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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
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Title: The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542.

Author: George Parker Winship

Contributor: active 16th century Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Juan Camilo Jaramillo
Antonio de Mendoza

Editor: John Wesley Powell

Release date: November 14, 2015 [eBook #50448]

Most recently updated: October 22, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Credits: DP Project Manager for Bureau of American Ethnology Projects,

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CORONADO

EXPEDITION, 1540-1542. ***
The Coronado Expedition 1540–1542, by
George Parker Winship, excerpted from the
Four­t eenth An­n ual Re­p ort of the Bureau of Eth­‐
nol­o gy to the Sec­r e­t ary of the Smith­s onian Ins­‐
ti­t u­t ion, 1892–1893, Part 1.
to Transcriber's Note
to Table of Contents
to List of Illustrations
 p329

THE CORONADO EXPEDITION,

1540–1542
BY

GEORGE PARKER WINSHIP

 p331

CONTENTS
Introductory note … 339
Itinerary of the Coronado ex­pe­di­tions, 1527–1547 … 341
Historical introduction … 345
The causes of the Coronado expedition, 1528– … 345
1539
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca … 345
The governors of New Spain, 1530–1537 … 350
The reconnoissance of Friar Marcos de Niza … 353
The effect of Friar Marcos’ report … 362
The expedition to New Mexico and the great … 373
plains
The organization of the expedition … 373
The departure of the expedition … 382
The expedition by sea under Alarcon … 385
The journey from Culiacan to Cibola … 386
The capture of the Seven Cities … 388
The exploration of the country … 389
The Spaniards at Zuñi … 389
The discovery of Tusayan and the Grand … 390
canyon
The Rio Grande and the great plains … 390
The march of the army from Culiacan to Tiguex … 391
The winter of 1540–1541 along the Rio Grande … 392
 The Indian revolt … 392
The stories about Quivira … 393
The journey across the buffalo plains … 395
The winter of 1541–1542 … 399
The friars remain in the country … 400
The return to New Spain … 401
The end of Coronado … 402
Some results of the expedition … 403
The discovery of Colorado river … 403
The voyage of Alarcon … 403
The journey of Melchior Diaz … 406
The Indian uprising in New Spain, 1540–1542 … 408
Further attempts at discovery … 411
The voyage of Cabrillo … 411
Villalobos sails across the Pacific … 412
The narrative of Castañeda … 413
Bibliographic note … 413
The Spanish text … 414
Proemio … 414
Primera parte … 416
Capitulo primero donde se trata como se supo … 416
la primera poblacion de las siete çiudades y como
Nuño de guzman hiçoa rmada para descubrirlla
Capitulo segundo como bino a ser gouernador … 417
françisco uasques coronado y la segundo relaçion
que dio cabeça de uaca
Capitulo terçero como mataron los de cibola a … 418
el negro esteuan y fray marcos bolbio huyendo
Capitulo quarto como el buen don Antonio de … 419
mendoça hiço jornada para el descubrimiento de
Cibola
Capitulo quinto que trata quienes fueron por … 420
capitanes a cibola
Capitulo sexto como se juntaron en conpostela … 421
todas las capitanias y salieron en orden para la
jornada
Capitulo septimo como el campo llego a … 422
chiametla y mataron a el maestre de canpo y lo que
mas acaeçio hasta llegar a culiacan
Capitulo otauo como el campo entro en la uilla … 423
de culiacan y el recebimiento que se hiço y lo que
mas acaeçio hasta la partida
Capitulo nueve como el canpo salio de … 424
culiacan y llego el general a çibola y el campo a
señora y lo que mas acaeçio
Capitulo deçimo como el campo salio de la … 425
uilla de senora quedando la uilla poblada y como
llego a çibola y lo que le a uino en el camino a el
capitan melchior dias yendo en demanda de los
nabios y como descubrio el rio del tison
Capitulo onçe como don pedro de touar … 428
descubrio a tusayan o tutahaco y don garci lopes de
cardenas bio el rio del tison y lo que mas acaecion
Capitulo doçe como binieron a çibola gentes … 430
de cicuye a ber los christianos y como fue herdo de
aluarado a ber las uacas
Capitulo trece como el general llego con poca … 432
gente la uia de tutahaco y dexo campo a don tristan
que lo llebo a tiguex
Capitulo catorce como el campo salio de sibola … 432
para tiguex y lo que les acaeçio en el camino con
niebe
Capitulo quinçe como se alço tiguex y el … 433
