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in

effects to its output. its output.

 The return value of the pure functions  The return value of the impure
solely depends on its arguments functions does not solely depend on
passed. its arguments passed.

 They do not modify the arguments  They may modify the arguments
which are passed to them. which are passed.

 Example: strlen(), sqrt()  Example: random(), Date()

5. What happens if you modify a variable outside the function? Give an example.
 Modifying the variable outside of function causes side effect.
 Example:

 Here, the result of inc() will change every time if the value of „y‟ get changed inside the function
definition.
 Hence, the side effect of inc () function is changing the data of the external variable „y‟.

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. What are called Parameters and write a note on
(i) Parameter without Type (ii) Parameter with Type
Answer:
 Parameters are the variables in a function definition
 Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition.
 Two types of parameter passing are,
1. Parameter Without Type
2. Parameter With Type

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 1. Parameter Without Type:
 Lets see an example of a function definition of Parameter Without Type:
(requires: b>=0 )
(returns: a to the power of b)
let rec pow a b:=
if b=0 then 1
else a * pow a (b-1)
 In the above function definition variable „ b‟ is the parameter and the value passed to the
variable „b‟ is the argument.

 The precondition (requires) and postcondition (returns) of the function is given.

 We have not mentioned any types: (data types). This is called parameter without type.

 In the above function definition the expression has type „int‟, so the function's return type also be
„int‟ by implicit.
2. Parameter With Type:
 Now let us write the same function definition with types,

 In this example we have explicitly annotating the types of argument and return type as „int‟.
 Here, when we write the type annotations for „a‟ and „b‟ the parantheses are mandatory.
 This is the way passing parameter with type which helps the compiler to easily infer them.
2. Identify in the following program
let rec gcd a b :=
if b <> 0 then gcd b (a mod b) else return a
i) Name of the function


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 ii) Identify the statement which tells it is a recursive function
 let rec gcd a b :=
 “rec” keyword tells the compiler it is a recursive function

iii) Name of the argument variable
 „a‟ and „b‟
iv) Statement which invoke the function recursively
 gcd b (a mod b)
v) Statement which terminates the recursion
 return a
3. Explain with example Pure and impure functions.

 Pure functions will give exact result  Impure functions never assure you
when the same arguments are passed. that the function will behave the same
every time it‟s called.

 Pure function does not cause any side  Impure function causes side effects to
effects to its output. its output.

 The return value of the pure functions  The return value of the impure
solely depends on its arguments functions does not solely depend on
passed. its arguments passed.

 They do not modify the arguments  They may modify the arguments
which are passed to them which are passed.

 If we call pure functions with same set  If we call impure functions with same
of arguments, we will always get the set of arguments, we might get the
same return values. different return values.

Example: sqrt()  Example: random()

let Random number
let a := random()
if a > 10 then
return: a
else
return: 10
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4. Explain with an example interface and implementation.

 Interface
 An interface is a set of action that an object can do.
 Interface just defines what an object can do, but won‟t actually do it.
 The interface defines an object‟s visibility to the outside world.
 In Object Oriented Programming language, an Interface is a description of all functions that a
class must have.
 The purpose of interfaces is to allow the computer to enforce the properties of the class which
means the class of TYPE T (whatever the interface is) must have functions called X, Y, Z, etc.
 For example when you press a light switch, the light goes on, you may not have cared how it
splashed the light
 In our example, anything that "ACTS LIKE" a light, should have function definitions like
turn_on () and a turn_off ().
 An object "ACTS LIKE" is an instance created from the class “LIGHT”. All the objects of
class “LIGHT” will uses all its functions.
 Characteristics of interface:
 The class template specifies the interfaces to enable an object to be created and operated
properly.
 An object's attributes and behaviour is controlled by sending functions to the object.
 Implementation:
 Implementation carries out the instructions defined in the interface
 How the object is processed and executed is the implementation.
 A class declaration combines the external interface (its local state) with an implementation of
that interface (the code that carries out the behaviour).
 Example:
Let's take the example of increasing a car‟s speed.

 The person who drives the car doesn't care about the internal working.
 To increase the speed of the car he just presses the accelerator to get the desired behaviour.
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  Here the accelerator is the interface between the driver (the calling / invoking object) and the engine
(the called object).
 In this case, the function call would be Speed (70): This is the interface.
 Internally, the engine of the car is doing all the things.
 It's where fuel, air, pressure, and electricity come together to create the power to move the vehicle.
 All of these actions are separated from the driver, who just wants to go faster.
 Thus we separate interface from implementation.

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

9
 www.nammakalvi.in

2. Element Selection Operator:

 It is expressed using square brackets.
 Unlike a list literal, a square-brackets expression directly following another expression does not
evaluate to a list value, but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding
expression.
Example:
lst[0]
10
lst[1]
20
5. Identify Which of the following are List, Tuple and class ?

(a) arr [1, 2, 34] -- List

(b) arr (1, 2, 34) -- Tuple

(c) student [rno, name, mark] -- Class

(d) day= („sun‟, „mon‟, „tue‟, „wed‟) -- Tuple

(e) x= [2, 5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2] -- List

(f) employee [eno, ename, esal, eaddress] -- Class

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. How will you facilitate data abstraction. Explain it with suitable example.
 Data abstraction is supported by defining an abstract data type (ADT), which is a collection of
constructors and selectors.
 To facilitate data abstraction, you will need to create two types of functions:
 Constructors
 Selectors
a) Constructor:
 Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.
 Constructors create an object, bundling together different pieces of information.
 For example, say you have an abstract data type called city.
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  This city object will hold the city‟s name, and its latitude and longitude.
 To create a city object, you‟d use a function like city = makecity (name, lat, lon).
 Here makecity (name, lat, lon) is the constructor which creates the object city.

b) Selectors:
 Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type.
 Selectors extract individual pieces of information from the object.
 To extract the information of a city object, you would use functions like
 getname(city)
 getlat(city)
 getlon(city)
These are the selectors because these functions extract the information of the city object.

2. What is a List? Why List can be called as Pairs. Explain with suitable example.
LIST:
 List is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas.
 Such an expression is called a list literal.
 List can store multiple values.
 Each value can be of any type and can even be another list.
 The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways.
1. Multiple Assignment:
 Which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.

