the machine enhances the
accuracy and efficiency of the testing process, reducing human errors and improving overall
productivity. The power supply system of the Spring Load Testing Machine plays a crucial role
in its operation. The circuit draws power from a rectified 12-volt supply, which is then regulated
to 5 volts using a 7805 voltage regulator. This ensures that the microcontroller and other
electronic components receive a stable and consistent power supply, preventing fluctuations that
could affect measurement accuracy. Additionally, a 12 MHz crystal oscillator is incorporated into
the circuit to determine the microcontroller's operating speed. The oscillator generates a precise
clock signal, allowing the system to process data at a defined rate. The time period of the
oscillator is calculated as follows:

Time = 1 / Frequency= 1 / (12 x 10⁻⁶)= 0.08 microseconds

This calculation ensures that the microcontroller operates at an optimal speed, providing real-
time data processing and rapid response to load variations. The digital display unit presents the
test results in a clear and accessible format, allowing users to interpret the measurements easily
and make informed decisions regarding the quality and performance of the tested springs. The
construction and working principle of the Spring Load Testing Machine are designed to be
simple and efficient. The machine consists of a sturdy frame to support the spring under test, a
load application mechanism, and a measurement system. The load application mechanism
applies a gradual force to the spring while sensors detect the corresponding deformation. The
collected data is then processed by the microcontroller and displayed on the digital screen. The
use of transistors in the circuit ensures smooth operation and precise control over the display
elements, enhancing the overall functionality of the machine. Spring rolling is an essential
process in the manufacturing industry, involving the shaping and forming of metal wires into coil
springs. The selection of appropriate materials is crucial for producing high-quality springs with
excellent mechanical properties. Common materials used in spring manufacturing include iron,
copper, tin, aluminum, stainless steel, and brass. Each material has distinct characteristics that
influence the performance and durability of the final product. For instance, stainless steel is
widely used for its corrosion resistance and strength, while brass is preferred for its electrical
conductivity and non-magnetic properties. The ability to test and verify the mechanical
properties of these materials through load testing is vital for ensuring the reliability of the springs
used in various applications. The demand for automated and intelligent testing machines has
increased significantly in recent years due to advancements in manufacturing technology and
quality control standards. Traditional manual testing methods are often time-consuming, labor-
intensive, and prone to human error. In contrast, automated testing machines offer higher
precision, repeatability, and efficiency, making them indispensable tools for modern industries.
The integration of microcontrollers and digital technology in testing machines enhances their
capabilities, allowing real-time data acquisition, analysis, and reporting. These advancements
contribute to improved product quality, reduced production costs, and increased competitiveness
in the market. The Spring Load Testing Machine is not only beneficial for industrial applications
but also for academic and research purposes. Engineering students, researchers, and
professionals can use this machine to study the mechanical behavior of springs, analyze material
properties, and explore new design concepts. By providing a practical and hands-on approach to
learning, the machine serves as a valuable educational tool in mechanical engineering and
material science programs. Safety is another critical aspect of spring testing, as improper
handling of high-load springs can lead to accidents and injuries. The Spring Load Testing
Machine is designed with safety features to minimize risks during operation. The controlled load
application mechanism ensures that force is applied gradually and uniformly, preventing sudden
failures or excessive deformation. Additionally, the sturdy construction and protective enclosures
enhance the overall safety of the machine, making it suitable for use in industrial and educational
settings. The Spring Load Testing Machine is a highly useful and efficient tool for evaluating the
load-bearing capacity and mechanical properties of springs. Its integration of a microcontroller,
digital display, and automated testing mechanism ensures accurate and reliable measurements,
making it a valuable asset for spring manufacturing industries. The machine's ability to handle
various types of springs and materials further enhances its versatility and applicability. With the
increasing demand for high-quality springs in diverse industries, the importance of reliable
testing methods cannot be overstated. This project aims to provide a cost-effective, user-friendly,
and precise testing solution that meets industry standards and contributes to the advancement of
spring manufacturing technology.

CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 TITLE: An AI-Based Approach for Real-Time Obstacle Detection on Railway Tracks

AUTHOR: S. Kumar, R. Gupta, and A. Sharma

YEAR: 2022

DESCRIPTION: In their study, S. Kumar, R. Gupta, and A. Sharma propose an advanced AI-
based system for real-time obstacle detection on railway tracks, addressing a critical aspect of
rail safety. The system is designed to reduce the risk of accidents caused by track obstructions,
which can lead to severe casualties, infrastructure damage, and significant service disruptions.
By leveraging state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques, the system continuously monitors
railway tracks and swiftly identifies potential hazards, enabling proactive measures to avert
collisions. The detection mechanism is powered by a combination of computer vision and deep
learning algorithms, primarily using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for object detection
and classification. High-resolution cameras, LiDAR sensors, and radar units are strategically
positioned on the train’s front and sides, capturing continuous streams of visual and spatial data.
The sensor fusion process enhances detection accuracy by combining multiple data sources,
compensating for individual sensor limitations. For instance, while cameras provide detailed
imagery, LiDAR ensures precise distance measurements, and radar remains effective in low-
visibility conditions such as fog or heavy rain. Once the sensory data is processed, the AI model
analyzes the scene in real-time to detect objects like animals, vehicles, fallen trees, or debris on
the tracks. Upon identifying an obstacle, the system immediately triggers alerts, notifying both
train operators and centralized railway control centers. The alerts include obstacle type, size, and
distance, allowing operators to make informed decisions, such as reducing speed or halting the
train. In critical cases, the system can automatically activate braking mechanisms to prevent
collisions, reducing response times and human error. A key strength of this approach lies in its
adaptability. The AI model continuously learns from new data, improving detection capabilities
over time.

2.2 TITLE: An Upper Limb Movement Estimation from Electromyography by Using BP Neural
Network

AUTHOR: Zhang Lei

YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION: In this study, Zhang Lei presents a novel approach for estimating upper limb
movements based on electromyography (EMG) signals using a backpropagation (BP) neural
network. This research addresses a crucial challenge in biomedical engineering and rehabilitation
technology, where accurately interpreting muscle activity is essential for developing advanced
prosthetics, human-computer interfaces, and assistive devices for individuals with motor
impairments. The proposed method leverages EMG signals, which represent the electrical
activity generated by muscle contractions, to predict complex limb movements in real time. The
system relies on surface EMG sensors placed on key muscle groups, capturing the dynamic
electrical patterns produced during various limb motions. These raw EMG signals are
preprocessed through signal conditioning techniques, including amplification, filtering, and
normalization, to enhance signal quality and reduce noise. Feature extraction methods, such as
time-domain and frequency-domain analysis, are applied to distill relevant signal characteristics
that correlate with specific movements. The core of the system is the BP neural network, a type
of multilayer perceptron trained using a supervised learning algorithm. The network learns to
map EMG signal features to corresponding limb movements through iterative weight
adjustments, minimizing the error between predicted and actual movements. The BP algorithm's
ability to model complex, nonlinear relationships makes it well-suited for handling the intricate
biomechanics of human motion. In training and validation experiments, the network
demonstrated high accuracy in predicting a range of movements, including flexion, extension,
and rotational actions, across multiple degrees of freedom. One of the study’s significant
contributions is its real-time capability. The trained network can process incoming EMG signals
and produce movement estimates with minimal latency, making it viable for live applications.
This real-time performance is critical for assistive devices like myoelectric prosthetics, where
responsiveness directly impacts usability and user experience.

