MHT-CET 2024 (1) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 1

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

31. What is the ratio of mass of nitrogen that 38. Calculate the mass of 250 molecules of NaCl.
combines with 16 parts by weight of oxygen (Molar mass of Na = 23 and Cl = 35.5 g mol –1)
in N2O, NO, NO2 ?
(a) 2.428 × 10– 23 kg (b) 3.011 × 10– 23 kg
(a) 4 : 2 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 : 1
(c) 4.44 × 10– 23 kg (d) 5.80 × 10– 23 kg
(c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 4
39. What is mass (in gram) of 10 molecules of
32. What is the percentage by mass of oxygen in water?
water, if percentage by mass of hydrogen is
(a) 2.989 × 10– 22 g (b) 3.208 × 10– 23 g
11.1 %?
(b) 1.788 × 10– 24 g (d) 2.088 × 10– 25 kg
(a) 18 % (b) 80 %
40. What is the mass in kg of 5 mole of acetic
(c) 26 % (d) 88.9 %
acid? (Mol. mass = 60)
33. What is the value of 1 amu in terms of gram
(a) 0.3 kg (b) 3 kg
by definition?
(c) 30 kg (d) 300 kg
(a) 1.99 × 10– 23 g (b) 1.07 × 10– 24 g
41. How many moles of carbon atoms are present
(c) 1.66 × 10– 24 g (d) 2.56 × 10– 24 g
in 3.6 kg of carbon?
34. Which of the following is an example of
(a) 3.0 × 102 mole (b) 1.8 × 102 mole
mixture?
(c) 2.4 × 102 mole (d) 4.8 × 102 mole
(a) Sea water (b) Pure metal
42. Which of the following pair of compounds
(c) Diamond (d) Distilled water
does not demonstrate the law of multiple
35. What amount of calcium oxide will be proportion?
produced by decomposition of 10 g calcium
(a) CuO, Cu2O (b) NaNO3, CaCO3
carbonate? (Atomic mass : Ca = 40, C = 12, O
= 16) (c) CO, CO2 (d) N2O4, N2O5

(a) 2.8 g (b) 5.6 g 43. What is the volume occupied by 1 molecule
of water, if it’s density is 1 g cm– 3 ?
(c) 4.4 g (d) 10.0 g
–2 (a) 9.0 × 10– 23 cm3 (b) 2.98 × 10– 23 cm3
36. 1.2 × 10 kg of carbon react with oxygen to
give 4.4 × 10– 2 kg of carbon dioxide, what is (c) 6.023 × 10– 23 cm3 (d) 5.50 × 10– 23 cm3
the amount of oxygen used in reaction? 44. Chlorine has two isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl with
(a) 1.6 × 10– 2 kg (b) 3.2 × 10– 2 kg average atomic mass of 35.5. What is the ratio
of their relative abundance respectively.
(c) 4.8 × 10– 3 kg (d) 6.4 × 10– 3 kg
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
37. What is the volume of hydrogen gas produced
at STP by the action of excess dil. sulphuric (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
acid on 6.5 g of zinc? 45. Calculate mass in kg of 4.48 dm3 carbon
(Molar mass of Zn = 65 g mol –1) dioxide at STP.

(a) 1.12 dm3 (b) 2.24 dm3 (a) 2.2 × 10– 3 (b) 4.4 × 10– 3

(c) 11.2 dm3 (d) 22.4 dm3 (c) 6.6 × 10– 3 (d) 8.8 × 10– 3
 MHT-CET 2024 (2) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

46. Which of the following pair of compounds 49. What is the volume occupied by 2.5 mol of
cannot demonstrate law of multiple ammonia gas at STP?
proportion? (a) 22.4 dm3 (b) 25.0 dm3
(a) NO, NO2 (b) CO, CO2 (c) 33.6 dm3 (d) 56.0 dm3
(c) H2O, H2O2 (d) Na2S, NaF 50. Find the number of moles of sodium atoms
47. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are in 6.9 × 10– 2 kg of it.
formed when 0.6 g carbon is burnt in air? (Atomic mass = 23 g mol –1)
(a) 3.10 × 1022 (b) 2.01 × 1023 (a) 1.5 (b) 0.3 (c) 3.0 (d) 2.3
(c) 6.02 × 1022 (d) 5.02 × 1023
48. What is the percentage by mass of oxygen in
NaOH? (Atomic mass of Na = 23 u, O = 16 u,
H = 1 u)
(a) 16 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d) 60

ANSWERS
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (c)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

31. For 16 parts by weight of Oxygen, Nitrogen ∴ 250 molecules will weigh
combining ratio will be 28 : 14 : 7 respectively.
58.5 × 10 – 3 × 250
Hence simplest ratio will be 4 : 2 : 1. =
6.022 × 1023
32. According to Law of definite proportion, the
= 2.428 × 10– 23
percentage by mass of each atom in a
compound will be same irrespective of its 39. 18 g = 6.022 × 1023, x = 10
source. 180
– 24
∴ 23
= 2.989 × 10– 22
33. 1 amu = 1.66 × 10 g 6.022 × 10
34. Sea water is mixture of salt and water. 40. 1 mole acetic acid = 60 × 10– 3 kg
∆ 5 mole acetic acid = 60 × 10– 3 × 5 = 0.3 kg
35. CaCO3  → CaO + CO2
3.6 kg
From the above reaction, 41. No. of moles =
12 × 10 – 3 kg
100 g CaCO3 produced 56 g of CaO.
= 3 × 102 mole
∴ 10 g CaCO3 will produce 5.6 g CaO.
42. Law of multiple proportion is applicable for
36. C(graphite) + O2 (g)  → CO2
two elements forming more than one com-
From the above reaction, pounds.
1.2 × 10– 2 g C requires 3.2 × 10– 2 kg of O2. 43. Vol. occupied by 1 molecule of water
37. Zn + H2SO4  → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑ 18
From Stoichiometric calculations, 65 g of Zn =
6.022 × 1023
liberates 22.4 dm3 of H2 gas at STP. = 2.98 × 10– 23 cm3
∴ 6.5 will liberate 2.24 dm3 of gas. 44. Average at. mass of Cl
38. 1 mole NaCl = 58.5 × 10– 3 kg
3 × 35 + 1 × 37
6.022 × 1023 molecules weigh 58.5 × 10– 3 kg = = 35.5
4
 MHT-CET 2024 (3) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