castigo que en ellos ubo sin que lo ubiese en el
causador
 Capitulo desiseis como se puso çerco a tiguex … 435
y se gano y lo que mas acontencio mediante el cerco
Capitulo desisiete como binieron a el campo … 438
mensajeros del ualle de señora y como murio el
capitan melchior dias en la jornada de tizon
Capitulo desiocho como el general procure … 439
dexar asentada la tierra para ir en demanda de
quisuira donde deçia el turco auia el prinçipio de la
riqueça
Capitulo desinueve como salieron en demanda … 440
de quiuira y lo que acontecio en el camino
Capitulo ueinte como cayeron grandes piedras … 442
en el campo y como se descubrio otra barranca
donde se dibidio el campo en dos partes
Capitulo ueinte y uno como el campo bolbio a … 443
tiguex y el general llego a quiuira
Capitulo ueinte y dos como el general bolbio … 445
de quiuira y se hiçieron otras entradas debajo del
norte
Segunda parte en que se trata de los pueblos y … 446
prouincias de altos y de sus ritos y costumbres
recopilada por pedro de castañeda ueçino de la
çiudad de Naxara
Capitulo primero de la prouincia de Culiacan y … 447
de sus ritos y costumbres
Capitulo segundo de la prouincia de petlatlan … 448
y todo lo poblado hasta chichilticale
Capitulo tercero de lo ques chichilticale y el … 450
despoblado de çibola sus costumbres y ritos y de
otras cosas
Capitulo quarto como se tratan los de tiguex y … 451
de la prouincia de tiguex y sus comarcas
Capitulo quinto de cicuye y los pueblos de su … 452
contorno y de como unas gentes binieron a
 conquistar aquella tierra
Capitulo sexto en que se declara quantos … 454
fueron los pueblos que se uieron en los poblados de
terrados y lo poblado de ello
Capitulo septimo que trata de los llanos que se … 455
atrabesaron de bacas y de las gentes que los
habitan
Capitulo ocho de quiuira y en que rumbo esta … 456
y la notiçia que dan
Tercera parte como y en que se trata aquello … 458
que aconteçio a francisco uasques coronado estando
inbernando y como dexo la jornada y se bolbio a la
nueba españa
Capitulo primero como bino de Señora don … 458
pedro de touar con gente y se partio para la nueba
españa don garci lopes de cardenas
Capitulo segundo como cayo el general y se … 459
hordeno la buelta para la nueba españa
Capitulo terçero como se alço Suya y las … 460
causas que para ello dieron los pobladores
Capitulo quarto como se quedo fray juan de … 461
padilla y fray luis en la tierra y el campo se aperçibio
la buelta de mexico
Capitulo quinto como el canpo salio del … 462
poblado y camino a culiacan y lo que aconteçio en el
camino
Capitulo sexto como el general salio de … 463
culiacan para dar quenta a el uisorey del campo que
le encargo
Capitulo septimo de las cosas que le … 464
aconteçieron al capitan Juan gallego por la tierra
alçada lleuando el socorro
Capitulo otauo en que se quentan algunas … 466
cosas admirables que se bieron en los llanos con la
 façion de los toros
Capitulo nono que trata el rumbo que llebo el … 468
campo y como se podria yr a buscar otra uia que
mas derecha fuese abiendo de boluer aquella tierra
Translation of the narrative of Castañeda … 470
Preface … 470
First Part … 472
Chapter 1, which treats of the way we first … 472
came to know about the Seven Cities, and of how
Nuño de Guzman made an expedition to discover
them
Chapter 2, of how Francisco Vazquez … 474
Coronado came to be governor, and the second
account which Cabeza de Vaca gave
Chapter 3, of how they killed the negro … 475
Stephen at Cibola, and Friar Marcos returned in flight
Chapter 4, of how the noble Don Antonio de … 476
Mendoza made an expedition to discover Cibola
Chapter 5, concerning the captains who went … 477
to Cibola
Chapter 6, of how all the companies collected … 478
in Compostela and set off on the journey in good
order
Chapter 7, of how the army reached … 479
Chiametla, and the killing of the army-master, and
the other things that happened up to the arrival at
Culiacan
Chapter 8, of how the army entered the town … 481
of Culiacan and the reception it received, and other
things which happened before the de­par­ture
Chapter 9, of how the army started from … 482
Culiacan and the arrival of the general at Cibola and
 of the army at Señora and of other things that
happened
Chapter 10, of how the army started from the … 484
town of Señora, leaving it inhabited, and how it
reached Cibola, and of what happened to Captain
Melchior Diaz on his expedition in search of the ships