2.3 TITLE: Prototype of Wideband Air Sonar Based on STM32

AUTHOR: Marta Okoń-Fąfara, Adam Kawalec, and Bartłomiej Fąfara

YEAR: 2017

DESCRIPTION: In this research, Marta Okoń-Fąfara, Adam Kawalec, and Bartłomiej Fąfara
introduce a prototype of a wideband air sonar system built using the STM32 microcontroller
platform. The study addresses the growing need for affordable and efficient ultrasonic sensing
systems for applications such as robotics, object detection, and environmental monitoring. The
proposed system leverages the capabilities of the STM32 microcontroller to generate, process,
and analyze ultrasonic signals, offering a cost-effective and flexible solution for real-time
distance measurement and spatial awareness. The sonar system utilizes a wideband ultrasonic
transducer capable of emitting and receiving high-frequency sound waves. The STM32
microcontroller handles signal generation and timing control, producing precisely modulated
pulses to drive the transducer. The reflected echoes, picked up by the receiver, are processed
through a series of analog and digital signal conditioning stages, including amplification,
filtering, and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). The processed signals are then analyzed to
extract distance information based on time-of-flight (ToF) calculations, with the microcontroller
performing these computations in real time. A key feature of the system is its use of wideband
signals, which enhances spatial resolution and accuracy compared to narrowband approaches.
The wide bandwidth allows for better discrimination of closely spaced objects and improves
echo clarity in complex environments with multiple reflectors. Experimental tests demonstrated
that the prototype could accurately measure distances up to several meters, with minimal error
margins, even in challenging acoustic conditions with noise and reverberation. The researchers
also highlight the scalability and adaptability of the system. The STM32 platform’s versatility
enables easy adjustments to signal parameters, such as pulse duration and frequency range,
allowing the sonar to be optimized for specific applications. For instance, lower frequencies can
extend the detection range, while higher frequencies can improve resolution for close-proximity
sensing. The system's compact design and low power consumption make it suitable for
integration into mobile robots, drones, and IoT devices.

2.4 TITLE: Design and Implementation of FIR Filter Based on STM32F103x

AUTHOR: Zhendong Zheng, Zhixia Wu, Minhao Xu, Zhinxin Zhao, and Jifeng Ni

YEAR: 2021

DESCRIPTION: In this study, Zhendong Zheng, Zhixia Wu, Minhao Xu, Zhinxin Zhao, and
Jifeng Ni present the design and implementation of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter using
the STM32F103x microcontroller. This research focuses on leveraging the computational
capabilities of the STM32F103x series, based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core, to perform real-time
digital filtering for embedded signal processing applications. FIR filters, known for their inherent
stability and linear-phase characteristics, are widely used in audio processing, biomedical signal
analysis, and communication systems — making their efficient implementation on low-cost
microcontrollers highly valuable. The researchers outline the entire filter design process, starting
with the selection of filter coefficients using windowing methods and frequency sampling
techniques. The chosen coefficients are then stored in the microcontroller's memory, and the
convolution operation required for FIR filtering is implemented in C code. The STM32F103x's
integrated Digital Signal Processing (DSP) extensions are utilized to accelerate multiply-
accumulate (MAC) operations, which are central to FIR filtering. Performance tests demonstrate
that the system can handle input signals at sampling rates up to several kHz while maintaining
real-time responsiveness. The researchers optimize the implementation by using circular buffers
and direct memory access (DMA) to minimize CPU load, allowing the microcontroller to handle
other tasks alongside filtering. The study also includes a comparison of fixed-point and floating-
point implementations, showing that fixed-point arithmetic significantly reduces computation
time with negligible impact on filter accuracy for many practical applications. The versatility of
the STM32F103x platform makes this solution adaptable to various scenarios. For example, in
biomedical systems, the filter can be used to remove noise from ECG or EMG signals, while in
communication systems, it can serve as a low-pass or band-pass filter to eliminate unwanted
frequency components. The system’s low power consumption and small footprint make it ideal
for portable or battery-powered devices.