45. According to mole concept, at STP 0.6

47. n = = 0.05
44 × 10– 3 kg CO2 = 22.4 dm3 12
∴ 4.48 dm3 will have CO2 No. of molecules = 0.05 × 6.022 × 1023

4.48 × 44 × 10 – 3 = 3.10 × 1022

= 16
22.4 48. %O = × 100 = 40 %
= 8.8 × 10– 3 kg 40
46. Law of multiple proportion is applicable 49. 1 mol ammonia at STP = 22.4 dm3
between two elements forming more than one ∴ 2.5 mol ammonia will occupy
compound. = 22.4 × 2.5 = 56 dm3
W 69 × 10 – 3
50. n = = = 3.0 moles
M 23 × 10 – 3

✱✱✱
 MHT-CET 2024 (4) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 2

Structure of Atom

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

36. What is energy associated with fourth orbit 43. What are the possible values of magnetic
of hydrogen atom? [RH = 2.18 × 10–18 J] quantum number for p-orbital?
(a) – 0.436 × 10–18 J (b) – 0.545 × 10–18 J (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
–18 –18
(c) – 0.242 × 10 J (d) – 0.136 × 10 J 44. Which of the following is a correct set of four
37. Which of the following orbitals have same quantum numbers for the valence electron
value of (n + l) as that of 3d orbital? of rubidium (z = 37) ?
(a) 4s (b) 3s (c) 4p (d) 2p 1 1
(a) 5, 1, 1, + (b) 5, 0, 1, –
38. What is momentum of a microscopic particle 2 2
having de Broglie’s wavelength 6.0 Å? 1 1
(c) 5, 0, 0, + (d) 5, 1, 0, +
[h = 6.63 × 10– 34 J s] 2 2
45. Which among the following is ground state
(a) 4.6 × 10– 24 kg m s–1
electronic configuration of fluorine by orbital
(b) 1.1 × 10–24 kg m s–1 diagram method?
(c) 3.18 × 10–24 kg m s–1
(a)
(d) 6.36 × 10–24 kg m s–1 1s 2s 2p
39. What is the wave number of lowest transition
in Balmer series? (b)
1s 2s 2p
 36   5 
(a) RH  5  (b) RH  36  (c)
1s 2s 2p
 21   100 
(c) RH  (d) RH 
 100   21  (d)
40. Which parameter is indicated by the number 1s 2s 2p
of waves passing through a given point, in 46. Which of the following is correct statement
one second? regarding wave particle duality of electro-
(a) Wavelength (b) Frequency magnetic radiation?
(c) Wavenumber (d) Amplitude (a) Black body radation can be explained by
wave nature of light.
41. What is the wave number of lowest transition
associated with Lyman series? (b) Photoelectric effect cannot be explained
by wave nature of light .
3  5 
(a) RH   (b) RH   (c) When light interacts with matter, it
4  36 
behaves as an electromagnetic wave.
4  36 
(c) RH   (d) RH   (d) When light propagates, it behaves as a
3 5 stream of particles called photons.
42. What is the frequency of red light having 47. Identify the correct increasing order of energy
wavelength 750 nm? of orbitals?
(a) 3.0 × 1014 Hz (b) 4.0 × 1014 Hz (a) 4f < 6p < 6d (b) 6p < 6d < 4f
(c) 7.5 × 1014 Hz (d) 9.0 × 1014 Hz (c) 4f < 6d < 6p (d) 6d < 4f < 6p
 MHT-CET 2024 (5) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

48. What is the wave number for transition of a 1 1

photon from orbit of n = 5 to n = 2 ? (a) (4, 2, –1, + ) (b) (3, 2, 1, +
)
2 2
[R = 109677 cm–1] 1 1
(c) (4, 1, 0, – ) (d) (5, 0, 0, + )
(a) 10977 cm–1 (b) 23032 cm–1 2 2
(c) 34548 cm–1 (d) 17274 cm–1 50. Calculate wavelength of a photon emitted
with wave number of 23032 cm–1.
49. Which from following sets of quantum num-
bers represents highest energy of an electron? (a) 217 nm (b) 434 nm
(c) 325 nm (d) 651 nm

ANSWERS
36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

 z2  c
36. En = – RH  2  42. λ =
v
n 
c 3 × 108
 12  ∴ v = = = 4.0 × 1014 Hz
= – 2.18 × 10–18  2 λ 750 × 0 – 9
4  43. For p-orbital, azimuthal quantum number is
= – 1.362 × 10–19 J 1 and the values of magnetic quantum
37. n + l value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5 and that of number is (2l + 1), i.e., [2(1) + 1] = 3.
4p = 4 + 1 = 5. 44. Rb = z = 37 = [Kr] 5s1. This valence electron
h 1
38. λ = will have quantum numbers as : 5, 0, 0, + .
mv 2
h 6.63 × 10 – 34 45. Fluorine has atomic number 9. Hence, the
∴ mv = = electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p5. In the
λ 6 × 10 –10
orbital diagram method, it is written as
= 1.1 × 10–24 kg m s–1
1 1 
39. v = RH  2 – 2 
2 n  1s 2s 2p