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 Example:
lst := [10, 20]
x, y := lst

 x will become10 and y will become 20.

2. Element Selection Operator:
 It is expressed using square brackets.
 Unlike a list literal, a square-brackets expression directly following another expression does not
evaluate to a list value, but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding
expression.
Example:
lst[0]
10
lst[1]
20
PAIR:
 Any way of bundling two values together into one can be considered as a pair.
 Lists are a common method to do so.
 Therefore List can be called as Pairs.
Example: lst[(0,10),(1,20)]

3. How will you access the multi-item. Explain with example.

MULTI-ITEM:
 The structure construct in OOP languages it's called class construct is used to represent multi-
part objects where each part is named.
 Consider the following pseudo code:

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 The new data type Person is pictorially represented as,

 The class (structure) construct defines the form for multi-part objects that represent a person.
 Person is referred to as a class or a type, while p1 is referred to as an object or an instance.
 Using class you can create many objects of that type.
 Class defines a data abstraction by grouping related data items.
 A class as bundled data and the functions that work on that data that is using class we can access
multi-part items.

PREPARED BY
J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)
[email protected] [email protected]
Puducherry. Puducherry.
16
 Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)

1. Explain the types of scopes for variable or LEGB rule with example.
SCOPE:
 Scope refers to the visibility of variables, parameters and functions in one part of a program to
another part of the same program.
TYPES OF VARIABLE SCOPE:
 Local Scope
 Enclosed Scope
 Global Scope
 Built-in Scope
LEGB RULE:
 The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope
resolution.
 The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

i) LOCAL SCOPE:
 Local scope refers to variables defined in current function.
 A function will always look up for a variable name in its local scope.
 Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
 Example:

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 On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and
available in the local scope.
ii) ENCLOSED SCOPE:
 A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in
it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called
enclosed scope.
 When a compiler or interpreter searches for a variable in a program, it first search Local, and then
search Enclosing scopes.

 In the above example Disp1() is defined within Disp(). The variable „a‟ defined in Disp() can be
even used by Disp1() because it is also a member of Disp().
iii) GLOBAL SCOPE:
 A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable.
 Global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.
 Example:

 On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the function displays the
value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10, because a is defined in global scope.

iv) BUILT-IN-SCOPE:
 The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the
compiler or interpreter.
 Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming language has
Built-in or module scope.

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2. Write any Five Characteristics of Modules.
The following are the desirable characteristics of a module.
1. Modules contain instructions, processing logic, and data.
2. Modules can be separately compiled and stored in a library.
3. Modules can be included in a program.
4. Module segments can be used by invoking a name and some parameters.
5. Module segments can be used by other modules.

3. Write any five benefits in using modular programming.

 Less code to be written.
 A single procedure can be developed for reuse, eliminating the need to retype the code many times.
 Programs can be designed easily because a small team deals with only a small part of the entire
code.
 Modular programming allows many programmers to collaborate on the same application.
 The code is stored across multiple files.
 Code is short, simple and easy to understand.
 Errors can easily be identified, as they are localized to a subroutine or function.
 The same code can be used in many applications.
 The scoping of variables can easily be controlled.

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]
23
5. What do you understand by Dynamic programming?
 Dynamic programming is used when the solution to a problem can be viewed as the result of a
sequence of decisions.
 Dynamic programming approach is similar to divide and conquer (i.e) the problem can be
divided into smaller sub-problems.
 Results of the sub-problems can be re-used to complete the process.
 Dynamic programming approaches are used to find the solution in optimized way.

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Explain the characteristics of an algorithm.

Characteristics Meaning
Input Zero or more quantities to be supplied.
Output At least one quantity is produced.
Finiteness Algorithms must terminate after finite number of steps.
Definiteness All operations should be well defined.
Effectiveness Every instruction must be carried out effectively.
Correctness The algorithms should be error free.
Simplicity Easy to implement.
Algorithm should be clear and unambiguous. Each of its steps should be clear
Unambiguous
and must lead to only one meaning.
Feasibility Should be feasible with the available resources.
An algorithm should be generic, independent and able to handle all range of
Portable
inputs.
An algorithm should have step-by-step directions, which should be independent
Independent
of any programming code.

2. Discuss about Linear search algorithm.

LINEAR SEARCH:
 Linear search also called sequential search is a sequential method for finding a particular value in a
list.
 This method checks the search element with each element in sequence until the desired element is
found or the list is exhausted.
 In this searching algorithm, list need not be ordered.
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Pseudo code:
1. Traverse the array using for loop
2. In every iteration, compare the target search key value with the current value of the list.

 If the values match, display the current index and value of the array
 If the values do not match, move on to the next array element. If no match is found, display the
search element not found.
3. If no match is found, display the search element not found.

Example:
 To search the number 25 in the array given below, linear search will go step by step in a
sequential order starting from the first element in the given array.
 if the search element is found that index is returned otherwise the search is continued till the last
index of the array.
 In this example number 25 is found at index number 3.
index 0 1 2 3 4
values 10 12 20 25 30

Snippet:
Input: values[]={10,12,20,25,30}
Target=25
Output:
3

3. What is Binary search? Discuss with example.

BINARY SEARCH:
 Binary search also called half-interval search algorithm.
 It finds the position of a search element within a sorted array.
 The binary search algorithm can be done as divide-and-conquer search algorithm and executes in
logarithmic time.
Pseudo code for Binary search:
1. Start with the middle element:
a) If the search element is equal to the middle element of the array, then return the index of the
middle element.
b) If not, then compare the middle element with the search value,
c) If (Search element > number in the middle index), then select the elements to the right side
of the middle index, and go to Step-1.
d) If (Search element < number in the middle index), then select the elements to the left side of
the middle index, and start with Step-1.

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2. When a match is found, display success message with the index of the element matched.

3. If no match is found for all comparisons, then display unsuccessful message.

Binary Search Working principles with example:

 List of elements in an array must be sorted first for Binary search.

 The array is being sorted in the given example and it is suitable to do the binary search
algorithm.

 Let us assume that the search element is 60 and we need to search the location or index of
search element 60 using binary search.

 First, we find index of middle element of the array by using this formula :

mid = low + (high - low) / 2

 Here it is, 0 + (9 - 0 ) / 2 = 4. So, 4 is the mid value of the array.