and how he discovered the Ti­son (Fire­brand) ri­ver
Chapter 11, of how Don Pedro de Tovar … 487
discovered Tusayan or Tutahaco and Don Garcia
Lopez de Cardenas saw the Firebrand river and the
other things that had happened
Chapter 12, of how people came from Cicuye … 490
to Cibola to see the Christians, and how Hernando
de Alvarado went to see the cows
Chapter 13, of how the general went toward … 492
Tutahaco with a few men and left the army with Don
Tristan, who took it to Tiguex
Chapter 14, of how the army went from Cibola … 493
to Tiguex and what happened to them on the way,
on account of the snow
Chapter 15, of why Tiguex revolted, and how … 494
they were punished, without being to blame for it
Chapter 16, of how they besieged Tiguex and … 497
took it, and of what happened during the siege
Chapter 17, of how messengers reached the … 501
army from the valley of Señora, and how Captain
Melchior Diaz died on the expedition to the Firebrand
river
Chapter 18, of how the general managed to … 502
leave the country in peace so as to go in search of
Quivira, where the Turk said there was the most
wealth
Chapter 19, of how they started in search of … 504
Quivira and of what happened on the way
 Chapter 20, of how great stones fell in the … 506
camp, and how they discovered another ravine,
where the army was divided into two parts
Chapter 21, of how the army returned to … 508
Tiguex and the general reached Quivira
Chapter 22, of how the general returned from … 510
Quivira and of other expeditions toward the north
Second Part, which treats of the high villages … 512
and provinces and of their habits and customs, as
collected by Pedro de Castañeda, native of the city of
Najara
Chapter 1, of the province of Culiacan and of … 513
its habits and customs
Chapter 2, of the province of Petlatlan and all … 514
the inhabited country as far as Chichilticalli
Chapter 3, of Chichilticalli and the desert, of … 516
Cibola, its customs and habits, and of other things
Chapter 4, of how they live at Tiguex, and of … 519
the province of Tiguex and its neighborhood
Chapter 5, of Cicuye and the villages in its … 523
neighborhood, and of how some people came to
conquer this country
Chapter 6, which gives the number of villages … 524
which were seen in the country of the terraced
houses, and their population
Chapter 7, which treats of the plains that were … 526
crossed, of the cows, and of the people who inhabit
them
Chapter 8, of Quivira, of where it is and some … 528
information about it
Third Part, which describes what happened to … 530
Francisco Vazquez Coronado during the winter, and
how he gave up the expedition and returned to New
Spain
 Chapter 1, of how Don Pedro de Tovar came … 530
from Señora with some men, and Don Garcia Lopez
de Cardenas started back to New Spain
Chapter 2, of the general’s fall and of how the … 531
return to New Spain was ordered
Chapter 3, of the rebellion at Suya and the … 533
reasons the settlers gave for it
Chapter 4, of how Friar Juan de Padilla and … 534
Friar Luis remained in the country and the army
prepared to return to Mexico
Chapter 5, of how the army left the … 537
settlements and marched to Culiacan, and of what
happened on the way
Chapter 6, of how the general started from … 538
Culiacan to give the viceroy an account of the army
with which he had been intrusted
Chapter 7, of the adventures of Captain Juan … 540
Gallego while he was bringing reenforcements
through the revolted country
Chapter 8, which describes some remarkable … 541
things that were seen on the plains, with a
description of the bulls
Chapter 9, which treats of the direction which … 544
the army took, and of how another more direct way
might be found if anyone was going to return to that
country
Translation of the letter from Mendoza to the … 547
King, April 17, 1540
Translation of the letter from Coronado to … 552
Mendoza, August 3, 1540
Translation of the Traslado de las Nuevas … 564
Relación postrera de Sívola … 566
Spanish text … 566
 Translation … 568
Translation of the Relacion del Suceso … 572
Translation of a letter from Coronado to the … 580
King, October 20, 1541
Translation of the narrative of Jaramillo … 584
Translation of the report of Hernando de … 594
Alvarado
Testimony concerning those who went on the … 596
expedition with Francisco Vaz­quez Cor­o­na­do
A list of works useful to the student of the … 599
Coronado expedition
 p337

ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE page

XXXVIII. The New Spain and New Mexico country 345

XXXIX. The Ulpius globe of 1542 349
XL. Sebastian Cabot’s map of 1544 353
XLI. Map of the world by Ptolemy, 1548 357
XLII. Battista Agnese’s New Spain, sixteenth 361
century
XLIII. The City of Mexico about 1550, by Alonzo de 365
Santa Cruz
XLIV. Zaltieri’s karte, 1566 369
XLV. Mercator’s northwestern part of New Spain, 373
1569
XLVI. Mercator’s interior of New Spain, 1569 377
XLVII. Abr. Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570 381
XLVIII. Dourado’s Terra Antipodv Regis Castele 385
Inveta, 1580
XLIX. Western hemisphere of Mercator, 1587 389
L. Northern half of De Bry’s America Sive Novvs 393
Orbis, 1596
LI. Wytfliet’s Vtrivsqve Hemispherii Delineatio, 397
1597
 LII. Wytfliet’s New Granada and California, 1597 401
LIII. Wytfliet’s kingdoms of Quivira, Anian, and 405
Tolm, 1597
LIV. Matthias Quadus’ Fasciculus Geographicus, 409
1608
LV. The buffalo of Gomara, 1554 512
LVI. The buffalo of Thevet, 1558 516
LVII. The buffalo of De Bry, 1595 520
LVIII. On the terraces at Zuñi 525
LIX. Middle court at Zuñi 527
LX. Zuñi court, showing “balcony” 529
LXI. Zuñi interior 531
LXII. Zuñis in typical modern costume 534
LXIII. Hopi maidens, showing primitive Pueblo 536
hairdressing
LXIV. Hopi grinding and paper-bread making 539
LXV. Hopi basket maker 543
LXVI. Pueblo pottery making 547
LXVII. Pueblo spinning and weaving 551
LXVIII. The Tewa pueblo of P’o-who-gi or San 555
Ildefonso
LXIX. Pueblo of Jemez 559
LXX. Ruins of Spanish church above Jemez 562
LXXI. The Keres pueblo of Sia 569
LXXII. The Keres pueblo of Cochití 571
LXXIII. The Tewa pueblo of Nambe 573
LXXIV. A Nambe Indian in war costume 576
LXXV. A Nambe water carrier 578
 LXXVI. The Keres pueblo of Katishtya or San Felipe 583
LXXVII. The south town of the Tiwa pueblo of Taos 585
LXXVIII. The Tewa pueblo of K’hapóo or Santa Clara 587
LXXIX. The Tewa pueblo of Ohke or San Juan 589
LXXX. A native of San Juan 592
LXXXI. A native of Pecos 596
LXXXII. Facsimile of pages of Castañeda’s relacion 456
LXXXIII. Facsimile of pages of Castañeda’s relacion 442
LXXXIV. Facsimile of pages of Castañeda’s relacion 466
 p339

THE CORONADO EXPEDITION, 1540–

1542
B Y G EORGE P ARKER W INSHIP

INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The following historical introduction, with the accompanying
translations, is the result of work in the Seminary of American
History at Harvard University. Undertaken as a bit of undergraduate
study, it has gradually assumed a form which has been considered
worthy of publication, chiefly because of the suggestions and
assistance which have been given with most generous readiness by
all from whom I have had occasion to ask help or advice. To Dr
Justin Winsor; to Professor Henry W. Haynes, who opened the way
for students of the early Spanish history of the North American
southwest; to Dr J. Walter Fewkes, who has freely offered me the
many results of his long-continued and minute investigations at
Tusayan and Zuñi; and to the careful oversight and aid of Mr F. W.
Hodge and the other members of the Bureau of Ethnology, much of
the value of this work is due. Mr Augustus Hemenway has kindly
permitted the use of the maps and documents deposited in the
archives of the Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition by
Mr Adolph F. Bandelier. My indebtedness to the researches and
writings of Mr Bandelier is evident throughout. Señor Joaquin Garcia
Icazbalceta—whose death, in November, 1894, removed the master
student of the documentary history of Mexico—most courteously
gave me all the information at his command, and with his own hand
copied the Relación postrera de Sívola , which is now for the first
time printed. The Spanish text of Castañeda’s narrative, the
presentation of which for the first time in its original language
affords the best reason for the present publication, has been copied
and printed with the consent of the trustees of the Lenox Library in
New York, in whose custody is the original manuscript. I am under
many obligations to their librarian, Mr Wilberforce Eames, who has
always been ready to assist me by whatever means were within his
power.
The subject of this research was suggested by Professor Channing
of Harvard. If my work has resulted in some contribution to the
literature of the history of the Spanish conquest of America, it is
because of his constant guidance and inspiration, and his persistent
refusal to p340 consent to any abandoning of the work before the
results had been expressed in a manner worthy of the university.
Before the completion of the arrangements by which this essay
becomes a part of the annual report of the Director of the Bureau of
Ethnology, it had been accepted for publication by the Department
of History of Harvard University.
G EORGE P ARKER W INSHIP
Assistant in American History
in Harvard University.
C AMBRIDGE, M ASSACHUSETTS ,
February, 1895.
 p341