 1 1  46. Photoelectric effect cannot be explained by

= RH  2 – 2  wave nature of light.
2 3 
47. According to Aufbau principle, the increasing
1 1   5 
∴ v = RH  4 – 9  = RH  36  order of orbitals is 4f < 6p < 6d.
 1 1 
40. The number of waves passing through a given 48. v = 109677  2 – 2 
point in one second is called Frequency.  n1 n2 
1 1   1 1 
41. v = RH  2 – 2  = 109677  2 – 2 
1 n  2 5 
1 1  1 1 
= RH  2 – 2  = 109677  –
1 2   4 25 
1 1  3  21 
∴ v = RH  –  = RH = 109677 
1 4   4  100 
= 23032.17 cm–1
 MHT-CET 2024 (6) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

1 1 1
49. (a) (4, 2, –1, + ) = 4d 50. λ = =
2 v 23032
1 = 4.34 × 10–5 cm
(b) (3, 2, 1, + ) = 3d
2 = 4.34 × 10–5 × 10–2 m
1 = 4.34 × 10–7 m
(c) (4, 1, 0, – ) = 4p
2 = 4.34 × 10–7 × 109 × 10–9 m
1
(d) (5, 0, 0, + ) = 5s ∴ λ = 434 nm
2
Among these orbitals, according to Aufbau
principle, 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d, the orbital with ✱✱✱
highest energy is 4d.
 MHT-CET 2024 (7) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 3

Chemical Bonding

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

39. Identify a molecule having octahedral 44. Which from following species does not obey
geometry as per VSEPR theory. octet rule?
(a) PCl5 (b) CH4 (c) BeCl2 (d) SF6 (a) NO2– (b) NO
40. Which from following statemnts is NOT true (c) HNO3 (d) CCl4
about VSEPR theory? 45. Which of the following types of hybridisation
(a) Electron pairs arrange themselves in such result in trigonal geometry?
a way that repulsion between them is (a) sp (b) dsp2 (c) sp2 (d) sp3
minimum.
46. Identify the bond order and magnetic nature
(b) The molecule acquires minimum energy of Li2 molecule respectively?
and maximum stability.
(a) 1 and diamagnetic
(c) Lone pair of electrons also contribute in
(b) 2 and diamagnetic
determining the shape of molecule.
(c) 1 and paramagnetic
(d) Trend for repulsion between electron pair
is L.P. – B.P. > B.P. – B.P. > L.P. – L.P. (d) 2 and paramagnetic

41. Which from following metal chlorides pos- 47. What is the number of Lewis tructures for
sesses less covalent character? NO2– ?

(a) SnCl4 (b) SbCl5 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

(c) SnCl2 (d) PbCl4 48. What is the number of electrons present in
antibonding orbitals of N2 molecule according
42. Depending on the number of lone pair and
to molecular orbital theory?
bonded pair of electrons the H2O molecule
can be represented as ........ (A = central atom, (a) 14 (b) 10 (c) 04 (d) 06
B = Bonded atom, E = lone pair of electrons) 49. Which of the following compounds follows
(a) AB2E2 (b) AB2E octet rule?

(c) AB3E (d) AB3E2 (a) H2SO4 (b) NO2

43. Which from following statements about (c) SCl2 (d) SF6
hybrid orbitals is NOT true? 50. Which of the following molecules has zero
(a) Number of hybrid orbitals formed is not dipole moment?
equal to the participating atomic orbitals. (a) HF (b) NH3
(b) All hybrid orbitals have same energy. (c) BF3 (d) CHCl3
(c) The hybrid orbitals are of different shapes
than participating atomic orbitals.
(d) Each hybrid orbital can hold maximum
two electrons with opposite spins.
 MHT-CET 2024 (8) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

ANSWERS
39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

39. SF6 has six bond pairs of electrons which are 46. Li2 : (σ1s)2 (σ*1s)2 (σ2s)2
arranged in octahedral shape with 90º F – S 1 1
– F bond angles. Bond order = [Nb – Na] = [4 – 2] = 1.
2 2
40. Repulsion between electron pair No unpaired electrons, hence diamagnetic.
L.P. – L.P. > L.P. – B.P. > B.P. – B.P. 47. Lewis structures for NO2–
41. Lower the oxidation state of the metal lesser :O = N – O: :O – N = O:
is the covalent character. 1 2
42. AB2 E2 : There are 2 lone pair of electrons on
48. Total no. of electrons in the antibonding
the oxygen atom, hence E2.
orbitals of N2 is 4.
43. Number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to
(σ1s)2 (σ*1s)2 (σ2s)2 (σ*2s)2 (π2px)2 (π2py)2 (σ2pz)2
the number of atomic orbitals undergoing
mixing and recasting. 49. SCl2 follows octet rule.
44. N atom has 5 valence electrons and O atom H 2SO 4 and SF 6 are expanded octet com-
has 6 valence electrons. pounds.
N atom in NO2 has 7 electrons in the outer-
N O most shell.
45. sp2 hybridisation results in trigonal geom- 50. BF3 is a planar molecule. Hence, the dipole
etry. moments get cancelled out and net dipole
moment is zero.
✱✱✱
 MHT-CET 2024 (9) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 4