 Compare the value stored at index 4 with target value, which is not match with search element.
As the search value 60 > 50.

 Now we change our search range low to mid + 1 and find the new mid value as index 7.

 We compare the value stored at index 7 with our target value.

 Element not found because the value in index 7 is greater than search value . ( 80 > 60)
 So, the search element must be in the lower part from the current mid value location

 Now we change our search range low to mid - 1 and find the new mid value as index 5

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  Now we compare the value stored at location 5 with our search element.
 We found that it is a match.

 We can conclude that the search element 60 is found at lcoation or index 5.

4. Explain the Bubble sort algorithm with example.

 Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm, it starts at the beginning of the list of values stored in
an array.

 It compares each pair of adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the unsorted order.

 This comparison and passed to be continued until no swaps are needed, which shows the values
in an array is sorted.

 It is named so becase, the smaller elements "bubble" to the top of the list.

 It is too slow and less efficient when compared to other sorting methods.
Pseudo code
1. Start with the first element i.e., index = 0, compare the current element with the next element of the
array.

2. If the current element is greater than the next element of the array, swap them.

If the current element is less than the next or right side of the element, move to the next element.
Go to Step 1 and repeat until end of the index is reached.
Example:
 Consider an array with values {15, 11, 16, 12, 14, 13}
 Below, we have a pictorial representation of how bubble sort.

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 The above pictorial example is for iteration-1.

 Similarly, remaining iteration can be done.
 The final iteration will give the sorted array.
 At the end of all the iterations we will get the sorted values in an array as given below:

5. Explain the concept of Dynamic programming with suitable example.

 Dynamic programming is used when the solution to a problem can be viewed as the result of a
sequence of decisions.
 Dynamic programming approach is similar to divide and conquer (i.e) the problem can be
divided into smaller sub-problems.
 Results of the sub-problems can be re-used to complete the process.
 Dynamic programming approaches are used to find the solution in optimized way.
Steps to do Dynamic programming
 The given problem will be divided into smaller overlapping sub-problems.
 An optimum solution for the given problem can be achieved by using result of smaller sub-
problem.
 Dynamic algorithms uses Memoization.

Fibonacci Iterative Algorithm with Dynamic Programming Approach

 The following example shows a simple Dynamic programming approach for the generation of
Fibonacci series.
 Initialize f0=0, f1 =1
 step-1: Print the initial values of Fibonacci f0 and f1
 step-2: Calculate fibanocci fib ← f0 + f1
 step-3: Assign f0← f1, f1← fib
 step-4: Print the next consecutive value of fibanocci fib
 step-5: Goto step-2 and repeat until the specified number of terms generated
 For example if we generate fibonacci series upto 10 digits, the algorithm will generate the series
as shown below:
 The Fibonacci series is : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]
31
 It is used in representing certain whitespace characters.

 Python supports the following escape sequence characters.

5. What are string literals? Explain.

 In Python a string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes.
 Python supports single, double and triple quotes for a string.
 A character literal is a single character surrounded by single or double quotes.
 The value with triple-quote "' '" is used to give multi-line string literal.
 Example:
strings = "This is Python"
char = "C"
multiline_str = "' This is a multiline string with more than one line code."'
print (strings)
print (char)
print (multiline_str)
 Output:
This is Python
C
This is a multiline string with more than one line code.
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Describe in detail the procedure Script mode programming.
SCRIPT MODE PROGRAMMING:
 A script is a text file containing the Python statements.

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  Once the Python Scripts is created, they are reusable , it can be executed again and again without
retyping.
 The Scripts are editable.
(i) Creating Scripts in Python
1. Choose File → New File or press Ctrl + N in Python shell window.
2. An untitled blank script text editor will be displayed on screen.
3. Type the code in Script editor as given below,

(ii) Saving Python Script

(1) Choose File → Save or Press Ctrl + S
(2) Now, Save As dialog box appears on the screen.
(3) In the Save As dialog box
 Select the location to save your Python code.
 Type the file name in File Name box.
 Python files are by default saved with extension .py.
 So, while creating scripts using Python Script editor, no need to specify the file extension.
(4) Finally, click Save button to save your Python script.
(iii) Executing Python Script
(1) Choose Run → Run Module or Press F5
(2) If your code has any error, it will be shown in red color in the IDLE window, and Python describes
the type of error occurred.

 To correct the errors, go back to Script editor, make corrections, save the file and execute it
again.
(3) For all error free code, the output will appear in the IDLE window of Python as shown in Figure.

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2. Explain input() and print() functions with examples.

Input and Output Functions
 A program needs to interact with the user to accomplish the desired task; this can be achieved using
Input-Output functions.

 The input() function helps to enter data at run time by the user

 The output function print() is used to display the result of the program on the screen after
execution.
1) print() function
 In Python, the print() function is used to display result on the screen.
 Syntax for print():

 Example:

 The print ( ) evaluates the expression before printing it on the monitor.

 The print () displays an entire statement which is specified within print ( ).
 Comma ( , ) is used as a separator in print ( ) to print more than one item.

2) input() function
 In Python, input( ) function is used to accept data as input at run time.
 The syntax for input() function is,

 “Prompt string” in the syntax is a message to the user, to know what input can be given.

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  If a prompt string is used, it is displayed on the monitor; the user can provide expected data from
the input device.
 The input( ) takes typed data from the keyboard and stores in the given variable.
 If prompt string is not given in input( ), the user will not know what is to be typed as input.
 Example:

 In Example 1 input() using prompt string takes proper input and produce relevant output.
 In Example 2 input() without using prompt string takes irrelevant input and produce unexpected
output.
 So, to make your program more interactive, provide prompt string with input( ).
Input() using Numerical values:
 The input ( ) accepts all data as string or characters but not as numbers.
 The int( ) function is used to convert string data as integer data explicitly.
 Example:

3. Discuss in detail about Tokens in Python.

Tokens
 Python breaks each logical line into a sequence of elementary lexical components known as
Tokens.
 The normal token types are,

1) Identifiers,
2) Keywords,
3) Operators,
4) Delimiters and
5) Literals.