ITINERARY OF THE CORONADO

EXPEDITIONS, 1527–1547
1527
June 17 Narvaez sails from Spain to explore the mainland north
of the Gulf of Mexico.
1528
April 15 Narvaez lands in Florida.
Sept. 22 The failure of the Narvaez expedition is assured.
1535
Cortes makes a settlement in Lower California.
Mendoza comes to Mexico as viceroy of New Spain.
1536
April Cabeza de Vaca and three other survivors of the Narvaez
expedition arrive in New Spain.
The Licenciate de la Torre takes the residencia of Nuño de
Guzman, who is imprisoned until June 30, 1538.
1537
Franciscan friars labor among the Indian tribes living north of
New Spain.
Coronado subdues the revolted miners of Amatepeque.
The proposed expedition under Dorantes comes to naught.
April 20 De Soto receives a grant of the mainland of Florida.
1538
September It is rumored that Coronado has been nominated
governor of New Galicia.
1539
Pedro de Alvarado returns from Spain to the New World.
March 7 Friar Marcos de Niza, accompanied by the negro
Estevan, starts from Culiacan to find the Seven Cities.
April 18 The appointment of Coronado as governor of New
Galicia is confirmed.
May De Soto sails from Habana.
May 9 Friar Marcos enters the wilderness of Arizona.
May 21 Friar Marcos learns of the death of Estevan.
May 25 De Soto lands on the coast of Florida.
July 8 Ulloa sails from Acapulco nearly to the head of the Gulf
of California in command of a fleet furnished by Cortes.
August Friar Marcos returns from the north and certifies to the
truth Sept. 2 of his report before Mendoza and Coronado.
October The news of Niza’s discoveries spreads through New
Spain.
November Mendoza begins to prepare for an expedition to
conquer the Seven Cities of Cibola.
Melchior Diaz is sent to verify the reports of Friar Marcos.
De Soto finds the remains of the camp of Narvaez at Bahia de
los Cavallos.
Nov. 12 Witnesses in Habana describe the effect of the friar’s
reports.
1540
Jan. 1 Mendoza celebrates the new year at Pasquaro.
Jan. 9 Coronado at Guadalajara.
Feb. 5 Cortes stops at Habana on his way to Spain.
February The members of the Cibola expedition assemble at
Compostela, where the viceroy finds them on his arrival.
Feb. 22 Review of the army on Sunday.
Feb. 23 The army, under the command of Francisco Vazquez
Coronado, starts for Cibola (not on February 1).
Feb. 26 Mendoza returns to Compostela, having left the army
two days before, and examines witnesses to discover how many
citizens of New Spain have accompanied Coronado. He writes a
letter to King Charles V, which has been lost.
March The army is delayed by the cattle in crossing the rivers.
The death of the army master, Samaniego, at Chiametla.
Return of Melchior Diaz and Juan de Saldivar from Chichilticalli.
March 3 Beginning of litigation in Spain over the right to explore
and conquer the Cibola country.
March 28 Reception to the army at Culiacan, on Easter day.
April The army is entertained by the citizens of Culiacan.
Mendoza receives the report of Melchior Diaz’ exploration,
perhaps at Jacona.
Coronado writes to Mendoza, giving an account of what has
already happened, and of the arrangements which he has made
for the rest of the journey. This letter has been lost.
April 17 Mendoza writes to the Emperor Charles V.
April 22 Coronado departs from Culiacan with about seventy-
five horsemen and a few footmen.
April Coronado passes through Petatlan, Cinaloa, Los Cedros,
May Yaquemi, and other places mentioned by Jaramillo.
May 9 Alarcon sails from Acapulco to cooperate with Coronado.
The army starts from Culiacan and marches toward the
Corazones or Hearts valley.
May 26 Coronado leaves the valley of Corazones. He proceeds
to Chichilticalli, June passing Senora or Sonora and Ispa, and
thence crosses the Arizona wilderness, fording many rivers.
The army builds the town of San Hieronimo in Corazones valley.
July 7 Coronado reaches Cibola and captures the first city, the
pueblo of Hawikuh, which he calls Granada.
July 11 The Indians retire to their stronghold on Thunder
mountain.