Redox Reactions

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

27. Which of the following changes exhibits that 33. Identify correct statement regarding hydro-
nitrogen undergoes oxidation ? gen from following?
(a) NH4+ → N2 (b) NO3– → NO (a) Hydrogen has oxidation number –1 and
(c) NO2 → NO2 –
(d) NO3 → NH4 + + 1.
28. Identify oxidant in following reaction. (b) Hydrogen has same electronegativity as
halogens.
3 H3 AsO3 (aq.) + BrO3–(aq.) 
→
(c) Hydrogen is placed in a group of transi-
–
Br(aq.) + 3 H3 AsO4 (aq.) tion metals.
(d) Hydrogen has same ionisation potential
(a) Br– (b) H3AsO3
as alkaline earth metals.
(c) H3AsO4 (d) BrO3–
34. Identify change in oxidation number of
29. Which of the following conversions does not sulphur in following reaction.
involve either oxidation or reduction?
H2S + Cl2  → 2HCl + S
(a) VO2+ → V2O3 (b) Na → Na+
(a) 0 to + 2 (b) – 2 to 0
(c) CrO42– → Cr2O72– (d) Zn2+ → Zn
(c) 2 to 0 (d) – 2 to – 1
30. What is the change in oxidation number of
35. What is the oxidation number of I in HIO3 ?
Pb during conversion of PbO2 to Pb(NO3)2 ?
(a) + 3 (b) + 5 (c) + 6 (d) + 7
(a) + 2 to + 4 (b) + 4 to + 2 –
36. In certain reaction, Br ions are converted to
(c) + 4 to + 7 (d) + 4 to + 6
Br2. What is the change in oxidation number
31. In the reaction of bromine?
3 MnO42– + 4H + → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O (a) – 2 to 0 (b) – 1 to + 2
(a) Mn is oxidised only. (c) – 1 to 0 (d) – 1 to + 1
(b) Mn is reduced only. 37. What is the oxidation number of underlined
(c) 2 moles of Mn is oxidised and 1 moles is species in PF6– and V2O7– 4 ions respectively?
reduced. (a) + 5 and – 5 (b) + 5 and + 5
(d) Oxygen is reduced. (c) – 5 and + 5 (d) + 3 and + 3
32. What is the value of x and y in order to 38. Identify the element reduced in following
balance the following redox reaction? reaction.
2+ +
MnO4–(aq.) + 5 Fe(aq.) + x H(aq.) 
→ Cr2O72– + 14H + + 6I –  →
2+ 3+ 2Cr3+ + 3H2O + 3I2
Mn(aq) + 5 Fe(aq) + y H2 O
(a) Cr (b) H (c) O (d) I
(a) x = 4, y = 2 (b) x = 6, y = 3
39. Which compound from following contains
(c) x = 8, y = 4 (d) x = 10, y = 5 iodine with highest oxidation number?
(a) KIO3 (b) KI (c) IF5 (d) KIO4
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 10 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

40. What is the oxidation state of S in SO42– ? 46. Identify the correct statement for following
(a) + 6 (b) – 6 (c) + 2 (d) + 3 reaction.
41. What is the value of x and y in order to 3Mg + N2  → Mg3N2
balance following redox reaction. (a) Mg is reduced (b) Mg is oxidised
x CuO + y NH3  → x Cu + N2 + x H2O (c) N2 is oxidised
(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2 (d) Oxidation state of Mg changes from + 2
(c) x = 2, y = 3 (d) x = 3, y = 2 to 0
42. Which of the following changes involves 47. Calculate the oxidation number of Cr in
transfer of 5 electrons? CrO72– ion and K2Cr2O7 respectively?
(a) MnO4–  → Mn2+ (a) + 4 and + 6 (b) + 3 and + 2
(c) + 6 and + 6 (d) + 8 and + 2
(b) CrO42–  → Cr3+
48. What is change in oxidation number of
(c) NO3–  → NH4+
nitrogen when NO3– is converted to NH4+
(d) Cr2O72–  → 2Cr3+ ion?
43. What is the oxidation number of carbon in (a) + 5 to – 3 (b) + 3 to – 5
K2 C 2 O4 ?
(c) – 3 to + 5 (d) – 5 to + 3
(a) – 2 (b) – 3 (c) + 3 (d) + 4
49. What is the oxidation state of phosphorus in
44. What is the change in oxidation number of S phosphate ion?
in following reaction?
(a) – 5 (b) + 3 (c) + 5 (d) + 6
H2S + NO3  → H2O + NO + S 50. What is the oxidation number of Mn in
(a) – 2 to 0 (b) 0 to – 2 MnO4– ?
(c) – 2 to + 2 (d) 0 to + 2 (a) – 5 (b) + 5 (c) + 6 (d) + 7
45. What is oxidation number of S in SO32– ?
(a) – 2 (b) – 3 (c) + 4 (d) + 6

ANSWERS
27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

27. Nitrogen oxidation number increases from 31. The oxidation state of MnO42– is + 6 which is
– 3 to 0. converted to + 7 (MnO4– ) and + 4 in (MnO2).
28. Oxidant is the one whose oxidation number 32. MnO4– + 8H + + 5Fe2+  →
decreases, The oxidation number is decreas- 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
ing from + 5 to –1.
33. With metal (NaH) Hydrogen shows –1
29. The oxidation number of Cr remains same, Oxidation state, whereas with others it shows
i.e., + 6 on both sides. + 1 oxidation state.
30. Oxidation number of Pb in PbO2 is + 4 which 34. Oxidation state of S in H2S is – 2 which
is changed to + 2 in Pb(NO3)2. changes to 0 I its elemental state.
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 11 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

35. 0 = +1 + x + 3 (– 2) ∴ x = + 5. 44. The oxidation number of S in H2S is – 2 which