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 Whitespace separation is necessary between tokens, identifiers or keywords.
1) Identifiers
 An Identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or object.
 An identifier must start with an alphabet (A..Z or a..z) or underscore ( _ ).
 Identifiers may contain digits (0 .. 9)
 Python identifiers are case sensitive i.e. uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
 Identifiers must not be a python keyword.
 Python does not allow punctuation character such as %,$, @ etc., within identifiers.
 Example of valid identifiers: Sum, total_marks, regno, num1
 Example of invalid identifiers: 12Name, name$, total-mark, continue
2) Keywords
 Keywords are special words used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of program.
 Keywords have specific meaning for interpreter, they cannot be used for any other purpose.
 Python Keywords: false, class, If, elif, else, pass, break etc.
3) Operators
 Operators are special symbols which represent computations, conditional matching in
programming.
 Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment and Conditional.
 Value and variables when used with operator are known as operands.
 Example:
a=100
b=10
print ("The Sum = ",a+b)
print ("The a > b = ",a>b)
print ("The a > b or a == b = ",a>b or a==b)
a+=10
print(“The a+=10 is =”, a)
 Output:
The Sum = 110
The a>b = True
The a > b or a == b = True
The a+=10 is= 110

4) Delimiters
 Python uses the symbols and symbol combinations as delimiters in expressions, lists, dictionaries
and strings.
 Following are the delimiters.
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5) Literals
 Literal is a raw data given in a variable or constant.
 In Python, there are various types of literals. They are,
1) Numeric Literals consists of digits and are immutable
2) String literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes.
3) Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

40
5. List the differences between break and continue statements.
break continue
The break statement terminates the loop The Continue statement is used to skip the
containing it. remaining part of a loop and
Control of the program flows to the statement Control of the program flows start with next
immediately after the body of the loop. iteration.
Syntax: Syntax:

break continue

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)

1. Write a detail note on for loop.

 for loop is the most comfortable loop.

 It is also an entry check loop.
 The condition is checked in the beginning and the body of the loop(statements-block 1) is executed
if
it is only True otherwise the loop is not executed.
Syntax:
for counter_variable in sequence:
statements-block 1
[else: # optional block
statements-block 2]
 The counter_variable is the control variable.
 The sequence refers to the initial, final and increment value.
 for loop uses the range() function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values.
 range() generates a list of values starting from start till stop-1.

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The syntax of range() is as follows:

range (start,stop,[step])
Where,

start – refers to the initial value

stop – refers to the final value

step – refers to increment value, this is optional part.

Example:

for i in range(2,10,2):
print (i,end=' ')
else:
print ("\nEnd of the loop")

Output:
2468
End of the loop
2. Write a detail note on if..else..elif statement with suitable example.

Nested if..elif...else statement:

 When we need to construct a chain of if statement(s) then „elif‟ clause can be used instead of „else‟.
 „elif‟ clause combines if..else-if..else statements to one if..elif…else.
 „elif‟ can be considered to be abbreviation of „else if‟.
 In an „if‟ statement there is no limit of „elif‟ clause that can be used, but an „else‟ clause if used
should be placed at the end.
Syntax:

if <condition-1>:
statements-block 1
elif <condition-2>:
statements-block 2
else:
statements-block n
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 In the syntax of if..elif..else mentioned above, condition-1 is tested if it is true then statements-
block1 is executed.
 Otherwise the control checks condition-2, if it is true statements-block2 is executed and even if it
fails statements-block n mentioned in else part is executed.
Example:
m1=int (input(“Enter mark in first subject : ”))
m2=int (input(“Enter mark in second subject : ”))
avg= (m1+m2)/2
if avg>=80:
print (“Grade : A”)
elif avg>=70 and avg<80:
print (“Grade : B”)
elif avg>=60 and avg<70:
print (“Grade : C”)
elif avg>=50 and avg<60:
print (“Grade : D”)
else:
print (“Grade : E”)

Output :
Enter mark in first subject : 34
Enter mark in second subject : 78
Grade : D
3. Write a program to display all 3 digit odd numbers.

CODE:
lower=int(input("Enter the lower limit for the range:"))
upper=int(input("Enter the upper limit for the range:"))
for i in range(lower,upper+1):
if(i%2!=0):
print(i,end=" ")

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Output:

4. Write a program to display multiplication table for a given number.

CODE:

num=int(input("Display Multiplication Table of "))

for i in range(1,11):
print(i, 'x' ,num, '=' , num*i)
Output:

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

48
6. What is composition in functions?

The value returned by a function may be used as an argument for another function in a nested
manner.

This is called composition.

For example, if we wish to take a numeric value as a input from the user, we take the input string
from the user using the function input() and apply eval() function to evaluate its value.

7. How recursive function works?

1. Recursive function is called by some external code.

2. If the base condition is met then the program gives meaningful output and exits.

3. Otherwise, function does some required processing and then calls itself to continue recursion.

8. What are the points to be noted while defining a function?

When defining functions there are multiple things that need to be noted;

Function blocks begin with the keyword “def” followed by function name and parenthesis ().
Any input parameters should be placed within these parentheses.
The code block always comes after a colon (:) and is indented.
The statement “return [expression]” exits a function, and it is optional.
A “return” with no arguments is the same as return None.
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)

1. Explain the different types of function with an example.

 Functions are named blocks of code that are designed to do one specific job.
 Types of Functions
 User defined Function
 Built-in Function
 Lambda Function
 Recursion Function

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i) BUILT-IN FUNCTION:
Built-in functions are Functions that are inbuilt with in Python.
print(), echo() are some built-in function.
ii) USER DEFINED FUNCTION:
Functions defined by the users themselves are called user defined function.
 Functions must be defined, to create and use certain functionality.
 Function blocks begin with the keyword “def ” followed by function name and parenthesis ().
 When defining functions there are multiple things that need to be noted;
 Function blocks begin with the keyword “def” followed by function name and parenthesis ().
 Any input parameters should be placed within these parentheses.
 The code block always comes after a colon (:) and is indented.
 The statement “return [expression]” exits a function, and it is optional.
 A “return” with no arguments is the same as return None.
 EXAMPLE:
def area(w,h):
return w * h
print (area (3,5))
iii) LAMBDA FUNCTION:
In Python, anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name.
While normal functions are defined using the def keyword, in Python anonymous functions are
defined using the lambda keyword.
Hence, anonymous functions are also called as lambda functions.
USE OF LAMBDA OR ANONYMOUS FUNCTION:
Lambda function is mostly used for creating small and one-time anonymous function.
Lambda functions are mainly used in combination with the functions like filter(), map() and
reduce().
EXAMPLE:
sum = lambda arg1, arg2: arg1 + arg2
print ('The Sum is :', sum(30,40))