2.5 TITLE: The Integrated Design for Micro-Environment Monitoring System of Showcase in
Museum

AUTHOR: Dong Chan, Zhang Yang, Li Jingjie, and Zhang Hui

YEAR: 2017

DESCRIPTION: In this study, Dong Chan, Zhang Yang, Li Jingjie, and Zhang Hui propose an
integrated design for a micro-environment monitoring system tailored for museum showcases.
This research addresses the critical need for precise environmental control to preserve delicate
artifacts, which can degrade over time due to fluctuations in temperature, humidity, light, and air
quality. The system leverages modern sensor technology, microcontrollers, and wireless
communication to provide continuous real-time monitoring, helping museum staff maintain
optimal preservation conditions. The monitoring system consists of a network of sensors
strategically placed within museum showcases to capture environmental parameters such as
temperature, relative humidity, illumination, and pollutant levels. These sensors are connected to
a microcontroller, which processes and transmits the collected data to a central monitoring
station. The system uses an STM32 microcontroller for data acquisition and preliminary signal
processing, with wireless modules (like Zigbee or Wi-Fi) enabling remote data transmission
without intrusive wiring. A key feature of the system is its ability to trigger alerts when
environmental parameters deviate from safe thresholds. For example, if humidity rises above a
critical level, the system can send notifications to curators, allowing them to take immediate
corrective action, such as adjusting ventilation or deploying dehumidifiers. This proactive
approach minimizes the risk of artifact damage caused by prolonged exposure to harmful
conditions. The researchers emphasize the system’s energy efficiency, which is essential for
long-term deployment in museum environments. Low-power sensor modules and optimized data
transmission protocols extend the system's operational lifespan, reducing maintenance frequency.
The design also incorporates data logging and historical trend analysis, enabling curators to study
environmental patterns over time and refine preservation strategies accordingly. This system is
not only scalable but also highly adaptable to different museum setups. It can be configured for
various exhibit types, from paintings and sculptures to ancient manuscripts and textiles, each of
which may require unique environmental parameters.

2.6 TITLE: The Design and Implementation of Oscilloscope Based on STM32

AUTHOR: Mingxin Song, Yue Li, and Yang Yang

YEAR: 2019

DESCRIPTION: In this study, Mingxin Song, Yue Li, and Yang Yang present the design and
implementation of a low-cost, high-performance digital oscilloscope built using the STM32
microcontroller platform. The research focuses on creating a portable and affordable alternative
to commercial oscilloscopes, making signal visualization more accessible for students, hobbyists,
and engineers working on embedded systems and electronic circuit analysis. The system is
centered around the STM32 microcontroller, which is responsible for signal acquisition,
processing, and display. The microcontroller’s integrated analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
samples input signals at high speed, converting analog waveforms into digital data. The
researchers implement a configurable sampling rate to accommodate different signal frequencies,
allowing the oscilloscope to capture both low and high-frequency signals with sufficient
resolution. The acquired signal data is processed in real-time, with the STM32 handling tasks
such as data buffering, noise reduction, and signal conditioning. The researchers optimize the
system by using direct memory access (DMA) to transfer ADC results to memory, minimizing
CPU load and enhancing overall responsiveness. A liquid crystal display (LCD) serves as the
user interface, visually presenting the captured waveforms and providing essential measurement
features, such as peak voltage, frequency, and duty cycle calculations. The oscilloscope’s user
interface is designed for simplicity and ease of use, with buttons and rotary encoders allowing
users to adjust settings like time base, voltage scale, and trigger level. The system also supports
various triggering modes, including edge and level triggers, to capture transient or periodic
signals more accurately. The researchers implement signal persistence and waveform storage
features, enabling users to freeze, save, and review previous waveforms for further analysis. One
of the standout aspects of this design is its balance between functionality and resource efficiency.
Despite the STM32’s limited processing power compared to dedicated oscilloscope hardware,
the researchers successfully create a device capable of handling real-time signal acquisition and
visualization with minimal latency. The system’s compact form factor and low power
consumption make it ideal for fieldwork or portable diagnostic tools.