–
37. PF6 : –1 = x + (– 6) ∴ x=+5 is changed to 0 in S atom.
V2O4 4–
: – 4 = 2x + 7(– 2) 45. SO32– : – 2 = x + 3(– 2)
– 4 = 2x – 14 ∴ x = + 5. –2=x–6 ∴ x = + 4.
38. The oxidation number for Cr is changing from 46. The oxidation number for Mg increases from
+ 6 to + 3, hence it is reduced. 0 to + 2.
39. KIO4 : 0 = +1 + x + 4 (– 2) 47. CrO42– : – 2 = x + 4 (– 2) ∴ x = +6
0=1+x–8 ∴ x = +7. K2Cr2O7 : 0 = 2 (+1) + 2x + 7(–2)
40. SO4 2–
: – 2 = x + 4 (– 2) 0 = +2 + 2x – 14 ∴ x = +6
–
–2=x–8 ∴ x = + 6. 48. NO3 : –1 = x + 3 (–2) ∴ x = +5
+1
41. 3CuO + 2NH3  → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O NH4 : +1 = x + 4 (+1)
42. Oxidation state of Mn changes from + 7 to +1 = x + 4 ∴ x=–3
–3
+ 2 involving acceptance of 5 electrons. 49. PO4 : – 3 = x + 4 (– 2) ∴ x = + 5.
–
43. K2C2O4 : 0 = 2 (+1) + 2x + 4(– 2) 50. MnO4 : –1 = x + 4 (– 2) ∴ x = +7.
0 = 2 + 2x – 8 ∴ x = +3.
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 MHT-CET 2024 ( 12 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 5

Elements of Groups 1 and 2

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

27. Identify the use of calcium carbonate from 35. Calculate % by mass of 45.4 volume H2O2
following. solution.
(a) For mercerising cotton fabrics. (a) 6.8 % (b) 13.6 %
(b) As a source of hydride. (c) 20.4 % (d) 22.7%
(c) As chlorinating agent. 36. Which from following physical properties of
(d) In toothpaste. alkali metals increases down the group?
28. Which alkali metal is used for heat transfer (a) Ionization enthalpy
in nuclear power station? (b) Electronegativity
(a) Sodium (b) Potassium (c) Melting point
(c) Rubidium (d) Cesium (d) Ionic radius
29. Which element when exposed to air forms 37. Which element from following is used in
superoxide? photoelectric cells?
(a) Sodium (b) Potassium (a) Li (b) Be (c) Cs (d) Mg
(c) Lithium (d) Magnesium 38. Which from following combinations repre-
30. Calculate percentage by mass of a H2O 2 sents water gas?
solution which is 22.7 volume? (a) CO(g) + H2(g) (b) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
(a) 3.06 % (b) 8.60 % (c) CO2(g) + 3H2(g) (d) CO2(g) + H2(g)
(c) 6.8 % (d) 13.6 % 39. Which of the following does not react with
31. Which from following elements has lowest cold or hot water?
ionization enthalpy? (a) Ba (b) Ca (c) Sr (d) Be
(a) Mg (b) Ca (c) Sr (d) Be 40. Which of the following colours is developed
32. What is the formula of slaked lime? when alkali metal is dissolved in liquid
ammonia?
(a) CaO (b) CaCO3
(a) Dark red (b) Violet
(c) Ca3(PO4)2 (d) Ca(OH)2
(c) Deep blue (d) Green
33. Identify use of hydrogen peroxide from
following. 41. Which of the following elements belongs to
first group and fifth period?
(a) In commercial production of washing
soda. (a) Rubidium (b) Strontium
(b) In purification of bauxite. (c) Caesium (d) Barium
(c) In petroleum refining. 42. Which among the following elements has
(d) As an antichlor. highest electronegativity?
34. Which from the following alkaline earth (a) K (b) Na (c) Li (d) Cs
metals is used as a moderator in nuclear 43. Which of the following elements does not
reactors? react with water to form metal hydroxide?
(a) Barium (b) Beryllium (a) Mg (b) Ca (c) Be (d) Sr
(c) Magnesium d ) Calcium
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 13 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

44. Which of the following compounds is recov- (b) Sodium bicarbonate

ered in solvay’s process when NH 4Cl is (c) Calcium chloride
treated with slaked lime?
(d) Ammonium chloride
(a) NaCl (b) NH4HCO3
48. Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with
(c) NH3 (d) CO2 ........
45. Which of the following is not a property of (a) Na (b) Mg (c) Al (d) Si
hydrogen peroxide?
49. Which of the following elements belongs to
(a) It is immiscible in water. second group and fifth period of periodic
(b) It is pale blue coloured liquid in pure table?
state. (a) Rubidium (b) Strontium
(c) It’s strength is explained in volume unit. (c) Caesium (d) Barium
(d) It is mild oxidising as well as reducing 50. What products are obtained when beryllium
agent. oxide is treated separately with aq. HCl and
46. Which of the following element in +1 oxida- aq. NaOH solutions respectively?
tion state has largest ionic radius? (a) BeCl2 and Be(OH)2
(a) Rb (b) K (c) Na (d) Li (b) BeCl2 and Na2BeO4
47. Which from following compounds is obtained (c) Be(OH)2 and BeCl2
as by product in synthesis of sodium carbon-
(d) BeCl2 and Na2BeO2
ate by Solvay process?
(a) Ammonium carbonate

ANSWERS
27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (d)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

27. CaCO3 is a chief ingredient in toothpaste. 68 × 45.4
= 436 g
28. Liquid sodium is used for heat transfer in 22.7
nuclear power station. 136
∴ % by mass = × 100 = 13.6 %
29. K + O2 → KO2. 1000
30. 22.7 L of O2 at STP is produced by 68 g of 36. Down the group atomic and ionic radius
H 2 O2 . increases.
31. As atomic size increases, ionization enthalpy 41. Rb (Z = 37) – [Kr] 5s1
decreases. ∴ n = 5, so it belongs to fifth period.
33. H2O2 is used to remove excess of chlorine 42. Electronegativity decreases down the group.
from fabrics. 44. 2NH4Cl(aq) + Ca (OH)2 (s)  →
35. 45.4 volume means 1 L of this solution at STP 2NH3 (g) + CaCl2 (aq) + H2O(l)
gives 45.4 L O2.
46. Ionic radius increases down the group.
2H2O2  → 2H2O + O2
49. Sr (Z = 38), [Kr]36 5s2
68 g of H2O2 gives 22.7 L O2 at STP.
50. BeO + 2NaOH  → Na2BeO2 + H2O
∴ 45.4 L O2 at STP is produced by
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 MHT-CET 2024 ( 14 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 6