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print ('The Sum is :', sum(-30,40))

Output:
The Sum is : 70
The Sum is : 10
iv) RECURSIVE FUNCTION:
Functions that calls itself is known as recursive.
Overview of how recursive function works
1. Recursive function is called by some external code.
2. If the base condition is met then the program gives meaningful output and exits.
3. Otherwise, function does some required processing and then calls itself to continue recursion.
2. Explain the scope of variables with an example.
Scope of variable refers to the part of the program, where it is accessible, i.e., area where you can
refer (use) it.
We can say that scope holds the current set of variables and their values.
There are two types of scopes - local scope and global scope.
 Local Scope:
A variable declared inside the function's body or in the local scope is known as local variable.
Rules of local variable:
A variable with local scope can be accessed only within the function/block that it is created in.
When a variable is created inside the function/block, the variable becomes local to it.
A local variable only exists while the function is executing.
The formal arguments are also local to function.
Example:
def loc():
y=0 # local scope
print(y)
loc()
Output:
0

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 Global Scope
A variable, with global scope can be used anywhere in the program.
It can be created by defining a variable outside the scope of any function/block.
 Rules of global Keyword
The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:
When we define a variable outside a function, it‟s global by default. You don‟t have to use
global keyword.
We use global keyword to read and write a global variable inside a function.
Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect
Use of global Keyword
Without using the global keyword we cannot modify the global variable inside the function but
we can only access the global variable.
Example:
x=0 # global variable
def add():
global x
x=x+5 # increment by 2
print ("Inside add() function x value is :", x)
add()
print ("In main x value is :", x)

Output:
Inside add() function x value is : 5
In main x value is : 5 #value of x changed outside the function

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3. Explain the following built-in functions.
(a) id() (b) chr() (c) round() (d) type() (e) pow()

Function Description Syntax Example

Return the “identity” of id (object) x=15
id ( ) an object. i.e. the address y='a'
of the object in memory. print ('address of x is :',id (x))
print ('address of y is :',id (y))
Output:
address of x is : 1357486752
address of y is : 13480736
Returns the Unicode c=65
chr ( ) character for the given chr print (chr
ASCII value. (i) (c))
Output:
A

round ( ) Returns the nearest round x= 17.9

integer to its input. (number print ('x value is rounded to',
1. First argument [,ndigits]) round (x))
(number) is used to
specify the value to be
Output:
rounded.
X value is rounded to 18

type ( ) Returns the type of type x= 15.2

object for the given (object) print (type
single object. (x))
Output:
<class
'float'>

pow ( ) Returns the pow a= 5

computation of a,b i.e. (a,b) b= 2
(a**b ) a raised to the print (pow (a,b))
power of b.
Output:
25

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4. Write a Python code to find the L.C.M. of two numbers.
CODE:
x=int(input("Enter first number:"))
y=int(input("Enter second number:"))
if x>y:
min=x
else:
min=y
while(1):
if((min%x == 0) and (min % y == 0)):
print("LCM is:",min)
break
min=min+1
OUTPUT:
Enter first number:2
Enter second number:3
LCM is: 6
5. Explain recursive function with an example.
 Functions that calls itself is known as recursive.
 When a function calls itself is known as recursion.
 Recursion works like loop but sometimes it makes more sense to use recursion than loop.
 Imagine a process would iterate indefinitely if not stopped by some condition is known as infinite
iteration.
 The condition that is applied in any recursive function is known as base condition.
 A base condition is must in every recursive function otherwise it will continue to execute like an
infinite loop.
 Python stops calling recursive function after 1000 calls by default.
 So, It also allows you to change the limit using sys.setrecursionlimit (limit_value).

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Overview of how recursive function works:

1. Recursive function is called by some external code.

2. If the base condition is met then the program gives meaningful output and exits.

3. Otherwise, function does some required processing and then calls itself to continue recursion.
EXAMPLE:

def fact(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * fact (n-1)
print (fact (0))
print (fact (5))
Output:
1
120

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

59
OUTPUT:
Number 1: 34
Number 2: 54
The sum of 34 and 54 is 88

5. Write a note about count( ) function in python.

 Returns the number of substrings occurs within the given range.
 Remember that substring may be a single character.
 Range (beg and end) arguments are optional. If it is not given, python searched in whole string.
 Search is case sensitive.
SYNTAX:

count(str, beg, end

EXAMPLE:
>>> str1="Raja Raja Chozhan"
>>> print(str1.count('Raja'))
OUTPUT: 2
Section - D

Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)