July 15 Pedro de Tovar goes to Tusayan or Moki, returning
within thirty days.
July 19 Coronado goes to Thunder mountain and returns the
same day.
Aug. 3 Coronado writes to Mendoza. He sends Juan Gallego to
Mexico, and Melchior Diaz to Corazones with orders for the army.
Friar Marcos accompanies them.
Aug. 25 (?) Lopez de Cardenas starts to find the canyons of
Colorado river, and is gone about eighty days.
Aug. 26 Alarcon enters the mouth of Colorado river.
Aug. 29 Hernando de Alvarado goes eastward to Tiguex, on the
Rio Grande, and to the buffalo plains.
Pedro de Alvarado arrives in New Spain.
Sept. 7 Hernando de Alvarado reaches Tiguex.
Diaz and Gallego reach Corazones about the middle of
September, and the army starts for Cibola.
Coronado visits Tutahaco.
September to January The army reaches Cibola, and goes
thence to Tiguex for its winter quarters. The natives in the Rio
Grande pueblos revolt and are subjugated. The Turk tells the
Spaniards about Quivira.
October Diaz starts from Corazones before the end of
September, with twenty-five men, and explores the country
along the Gulf of California, going beyond Colorado river.
Diego de Alcaraz is left in command of the town of San
Hieronimo.
Nov. 29 Mendoza and Pedro de Alvarado sign an agreement in
regard to common explorations and conquests.
1541
Jan. 8 Diaz dies on the return from the mouth of the Colorado,
and his companions return to Corazones valley.
March Alcaraz, during the spring, moves the village of San
Hieronimo from Corazones valley to the valley of Suya river.
April 20 Beginning of the Mixton war in New Galicia.
Coronado writes a letter to the King from Tiguex, which has
been lost.
Tovar and perhaps Gallego return to Mexico.
April 23 Coronado starts with all his force from Tiguex to cross
the buffalo plains to Quivira.
May The army is divided somewhere on the great plains,
perhaps on Canadian river. The main body returns to Tiguex,
arriving there by the middle or last of June.
De Soto crosses the Mississippi.
June Coronado, with, thirty horsemen, rides north to Quivira,
where he arrives forty-two (?) days later.
June 24 Pedro de Alvarado is killed at Nochistlan, in New
Galicia.
August Coronado spends about twenty-five days in the country
of Quivira, leaving “the middle or last of August.”
Sept. 28 The Indians in New Galicia attack the town of
Guadalajara, but are repulsed.
Oct. 2 Coronado returns from Quivira to Tiguex and writes a
letter to the King.
November Cardenas starts to return to Mexico with some other
invalids from the army. He finds the village of Suya in ruins and
hastily returns to Tiguex.
December Coronado falls from his horse and is seriously
injured.
The Mixton peñol is surrendered by the revolted Indians during
holiday week.
1542
Coronado and his soldiers determine to return to New Spain.
They start in the spring, and reach Mexico probably late in the
autumn. The general makes his report to the viceroy, who
receives him coldly. Coronado not long after resigns his position
as governor of New Galicia and retires to his estates.
April 17 De Soto reaches the mouth of Red river, where he dies,
May 21.
June 27 Cabrillo starts on his voyage up the California coast. He
dies in January, 1543, and the vessels return to New Spain by
April, 1544.
Nov. 1 Villalobos starts across the Pacific. His fleet meets with
many misfortunes and losses. The survivors, five years or more
later, return to Spain.
Nov. 25 Friar Juan de la Cruz is killed at Tiguex, where he
remained when the army departed for New Spain. Friar Luis also
remained in the new country, at Cicuye, and Friar Juan de
Padilla, at Quivira, where he is killed. The companions of Friar
Juan de Padilla make their way back to Mexico, arriving before
1552.
1544
Nov. 30 Promulgation of the New Laws for the Indies.
Sebastian Cabot publishes his map of the New World.
1547
Mendoza, before he leaves New Spain to become viceroy of
Peru, answers the charges preferred against him by the officials
appointed to investigate his administration.