States of Matter

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

31. Find increase in temperature for a gas when 36. What type of inter molecular forces is present
first its pressure and then volume both are in liquid ammonia?
doubled at 400 K? (a) London forces
(a) 400 K (b) 800 K (b) Dipole-dipole interactions
(c) 1200 K (d) 1600 K (c) Dipole-induced dipole
32. A gas occupies 1 × 10– 4 dm3 volume at 300 (d) Hydrogen bonding
K. Calculate its volume at 450 K at same
37. Which from following gases of same mass
pressure?
exerts highest pressure at constant tempera-
(a) 1 × 10– 4 dm3 (b) 1.5 × 10– 4 dm3 ture?
(c) 0.5 × 10– 4 dm3 (d) 2.0 × 10– 4 dm3 (a) H2 (b) N2 (c) O2 (d) Cl2
33. Identify the correct increasing order of ion- 38. Which of the following equations is true for
dipole forces from following. 8.8 × 10– 2 kg of Carbon dioxide gas?
(a) Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+ (a) PV = 1.5 RT (b) PV = RT
(b) Na+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ (c) PV = 2 RT (d) PV = 3 RT
(c) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ 39. Calculate the partial pressure exerted by
(d) Al3+ < Na+ < Mg2+ dioxygen from a mixture of 32 g O2, 80 g Ar
34. What is the rate of diffusion of a gas if (mol. mass 40) and 4 g dihydrogen (Ptotal
3.60 dm3 of it diffuses through a pin hole in = 10 bar)?
50 seconds. (a) 1 bar (b) 2 bar
3 –1 3 –1
(a) 0.16 dm sec (b) 0.22 dm sec (c) 4 bar (d) 5 bar
3 –1 3 –1
(c) 0.06 dm sec (d) 0.08 dm sec 40. If p1 is partial pressure of a gas and x1 is it’s
35. What is the relation between density, molar mole fraction in a mixture, then correct
mass and pressure of gas? (d = density, p = relation between p1 and x1 is ........
pressure, R = gas constant, T = Temperature) p1
(a) pTotal = p1 x1 (b) x1 =
dRT RT p Total
(a) M = (b) M =
p dp (c) pTotal = 1 – p1x1 (d) PTotal = p1 (1 – x1)
dTp dRp
(c) M = (d) M =
R T

ANSWERS
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (b)
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 15 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

PV m
31. Since the ratio of remains constant. 35. PV = nRT = RT
T M
P1V1 P2V 2 where, m = mass of gas, and
= M = molar mass of gas
T1 T2
m
P1V1 (2P1 ) (2 V1 ) ∴ PM = RT = dRT
∴ = V
400 T2
dRT
∴ M =
∴ T2 = 1600 K P
∴ Increase in temperature 36. As N – H bonds are polar.
= 1600 – 400 = 1200 K 37. Since the molar mass is the highest,
V1 V2 1
32. At constant pressure, = P ∝
T1 T2 M
where, all other factors are constant.
1 × 10 – 4 V2
∴ = 38. Number of moles
300 450
8.8 × 10 – 2
∴ V2 = 1.5 × 10– 4 dm3 = = 2 mol
44 × 10 – 3
33. Smaller the ionic size greater is the interac-
tion between the ion and the polar molecule ∴ PV = nRT
(dipole). 32
39. n O2 = = 1 mol,
34. Rate of diffusion 32
Voume of gas diffused 80 4
= nAr = = 2 mol, nH2 =
= 2 mol
Time required for diffusion 40 2
3.60 1
= = 0.06 dm3 s–1 pO2 = pTotal XO2 = 10 × = 2 bar
60 1+2+2
40. p1 = x1 pTotal

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 MHT-CET 2024 ( 16 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 7

Adsorption and Colloids

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

31. Which of the following statements is NOT (c) Hydrolysis of sugar in presence of aq.
true about lyophobic colloids? H2SO4.
(a) These are formed easily by direct mixing (d) Hydrogenation of vegetable oil in
of dispersion medium and dispersed presence of Ni(s).
phase. 37. Which from following is an example of multi-
(b) These are irreversible. molecular colloids?
(c) These are unstable and hence require (a) Soap (b) Polythene
traces of stabilisers. (c) Sulphur molecule (S8)
(d) Viscosity of dispersed phase is nearly (d) Nylon
same as the dispersion medium.
38. Which from following statements is NOT true
32. What type of colloid is smoke? about lyophilic colloids?
(a) Aerosol (b) Gel (a) The particles of dispersed phase have
(c) Emulsion (d) Solid sol greater affinity for the dispersion
33. Which among the following is a property of medium.
lyophobic colloids? (b) These are reversible.
(a) These need stabilisers. (c) These are self stabilized.
(b) Surface tension of dispersed phase is (d) Coagulation occurs even by adding very
lower than dispersion medium. small amount of electrolytes.
(c) Viscosity of dispersed phase is greater 39. Which from following statements is NOT true
than dispersion medium. about absorption?
(d) These are reversible. (a) Concentration of absorbate is uniform
34. Which from following cations has maximum throughout the bulk of the absorbent.
coagulating power for precipitation of (b) It is independent of temperature and
negative sol? pressure.
(a) Al+++ (b) Ba++ (c) Na+ (d) K + (c) It is not accompanied by evolution or
35. Which from following gases is least adsorbed absorption of heat.
by solid adsorbent? (d) It depends on surface area.
(a) SO2 (b) Cl2 (c) N2 (d) NH3 40. What is the value of slope in Freundlich ad-
36. Which of the following is an example of het- x
sorption isotherm log against log C ?
erogenous catalysis? m
(a) Oxidation of SO2 (g) in presence of NO(g). 1
(a) (b) n (c) K (d) log K
(b) Decomposition of aqueous H 2 O 2 in n
presence of I(aq)–.
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 17 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