1. Explain about string operators in python with suitable example.
STRING OPERATORS
Python provides the following string operators to manipulate string.
(i) Concatenation (+)
 Joining of two or more strings using plus (+) operator is called as Concatenation.
Example
>>> "welcome" + "Python"
Output: 'welcomePython'
(ii) Append (+ =)
 Adding more strings at the end of an existing string using operator += is known as append.
Example:
>>> str1="Welcome to "
>>> str1+="Learn Python"
>>> print (str1)
Output: Welcome to Learn Python
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(iii) Repeating (*)
 The multiplication operator (*) is used to display a string in multiple number of times.
Example:
>>> str1="Welcome "
>>> print (str1*4)
Output: Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome
(iv) String slicing
 Slice is a substring of a main string.
 A substring can be taken from the original string by using [ ] slicing operator and index values.
 Using slice operator, you have to slice one or more substrings from a main string.
General format of slice operation:
str[start:end]
 Where start is the beginning index and end is the last index value of a character in the string.
 Python takes the end value less than one from the actual index specified.
Example: slice a single character from a string
>>> str1="THIRUKKURAL"
>>> print (str1[0])
Output: T
(v) Stride when slicing string
 When the slicing operation, you can specify a third argument as the stride, which refers to the
number of characters to move forward after the first character is retrieved from the string.
 The default value of stride is 1.
 Python takes the last value as n-1
 You can also use negative value as stride, to prints data in reverse order.
Example:
>>> str1 = "Welcome to learn Python"
>>> print (str1[10:16])
>>> print(str1[::-2])
Output: Learn
nhy re teolW
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 Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. What the different ways to insert an element in a list. Explain with suitable example.
Inserting elements in a list using insert():
 The insert ( ) function helps you to include an element at your desired position.
 The insert( ) function is used to insert an element at any position of a list.
Syntax:
List.insert (position index, element)
Example:
>>> MyList=[34,98,47,'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan' ]
>>> MyList.insert(3, 'Ramakrishnan')
>>> print(MyList)
Output: [34, 98, 47, 'Ramakrishnan', 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan']
 In the above example, insert( ) function inserts a new element „Ramakrishnan‟ at the index value 3,
th
ie. at the 4 position.
 While inserting a new element, the existing elements shifts one position to the right.
Adding more elements in a list using append():
 The append( ) function is used to add a single element in a list.
 But, it includes elements at the end of a list.
Syntax:
List.append (element to be added)
Example:
>>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48]
>>> Mylist.append(90)
>>> print(Mylist)
Output: [34, 45, 48, 90]
Adding more elements in a list using extend():
 The extend( ) function is used to add more than one element to an existing list.
 In extend( ) function, multiple elements should be specified within square bracket as arguments of
the function.
Syntax:
List.extend ( [elements to be added])
Example:
>>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48]
>>> Mylist.extend([71, 32, 29])
>>> print(Mylist)
Output: [34, 45, 48, 90, 71, 32, 29]
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2. What is the purpose of range( )? Explain with an example.
range():
 The range( ) is a function used to generate a series of values in Python.
 Using range( ) function, you can create list with series of values.
 The range( ) function has three arguments.

Syntax of range ( ) function:

range (start value, end value, step value)
where,
 start value – beginning value of series. Zero is the default beginning value.
 end value – upper limit of series. Python takes the ending value as upper limit – 1.
 step value – It is an optional argument, which is used to generate different interval of values.
Example : Generating whole numbers upto 10
for x in range (1, 11):
print(x)
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Creating a list with series of values

 Using the range( ) function, you can create a list with series of values.
 To convert the result of range( ) function into list, we need one more function called list( ).
 The list( ) function makes the result of range( ) as a list.
Syntax:
List_Varibale = list ( range ( ) )
Example :
>>> Even_List = list(range(2,11,2))
>>> print(Even_List)
Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

 In the above code, list( ) function takes the result of range( ) as Even_List elements.
 Thus, Even_List list has the elements of first five even numbers.
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3. What is nested tuple? Explain with an example.

Tuple:
 Tuples consists of a number of values separated by comma and enclosed within parentheses.
 Tuple is similar to list, values in a list can be changed but not in a tuple.
Nested Tuples:
 In Python, a tuple can be defined inside another tuple; called Nested tuple.
 In a nested tuple, each tuple is considered as an element.
 The for loop will be useful to access all the elements in a nested tuple.
Example:
Toppers = (("Vinodini", "XII-F", 98.7), ("Soundarya", "XII-H", 97.5), ("Tharani", "XII-F",
95.3), ("Saisri", "XII-G", 93.8))
for i in Toppers:
print(i)

Output:
('Vinodini', 'XII-F', 98.7)
('Soundarya', 'XII-H', 97.5)
('Tharani', 'XII-F', 95.3)
('Saisri', 'XII-G', 93.8)

4. Explain the different set operations supported by python with suitable example.
 A Set is a mutable and an unordered collection of elements without duplicates.
Set Operations:
 The set operations such as Union, Intersection, difference and Symmetric difference.
(i) Union:
 It includes all elements from two or more sets.
 The operator | is used to union of two sets.
 The function union( ) is also used to join two sets in python.

Example:
set_A={2,4,6,8}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
U_set=set_A|set_B
print(U_set)
Output:
{2, 4, 6, 8, 'A', 'D', 'C', 'B'}
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(ii) Intersection:
 It includes the common elements in two sets.
 The operator & is used to intersect two sets in python.
 The function intersection( ) is also used to intersect two sets in python.

Example:
set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A & set_B)
Output:
{'A', 'D'}

(iii) Difference:
 It includes all elements that are in first set (say set A) but not in the second set (say set B).
 The minus (-) operator is used to difference set operation in python.
 The function difference( ) is also used to difference operation.

Example:
set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A - set_B)

Output:
{2, 4}

(iv) Symmetric difference

 It includes all the elements that are in two sets (say sets A and B) but not the one that are common
to two sets.
 The caret (^) operator is used to symmetric difference set operation in python.
 The function symmetric_difference( ) is also used to do the same operation.

72
Example:
set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A ^ set_B)

Output:
{2, 4, 'B', 'C'}

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

73
5. How do define constructor and destructor in Python?
CONSTRUCTOR:
 “init” is a special function begin and end with double underscore in Python act as a Constructor.
 Constructor function will automatically executed when an object of a class is created.
General format of constructor:

def __init__(self, [args ……..]):

<statements>
DESTRUCTOR:
 Destructor is also a special method gets executed automatically when an object exit from the scope.
 In Python, __del__( ) method is used as destructor.
General format of destructor:

def __del__(self):
<statements>

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Write a menu driven program to add or delete stationary items. You should use dictionary to
store items and the brand.

CODE:

stationary={}
print("\n1. Add Item \n2.Delete item \n3.Exit")
ch=int(input("\nEnter your choice: "))
while(ch==1)or(ch==2):
if(ch==1):
n=int(input("\nEnter the Number of Items to be added in the Dictionary: "))
for i in range(n):
item=input("\nEnter an Item Name: ")
brand=input("\nEnter the Brand Name: ")
stationary[item]=brand
print(stationary)
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 elif(ch==2):
ritem=input("\nEnter the item to be removed from the Dictionary: ")
stationary.pop(ritem)
print(stationary)
ch=int(input("\nEnter your choice: "))

OUTPUT:

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

80
 www.nammakalvi.in

Types of Data Model

The different types of a Data Model are,
 Hierarchical Model
 Relational Model
 Network Database Model
 Entity Relationship Model
 Object Model
i). Hierarchical Model:
 In Hierarchical model, data is represented as a simple tree like structure form.
 This model represents a one-to-many relationship ie parent-child relationship.
 One child can have only one parent but one parent can have many children.
 This model is mainly used in IBM Main Frame computers.
 Example:

ii). Relational Model

 The Relational Database model was first proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970 .
 The basic structure of data in relational model is tables (relations).
 All the information‟s related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
 Hence tables are also known as relations in a relational model.
 A relation key is an attribute which uniquely identifies a particular tuple (row in a relation (table)).