XXXVIII. The New Spain and New Mexico Country ◊

 p345

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

THE CAUSES OF THE CORONADO EXPEDITION,

1528–1539
ALVAR NUÑEZ CABEZA DE VACA
The American Indians are always on the move. Tribes shift the
location of their homes from season to season and from year to year,
while individuals wander at will, hunting, trading or gossiping. This is
very largely true today, and when the Europeans first came in
contact with the American aborigines, it was a characteristic feature
of Indian life. The Shawnees, for example, have drifted from Georgia
to the great lakes, and part of the way back, during the period since
their peregrinations can first be traced. Traders from tribe to tribe, in
the days when European commercial ideas were unknown in North
America, carried bits of copper dug from the mines in which the
aboriginal implements are still found, on the shores of Lake Superior,
to the Atlantic coast on the one side and to the Rocky mountains on
the other. The Indian gossips of central Mexico, in 1535, described to
the Spaniards the villages of New Mexico and Arizona, with their
many-storied houses of stone and adobe. The Spanish colonists
were always eager to learn about unexplored regions lying outside
the limits of the white settlements, and their Indian neighbors and
servants in the valley of Mexico told them many tales of the people
who lived beyond the mountains which hemmed in New Spain on
the north. One of these stories may be found in another part of this
memoir, where it is preserved in the narrative of Pedro Castañeda,
the historian of the Coronado expedition. Castañeda’s hearsay report
of the Indian story, which was related by an adventurous trader who
had penetrated the country far to the north, compares not
unfavorably with the somewhat similar stories which Marco Polo told
to entertain his Venetian friends.1 But whatever may have been
known before, the information which led to the expedition of Friar
Marcos de Niza and to that of Francisco Vazquez Coronado was
brought to New Spain late in the spring of 1536 by Alvar Nuñez
Cabeza de Vaca.
In 1520, before Cortes, the conqueror of Motecuhzoma, had made
his peace with the Emperor Charles V and with the authorities at
Cuba, Panfilo de Narvaez was dispatched to the Mexican mainland,
at the p346 head of a considerable force. He was sent to subdue and
supersede the conqueror of Mexico, but when they met, Cortes
quickly proved that he was a better general than his opponent, and
a skillful politician as well. Narvaez was deserted by his soldiers and
became a prisoner in the City of Mexico, where he was detained
during the two years which followed. Cortes was at the height of his
power, and Narvaez must have felt a longing to rival the successes of
the conqueror, who had won the wealth of the Mexican empire. After
Cortes resumed his dutiful obedience to the Spanish crown, friends
at home obtained a royal order which effected the release of
Narvaez, who returned to Spain at the earliest opportunity. Almost
as soon as he had established himself anew in the favor of the court,
he petitioned the King for a license which should permit him to
conduct explorations in the New World. After some delay, the
desired patent was granted. It authorized Narvaez to explore,
conquer, and colonize the country between Florida and the Rio de
Palmas, a grant comprising all that portion of North America
bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, which is now included within the
limits of the United States. Preparations were at once begun for the
complete organization of an expedition suitable to the extent of this
territory and to the power and dignity of its governor.
 On June 17, 1527, Narvaez, governor of Florida, Rio de Palmas
and Espiritu Santo—the Rio Grande and the Mississippi on our
modern maps—sailed from Spain. He went first to Cuba, where he
refitted his fleet and replaced one vessel which had been lost in a
hurricane during the voyage. When everything was ready to start for
the unexplored mainland, he ordered the pilots to conduct his fleet
to the western limits of his jurisdiction—our Texas. They landed him,
April 15, 1528, on the coast of the present Florida, at a bay which
the Spaniards called Bahia de la Cruz, and which the map of
Sebastian Cabot enables us to identify with Apalache bay. The pilots
knew that a storm had driven them out of their course toward the
east, but they could not calculate on the strong current of the gulf
stream. They assured the commander that he was not far from the
Rio de Palmas, the desired destination, and so he landed his force of
50 horses and 300 men—just half the number of the soldiers,
mechanics, laborers, and priests who had started with, him from
Spain ten months before. He sent one of his vessels back to Cuba
for recruits, and ordered the remaining three to sail along the coast
toward the west and to wait for the army at the fine harbor of
Panuco, which was reported to be near the mouth of Palmas river.
The fate of these vessels is not known.
Narvaez, having completed these arrangements, made ready to
lead his army overland to Panuco. The march began April 19. For a
while, the Spaniards took a northerly direction, and then they turned