ANSWERS
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

31. Lyophobic colloids cannot be prepared by 37. Each colloid particle is made up of many
direct mixing because there is no affinity molecules.
between dispersed phase and dispersion 38. Lyophilic colloids are very stable due to large
medium. affinity between the dispersed phase and
32. Aerosol contains solid particles (dispersed dispersion medium. Hence, it requires a large
phase) dispersed in gas (dispersion medium). amount of electrolyte for coagulation.
33. As the affinity between dispersed phase and 39. Absorption is a bulk phenomenon, hence, it
dispersion medium is low; the sol is not is independent of surface area.
stable. x
40. = KC 1/n
34. Higher the positive charge on the cation m
greater is its coagulating power (Hardy x 1
Schulze rule). log10 = log10 C + log K
m n
35. Smaller the molecular size weaker is the van (Equation is of y = mx + c type.)
der Waal’s force.

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 MHT-CET 2024 ( 18 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 8

Hydrocarbons

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

33. What is the number of moles of carbon atoms (c) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
present in n mole molecules of an alkane if it (d) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
exhibits five structural isomers?
40. Identify the product of ozonolysis of but-2-
(a) 4n (b) 3n (c) 5n (d) 6n ene from following.
34. What is the number of moles of sulfur atoms (a) acetone and formaldehyde
present in n mole molecules of mustard gas?
(b) acetaldehyde and formaldehyde
(a) n (b) 3n (c) 2n (d) 4n
(c) acetone (d) acetaldehyde
35. Identify the product obtained when phenol
41. What is the numerical difference in molar
is heated with Zn dust.
masses of second and their member of a
homologus series?
(a) (b)
(a) 14 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 2
OH 42. Identify the reagent ‘R’ used in the following
(c) 3HC º CH (d)
conversion:
R
36. Which from following reactions is not possible tert-butyl bromide  → Isobutylene
for benzene due to reverislbe nature? (a) Sn / HCl (b) Na-Hg / H2O
(a) Hydrogenation (b) Chlorination (c) NH3(alc) (d) LiAlH4
(c) Bromination (d) Iodination 43. What is the product of hydroboration-
37. Identify the product ‘X’ in the following oxidation of but-1-ene?
reaction: (a) Butanal (b) Butanone
Soda-lime
Sodium propanoate → (c) Butan-1-ol (d) Butan-2-ol
X + sodium carbonate 44. Identify the product obtained when alkenes
(a) Propane (b) Ethane react with cold and dilute alkaline potassium
permanganate?
(c) Methane (d) Butane
(a) Alkanol (b) Glycols
38. Identify the product ‘P’ of the following
reaction: (c) Glycerol (d) Alkanoic acid
CH3OH + CH3MgX  → 45. Identify the reactivity order for halogens
towards alkanes.
P + Mg (X) (OCH3)
(a) I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2
(a) C2H5OH (b) CH2 = CH2
(b) Br2 > Cl2 > F2 > I2
(c) CH4 (d) C2H6
(c) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
39. Identify the major product formed in the
bromination of 2-methylpropane. (d) Cl2 > F2 > Br2 > I2
(a) 1-Bromopropane 46. How many structural isomers are possible for
alkene having molecular formula C5H10?
(b) 2-Bromopropane
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 19 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

47. Which of the following alkanes is used for (c) 4-methylpent-3-ene

road surfacing? (d) 4-methylpentan-3-ol
(a) C12H26 (b) C15H32 49. Identify the major product obtained in the
(c) C20H42 (d) C36H74 reaction of propane with bromine in presence
48. The major product formed in the following of UV light.
reaction is ........ (a) 1-bromopropane (b) 2-Bromopropane
3-chloro-2-methylpentane (c) 1, 2-dibromopropane
Alc. KOH
  → A (d) 1, 3-dibromopropnae
(major product) 50. What is the number of moles of dihydrogen
(a) 2-methylpentan-3-ol required to prepare 2n moles of ethane from
(b) 2-methylpent-2-ene acetylene in excess?
(a) 4n (b) 3n (c) 2n (d) n

ANSWERS
33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

33. The alkane hexane exhibits five isomers. Hence, n mole molecules of hexane will contain 6n number
of carbon atoms.
34. Mustard gas is Cl – CH2 – CH2 – S – CH2 – CH2 – Cl and thus, n mol molecules of mustard gas
contains n mole of sulfur atoms.

OH
D
35. + Zn + ZnO
Phenol Benzene

36. Iodination of benzene is Not possible, due to its reversible nature.

NaOH – CaO
37. CH3 – CH2 – COONa + NaOH → CH3 – CH3 + Na2CO3

38. CH3OH + CH3MgX  → CH4 + Mg (X) (OCH3)

CH3 CH3 CH3

Br2
39. H3C – CH – CH3 H3C – CH – CH3 – Br + H3C – C – CH3
UV light
2-Methylpropane 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(trance) Br
1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
(over 99%)
40. CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 + O3  → 2CH3 – CHO
41. The numerical difference in molar masses between any two consecutive member of a homologus
series is 14.
Na3 (alc)
42. tert-butyl bromide 
→ Isobutylene
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 20 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Na3 (alc)
43. CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 + (BH3)2 
→ CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
44. Alkenes react with cold and dilute alkaline potassium permanganate to form glycols.
46. There are five isomers of C5H10 are (i) pent-1-ene, (ii) pent-2-ene, (iii) 2-methylbut-1-ene,
(iv) 2-methylbut-2-ene, (v) 3-methylbut-1-ene.
47. Alkanes with more than 35 C atoms (tar) are used for road surfacing.
CH3
5 4 3 2 1
48. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH3 + KOH CH3 – CH2 – CH = C(CH3) – CH3
(alc)
Cl
UV Light
49. CH3 – CH2 – CH3 + Br2 → CH3 – CH(Br) – CH3
Nickel
50. HC ≡ CH + 2H2 → CH3 – CH3
Thus, n mol of acetylene reacts with 2n moles of dihydrogen to produce ethane. Hence, to if 2n moles
of ethane is to be produced, then 4n moles of dihydrogen is required.