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
The design of the Spring Load Testing Machine involves a combination of mechanical, electrical,
and electronic components to ensure precise load measurement and user-friendly operation. The
design process includes selecting appropriate materials, developing the mechanical framework,
integrating electronic control systems, and implementing software for data processing and
display. This document outlines the critical aspects of the design process, ensuring a
comprehensive understanding of the machine's construction and functionality. The mechanical
structure of the Spring Load Testing Machine is designed to accommodate various types of
springs, allowing for flexibility in testing different diameters and lengths. The frame is typically
made of high-strength steel or aluminum to provide durability and stability. The base of the
machine is reinforced to minimize vibrations during testing, ensuring accurate readings. The load
application mechanism consists of a movable platen that applies force to the spring under test.
The force is generated through a lead screw mechanism, a hydraulic system, or a pneumatic
actuator, depending on the required load capacity and precision. A crucial component of the
design is the force measurement system. A load cell is integrated into the machine to measure the
applied force with high accuracy. The load cell converts mechanical force into an electrical
signal, which is then processed by the microcontroller. Different types of load cells, such as
strain gauge load cells or piezoelectric sensors, can be used depending on the desired accuracy
and sensitivity. The choice of the load cell is determined by factors such as load range,
environmental conditions, and calibration requirements. The electronic control system plays a
vital role in the operation of the machine. The microcontroller is the central processing unit that
receives input from the load cell, processes the data, and controls the digital display. The
microcontroller is programmed to perform calculations, filter noise from the sensor signals, and
ensure real-time data acquisition. The selection of the microcontroller is based on factors such as
processing speed, memory capacity, and compatibility with other components. Commonly used
microcontrollers include Arduino, PIC, or ARM-based processors. The power supply unit is
designed to provide a stable voltage to all electronic components. The circuit operates on a
rectified 12V power supply, which is regulated to 5V using a 7805 voltage regulator. This
ensures that the microcontroller and other sensitive components receive a consistent voltage,
preventing fluctuations that could affect measurement accuracy. Additionally, a 12 MHz crystal
oscillator is used to generate a stable clock signal for the microcontroller, ensuring precise timing
and synchronization of operations. The digital display unit is an essential part of the machine,
allowing users to monitor test results in real time. A seven-segment display, LCD screen can be
used to present the load values and other relevant parameters. The display is controlled by the
microcontroller, which updates the readings based on the data received from the load cell. Safety
considerations are integral to the design of the Spring Load Testing Machine. The machine is
equipped with protective enclosures and safety interlocks to prevent accidental injuries during
operation. Emergency stop buttons and overload protection mechanisms are implemented to
ensure safe usage. The load application mechanism is designed to apply force gradually,
preventing sudden failures or excessive deformation of the spring under test. The calibration of
the machine is a critical aspect of its design. Regular calibration ensures that the load cell
provides accurate and reliable readings. Calibration involves applying known loads to the
machine and adjusting the sensor output accordingly. The machine may include an automatic
calibration feature, allowing users to perform self-calibration without the need for external
reference weights. The machine's software is designed to enhance functionality and user
experience. The microcontroller is programmed using languages such as embedded C,
depending on the chosen hardware platform. The software includes algorithms for data filtering,
load compensation, and error detection. Advanced features such as data logging, wireless
connectivity, and remote monitoring can be incorporated to improve the overall usability of the
machine. The integration of IoT technology into the design allows for remote access and real-
time data sharing. By connecting the machine to a cloud-based platform, users can monitor test
results from anywhere using a mobile application or web interface. This feature is particularly
beneficial for large-scale manufacturing industries where multiple testing machines are used
simultaneously. The ability to store and analyze historical data helps in quality control and
predictive maintenance. Material selection is another crucial aspect of the design. The
components of the machine must withstand repeated loading and environmental conditions such
as temperature variations and humidity. Stainless steel is commonly used for the load application
mechanism due to its high strength and corrosion resistance. The frame and base are typically
made of mild steel or aluminum, offering a balance between strength and weight. Non-metallic
components such as rubber pads and plastic covers are used for insulation and safety purposes.

The user interface design is focused on simplicity and efficiency. The control panel includes
buttons or a touchscreen interface for selecting test parameters and starting the test. Indicator
lights or alarms provide feedback on the machine’s status, ensuring that operators are informed
of any issues. The software interface displays load values, deformation measurements, and test
duration in an organized format, making it easy to interpret the results. The mechanical
components are designed to be easily maintainable and replaceable. Modular design principles
are followed to allow quick disassembly and reassembly of parts. The use of standardized
components ensures that replacements are readily available, reducing downtime in case of
maintenance or repairs. Lubrication points and wear-resistant materials are incorporated to
enhance the longevity of the moving parts. The cost-effectiveness of the design is an important
consideration. The machine is designed to provide high accuracy at an affordable cost, making it
accessible to small and medium-scale manufacturers. The use of off-the-shelf components and
open-source software helps in reducing development and manufacturing costs.
1. Load Calculation