 Example:

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iii.) Network Model

 Network database model is an extended form of hierarchical data model.

 In a Network model, a child may have many parent nodes.
 It represents the data in many-to-many relationships.
 This model is easier and faster to access the data.

iv.) Entity Relationship Model. (ER model)

 In this database model, relationship are created by dividing the object into entity and its
characteristics into attributes.
 It was developed by Chen in 1976.
 ER model constructed by,
 Rectangle represents the entities.
 Ellipse represents the attributes .
 Attributes describes the characteristics and each entity.
 Diamond represents the relationship in ER diagrams
 Example: Doctor diagnosis the Patient.

v.) Object Model

 Object model stores the data in the form of objects, attributes and methods, classes and Inheritance.
 This model handles more complex applications, such as Geographic information System (GIS),
scientific experiments, engineering design and manufacturing.

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Example:

2. Explain the different types of relationship mapping.

Types of Relationships : There are the types of relationships used in a database.

1. One-to-One Relationship
2. One-to-Many Relationship
3. Many-to-One Relationship
4. Many-to-Many Relationship
i.) One-to-One Relationship:
 In One-to-One Relationship, one entity is related with only one other entity.
 One row in a table is linked with only one row in another table and vice versa.
 For Example: A student can have only one exam number.

ii. One-to-Many Relationship:

 In One-to-Many relationship, one entity is related to many other entities.

 One row in a table A is linked to many rows in a table B, but one row in a table B is linked to
only one row in table A.
 For Example: One Department has many staff members.

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iii. Many-to-One Relationship:

 In Many-to-One Relationship, many entities can be related with only one in the other entity.
 For Example: A number of staff members working in one Department.
 Multiple rows in staff members table is related with only one row in Department table.

4. Many-to-Many Relationship:
 A many-to-many relationship occurs when multiple records in a table are associated with
multiple records in another table.
 Example: Books and Student :Many Books in a Library are issued to many students.

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3. Differentiate DBMS and RDBMS.

Basis of Comparison DBMS RDBMS

Expansion Database Management System Relational DataBase

Management System

Data storage Navigational model Relational model (in tables). ie

ie data by linked records data in tables as row and
column

Data redundancy Exhibit Not Present

Normalization Not performed RDBMS uses normalization to

reduce redundancy

Data access Consumes more time Faster, compared to DBMS.

Keys and indexes Does not use. Used to establish relationship.

Keys are used in RDBMS.

Transaction management Inefficient, Efficient and secure.

Error prone and insecure.

Distributed Databases Not supported Supported by RDBMS.

Example Dbase, FoxPro. SQL server, Oracle, mysql,

MariaDB, SQLite.

4. Explain the different operators in Relational algebra with suitable examples.

 Relational Algebra is used for modeling data stored in relational databases and for defining queries
on it.
 Relational Algebra is divided into various groups.
1) Unary Relational Operations
 SELECT ( symbol : σ)
 PROJECT ( symbol : Π)
2) Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory
 UNION (∪)
 INTERSECTION (∩)
 DIFFERENCE (−)
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT (X)
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 SELECT (symbol : σ)
 General form σ ( R ) with a relation R and a condition C on the attributes of R.
c

 The SELECT operation is used for selecting a subset with tuples according to a given condition.
 Select filters out all tuples that do not satisfy C.
 Example: σ = “Big Data” (STUDENT )
course
 PROJECT (symbol : Π)
 The projection eliminates all attributes of the input relation but those mentioned in the projection
list.
 The projection method defines a relation that contains a vertical subset of Relation.

 Example: Π (STUDENT)
course
 UNION (Symbol :∪) A U B
 It includes all tuples that are in tables A or in B.
 It also eliminates duplicates.
 Set A Union Set B would be expressed as A ∪ B
 SET DIFFERENCE ( Symbol : - )
 The result of A – B, is a relation which includes all tuples that are in A but not in B.
 The attribute name of A has to match with the attribute name in B.
 INTERSECTION (symbol : ∩) A ∩ B
 Defines a relation consisting of a set of all tuple that are in both in A and B.
 However, A and B must be union-compatible.
 PRODUCT OR CARTESIAN PRODUCT (Symbol : X )
 Cross product is a way of combining two relations.
 The resulting relation contains, both relations being combined.
 This type of operation is helpful to merge columns from two relations.
 A x B means A times B, where the relation A and B have different attributes.

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5. Explain the characteristics of DBMS.

1. Data Stored in a Tables  Data is stored into tables, created inside the database.
 DBMS also allows to have relationship between tables.

2. Reduced Redundancy  Unnecessary repetition of data in database was a big

problem.
 DBMS follows Normalisation which divides the data in
such a way that repetition is minimum.
3.Data Consistency  Data Consistency means that data values are the same at all
instances of a database.
4.Support Multiple user and  DBMS allows multiple users to work on it(update, insert,
Concurrent Access delete data) at the same time and still manages to maintain
the data consistency.
5.Query Language  DBMS provides users with a simple query language, using
which data can be easily fetched, inserted, deleted and
updated in a database.
6. Security  The DBMS also takes care of the security of data,
protecting the data from unauthorized access.
 Creating user accounts with different access permissions
we can easily secure our data.
7. DBMS Supports  It allows us to better handle and manage data integrity in
Transactions real world applications where multi-threading is
extensively used.

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

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3. Write any three DDL commands.

Data Definition Language:
Create Command: To create tables in the database.
CREATE TABLE Student (Admno integer, Name char(20), Gender char(1), Age integer);
Alter Command: Alters the structure of the database.
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address char;
Drop Command: Delete tables from database.
DROP TABLE Student;
4. Write the use of Savepoint command with an example.