toward the west. Progress was slow, for the men knew nothing of
the country, and the forests and morasses presented many
difficulties to the soldiers p347 unused to woodcraft. Little help could
be procured from the Indians, who soon became openly hostile
wherever the Spaniards encountered them. Food grew scarce, and
no persuasion could induce the natives to reveal hidden stores of
corn, or of gold. On May 15, tired and discouraged, the Spaniards
reached a large river with a strong current flowing toward the south.
They rested here, while Cabeza de Vaca, the royal treasurer
accompanying the expedition, took a small party of soldiers and
followed the banks of the river down to the sea. The fleet was not
waiting for them at the mouth of this stream, nor could anything be
learned of the fine harbor for which they were searching.
Disappointed anew by the report which Cabeza de Vaca made on his
return to the main camp, the Spanish soldiers crossed the river and
continued their march toward the west. They plodded on and on,
and after awhile turned southward, to follow down the course of
another large river which blocked their westward march. On the last
day of July they reached a bay of considerable size, at the mouth of
the river. They named this Bahia de los Cavallos, perhaps, as has
been surmised, because it was here that they killed the last of their
horses for food. The Spaniards, long before this, had become
thoroughly disheartened. Neither food nor gold could be found. The
capital cities, toward which the Indian captives had directed the
wandering strangers, when reached, were mere groups of huts,
situated in some cases on mounds of earth. Not a sign of anything
which would reward their search, and hardly a thing to eat, had
been discovered during the months of toilsome marching. The
Spaniards determined to leave the country. They constructed forges
in their camp near the seashore, and hammered their spurs, stirrups,
and other iron implements of warfare into nails and saws and axes,
with which to build the boats necessary for their escape from the
country. Ropes were made of the tails and manes of the horses,
whose hides, pieced out with the shirts of the men, were fashioned
into sails. By September 22, five boats were ready, each large
enough to hold between 45 and 50 men. In these the soldiers
embarked. Scarcely a man among them knew anything of
navigation, and they certainly knew nothing about the navigation of
this coast. They steered westward, keeping near the land, and
stopping occasionally for fresh water. Sometimes they obtained a
little food.
 Toward the end of October they came to the mouth of a large
river which poured forth so strong a current that it drove the boats
out to sea. Two, those which contained Narvaez and the friars, were
lost. The men in the other three boats were driven ashore by a
storm, somewhere on the coast of western Louisiana or eastern
Texas.2 This was p348 in the winter of 1528–29. Toward the end of
April, 1536, Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andres
Dorantes, and a negro named Estevan, met some Spanish slave
catchers near the Rio de Petatlan, in Sinaloa, west of the mountains
which border the Gulf of California. These four men, with a single
exception,3 were the only survivors of the three hundred who had
entered the continent with Narvaez eight years before.
Cabeza de Vaca and his companions stayed in Mexico for several
months, as the guests of the viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza. At
first, it was probably the intention of the three Spaniards to return to
Spain, in order to claim the due reward for their manifold sufferings.
Mendoza says, in a letter dated December 10, 1537,4 that he
purchased the negro Estevan from Dorantes, so that there might be
someone left in New Spain who could guide an expedition back into
the countries about which the wanderers had heard. An earlier letter
from the viceroy, dated February 11, 1537, commends Cabeza de
Vaca and Francisco Dorantes—he must have meant Andres, and
perhaps wrote it so in his original manuscript—as deserving the
favor of the Empress. Maldonado is not mentioned in this letter, and
no trace of him has been found after the arrival of the four survivors
in Mexico. All that we know about him is that his home was in
Salamanca.5
 XXXIX. The Ulpius Globe of 1542 ◊
in Possession of the New York Historical Society

Cabeza de Vaca and Dorantes started from Vera Cruz for Spain in
October, 1536, but their vessel was stranded before it got out of the
harbor. This accident obliged them to postpone their departure until
the following spring, when Cabeza de Vaca returned home alone. He
told the story of his wanderings to the court and the King, and was
rewarded, by 1540, with an appointment as adelantado, giving him
the command over the recently occupied regions about the Rio de la
Plata. The position was one for which he was unfitted, and his
subordinates p349 sent him back to Spain. The complaints against
him were investigated by the Council for the Indies, but the
judgment, if any was given, has never been published. He certainly
was not punished, and soon settled down in Seville, where he was
still living, apparently, twenty years later.6
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