The applied load is one of the primary parameters in spring testing. The force exerted on the
spring can be calculated using:

where:

F is the applied force (N)

M is the mass (kg)

g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)

For example, if a mass of 2 kg is used:

Spring deflection () is the displacement of the spring when a load is applied. It is determined
using Hooke’s Law:

where:

k is the spring constant (N/m)

 is the deflection (m)

Rearranging for deflection:

If a spring has a stiffness of 500 N/m and an applied force of 20 N:

3. Spring Stiffness Calculation

The stiffness or spring constant k is calculated as:

If a spring compresses 10 mm under a 50 N load:

4. Load Cell Sensitivity and Calibration

Load cells convert applied force into electrical signals. The output voltage (V) is given by:

where:
S is the sensitivity (mV/N)

F is the force (N)

For a load cell with a sensitivity of 2 mV/N and an applied force of 50 N:

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES and LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES

✅ Simple Operation – The machine is easy to operate with a microcontroller-based system and
digital display.

✅ Accurate Load Measurement – Provides precise load testing for springs of different diameters
and lengths.

✅ Compact and Lightweight – The design is simple and portable, making it easy to use in various
industries.

✅ Cost-Effective – Compared to traditional testing machines, this system is affordable and

✅ Versatile Applications – Suitable for multiple industries, including automobile, manufacturing,

✅ Efficient Power Utilization – Operates on a regulated 5V supply, ensuring low power

LIMITATIONS

⚠️Limited Load Capacity – May not be suitable for high-load industrial-grade springs.

⚠️Microcontroller Dependency – Any failure in the microcontroller or circuit components can

⚠️Accuracy Constraints – The precision depends on the sensor quality and calibration, which
might need regular adjustments.

CHAPTER 5
COST ESTIMATION
S.No Component / Material Quantity Unit Price (INR) Total Cost (INR)

1 Microcontroller (e.g., ATmega328) 1 500 500

2 Load Cell Sensor (5-50kg) 1 1,500 1,500

3 LCD Display (16x2) 1 400 400

4 Transistors (T1, T2, T3, T4) 4 20 80

5 7805 Voltage Regulator 1 50 50

6 Crystal Oscillator (12MHz) 1 100 100

7 Resistors & Capacitors (Various) Assorted 200 200

8 Rectifier Circuit Components 1 Set 300 300

9 PCB Board & Circuit Assembly 1 1,000 1,000

10 Metal Frame (Mild Steel/Aluminum) 1 3,000 3,000

11 Springs for Testing 3 300 900

12 Power Adapter (12V DC) 1 500 500

13 Wires & Connectors Assorted 300 300

14 Fabrication & Assembly Labor - 2,500 2,500

15 Miscellaneous Costs - 1,000 1,000

16 Testing & Calibration - 1,000 1,000

Total Estimated Cost: ₹13,330

REFERENCES
1. Zhang Lei, "An upper limb movement estimation from electromyography by using BP
neural network[J]", Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, pp. 49, 2019.

2. Marta Okoń-Fąfara, Adam Kawalec and Bartŀomiej Fąfara, "Prototype of Wideband Air
Sonar Based on STM32[J]", Archives of Acoustics, vol. 42, no. 4, 2017.

3. Zhendong Zheng, Zhixia Wu, Minhao Xu, Zhinxin Zhao and Jifeng Ni, "Design and
implementation of FIR filter based on STM32F103x[J]", Journal of Shanghai Normal
University (Natural Sciences), vol. 42, no. 4, 2013.

4. Dong Chan, Zhang Yang, Li Jingjie and Zhang Hui, "The Integrated Design for Micro -
environment Monitoring System of Showcase in Museum[J]", MATEC Web of
Conferences, pp. 100, 2017.
5. Mingxin Song, Yue Li and Yang Yang, The design and implementation of oscillograph
based on STM32[P], 2013.