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 MHT-CET 2024 ( 21 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

Chapter 9

Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

MHT-CET 2024 QUESTIONS

35. Which functional group from following is 41. Which compound from following contains N
considered as principal functional group if atom in its ring?
poly functional group is to be named by (a) Furan (b) Thiophene
IUPAC system?
(c) THF (d) Pyrrole
(a) – CHO (b) – OH
42. Which of the following groups exhibit +I
(c) – NH2 (d) – C ≡ C – effect?
36. What is the molar mass of third member of (a) – COOR (b) – COOH
homologus series if the molar mass of first
(c) – C2H5 (d) – NO2
member is 46 g?
43. Identify a pair of compounds that exhibits
(a) 60 g (b) 74 g
functional group isomerism from following.
(c) 138 g (d) 80 g
(a) methoxymethane and ethanol
37. What is the IUPAC name of (CH3)4C ?
(b) but-2-ene and but-1-ene
(a) neopentane (b) 2-methylbutane
(c) methoxyethane and methoxypropane
(c) 2-methylpropane
(d) n-pentane and 2, 2-dimethylpropane
(d) 2, 2-dimethylpropane
44. Which from following carbocations has lowest
38. Which from the following pairs of compounds stability?
exhibits metamerism?
(a) (CH3)3C+ (b) (CH3)2CH+
(a) but-2-ene and but-1-ene
(c) CH3 – CH2+ (d) + CH3
(b) methoxymethane and ethanol
45. Which of the following groups exhibit +R
(c) ethoxyethane and methoxypropane effect?
(d) butane and 2-methylpropane (a) – OR (b) – CHO
39. Which of the following groups exhibit +R (c) – CN (d) – COOR
effect?
46. What is the number of primary, secondary
(a) – NH – R (b) – CN and tertiary carbon atoms respectively in
(c) – NO2 (d) – COOR isobutyl group?
40. What is the IUPAC name of the following (a) 3, 1, 0 (b) 3, 0, 1
compound. (c) 2, 1, 1 (d) 1, 2, 1
OH
47. Identify abridged name of – (CH 3 ) 2CH 3
group.
(a) Me (b) Et (c) Pr (d) Bu
H3C2 COOH
48. Which following method uses a point and
(a) 3-carboxy-5-ethylphenol
circle around it to represent front and rear
(b) 5-Carboxy-3-ethylphenol carbon atoms respectively for 3-D represen-
(c) 3-Ethyl-5-hydroxybenzoic acid tation of molecules?
(d) 5-Ethyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (a) Sawhorse formula
(b) Newman projection formula
 MHT-CET 2024 ( 22 ) CHEMISTRY (11th Standard)

(c) Fischer projection formulae (a) Metamerism (b) Tautomerism

(d) Wedge formula (c) Position isomerism
a (d) Optical isomerism
49. The change, – C – C –C=C–
50. Which of the following groups exhibits
H O O–H negative R effect?
illustrates ........ (a) – COOH (b) – OH
(c) – OR (d) – NH – R

ANSWERS
35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

35. The principal functional group is based on 43. Methoxymethane is CH 3 – O – CH3 and
the following order – ethanol is CH3 – CH2 – OH. They have a same
– COOH > – SO3H > – COOR > – COCl molecular formula C 2H 6 O, but different
functional groups of ether and alcohol.
> – CONH2 > – CN > – CHO > > C = O
44. The stability of carbocations is in the order
> – OH > – NH2 > >C = C< > – C ≡ C –
of 3º > 2º > 1º > CH3+.
36. The molecular mass of each member of
45. The functional groups showing +R is shown
homologus series differs by 14 g.
by groups such as – OH, – OR, – O– and
First member has molecular mass = 46 g. – NH – R.
Hence, third member has molecular mass
= 46 + 14 + 14 = 74 g CH3
46. The isobutyl group CH – CH2 – has 2
CH3
CH3
37. (CH3)4C has a structure of H3C – C – CH3 primary, 1 secondary and 1 tertiary carbon
CH3 atoms.
and IUPAC name is 2, 2-dimethylpropane. NOTE : The original question’s all options
38. Ethoxyethane is CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3 were incorrect. So options are modified.
and Methoxypropane is 47. – (CH3)2CH3 group is the propyl group is the
abdridged name is Pr.
CH3 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
48. Newman projection formula uses a point and
39. The functional groups showing +R is shown
circle around it to represent front and rear
by groups such as – OH, – OR, – O– and
carbon atoms respectively for 3-D represen-
– NH – R.
tation of molecules.
41. Pyrrole has a structure 49. In Keto-enol tautomerism, it is seen that a
N hydrogen atom shifts reversibly from the
α-carbon of the keto form to oxygen atom of
H
42. The alkyl groups like – CH3 and – C2H5 are the enol.
electron releasing, i.e., groups exhibiting +I 50. The functional groups showing –R is exhib-
effect. ited by groups such as – COOH, – CHO,
– CO –, – CN, – NO2, – COOR, etc.

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