 The SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to the
point whenever required.
Syntax: SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
Example: SAVEPOINT A;
5. Write a SQL statement using DISTINCT keyword.
 The DISTINCT keyword is used along with the SELECT command to eliminate duplicate rows in
the table.
 This helps to eliminate redundant data.
 For Example: SELECT DISTINCT Place FROM Student;
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)

1. Write the different types of constraints and their functions.

 Constraint is a condition applicable on a field or set of fields.
 Type of Constraints:

(i)Unique Constraint: Table Constraint

 This constraint ensures that no two rows have the same value in the specified columns.

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 For example UNIQUE constraint applied on Admno of student table ensures that no two students
have the same admission number and the constraint can be used as:

CREATE TABLE Student

(
Admno integer NOT NULL UNIQUE, → Unique constraint
Name char (20) NOT NULL,
Gender char (1),
);
 The UNIQUE constraint can be applied only to fields that have also been declared as NOT NULL.
 When two constraints are applied on a single field, it is known as multiple constraints.
 In the above Multiple constraints NOT NULL and UNIQUE are applied on a single field Admno.
(ii) Primary Key Constraint:
 This constraint declares a field as a Primary key which helps to uniquely identify a record.
 It is similar to unique constraint except that only one field of a table can be set as primary key.
 The primary key does not allow NULL values and therefore a field declared as primary key must
have the NOT NULL constraint.
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, → Primary Key constraint
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
);
(iii) DEFAULT Constraint:
 The DEFAULT constraint is used to assign a default value for the field.
 When no value is given for the specified field having DEFAULT constraint, automatically the
default value will be assigned to the field.
 Example:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer DEFAULT = “17”, → Default Constraint
Place char(10));
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 In the above example the “Age” field is assigned a default value of 17, therefore when no value is
entered in age by the user, it automatically assigns 17 to Age.
(iv) Check Constraint:
 This constraint helps to set a limit value placed for a field.
 When we define a check constraint on a single column, it allows only the restricted values on that
field.
 Example:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer (CHECK<=19), → Check Constraint
Place char(10),
);

 In the above example the check constraint is set to Age field where the value of Age must be less
than or equal to 19.
(V) Table Constraint:
 When the constraint is applied to a group of fields of the table, it is known as Table constraint.
 The table constraint is normally given at the end of the table definition.
 Let us take a new table namely Student1 with the following fields Admno, Firstname, Lastname,
Gender, Age, Place:
 Example:
CREATE TABLE Student 1
(
Admno integer NOT NULL,
Firstname char(20),
Lastname char(20),
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10),
PRIMARY KEY (Firstname, Lastname) → Table constraint
);
 In the above example, the two fields, Firstname and Lastname are defined as Primary key which is a
Table constraint.

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2. Consider the following employee table. Write SQL commands for the qtns.(i) to (v).

(i) To display the details of all employees in descending order of pay.

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY DESC;
(ii) To display all employees whose allowance is between 5000 and 7000.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE allowance BETWEEN 5000 AND 7000;
(iii) To remove the employees who are mechanic.
DELETE FROM employee WHERE desig=‟Mechanic‟;
(iv) To add a new row.
INSERT INTO employee
(empcode,name,desig,pay,allowance)VALUES(S1002,Baskaran,Supervisor,29000,12000);
(v) To display the details of all employees who are operators.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE design=‟Operator‟;

3. What are the components of SQL? Write the commands in each.

Components of SQL:

i) DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE :

 A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a computer programming language used for adding
(inserting), removing (deleting), and modifying (updating) data in a database.

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 By Data Manipulation we mean,

Insertion of new information into the database
Retrieval of information stored in a database.
Deletion of information from the database.
Modification of data stored in the database.
ii) DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:
 The Data Definition Language (DDL) consist of SQL statements used to define the database
structure or schema.
 It simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the
structure of database objects in databases.
 The DDL provides a set of definitions to specify the storage structure and access methods used by
the database system.
 SQL commands which comes under Data Definition Language are:
Create To create tables in the database.

Alter Alters the structure of the database.

Drop Delete tables from database.

Truncate Remove all records from a table, also release the space occupied by those records.

iii) DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:

 A Data Control Language (DCL) is a programming language used to control the access of data
stored in a database.
 It is used for controlling privileges in the database (Authorization).
 The privileges are required for performing all the database operations such as creating sequences,
views of tables etc.
SQL commands which come under Data Control Language are:
Grant Grants permission to one or more users to perform specific tasks.

Revoke Withdraws the access permission given by the GRANT statement.

iv) TRANSACTIONAL CONTROL LANGUAGE:

 Transactional control language (TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in the database.
 These are used to manage the changes made to the data in a table by DML statements.
SQL command which come under Transfer Control Language are:

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Commit Saves any transaction into the database permanently.

Roll back Restores the database to last commit state.

Save point Temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback.

4. Construct the following SQL statements in the student table:

(i) SELECT statement using GROUP BY clause.
SELECT Gender FROM Student GROUP BY Gender;
Output:
Gender
Male
Female

SELECT Gender, count(*) FROM Student GROUP BY male;

Output:
Gender Count(*)

Male 5

Female 3

(ii) SELECT statement using ORDER BY clause.

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Age>=18 ORDER BY Name DESC;
Output:

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5. Write a SQL statement to create a table for employee having any five fields and create a table
constraint for the employee table.
CREATE TABLE employee
(
empno integer NOT NULL,
name char(20),
desig char(20),
pay integer,
allowance integer,
PRIMARY KEY (empno)
);

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

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5. What is the difference between reader() and DictReader() function?
Reader():
 The reader function is designed to take each line of the file and make a list of all columns.
 Using this method one can read data from csv files of different formats like quotes (" "), pipe (|) and
comma (,).
 csv. Reader work with list/tuple.
 Syntax: csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
DictReader():
 DictReader works by reading the first line of the CSV and using each comma separated value in this
line as a dictionary key.
 DictReader is a class of csv module is used to read a CSV file into a dictionary.
 It creates an object which maps data to a dictionary.
 csv.DictReader work with dictionary.

Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Differentiate Excel file and CSV file.

Excel CSV
 Excel is a binary file that holds information  CSV format is a plain text format with a series
about all the worksheets in a file, including of values separated by commas.
both content and formatting.
 XLS files can only be read by applications  CSV can be opened with any text editor in
that have been especially written to read their Windows like notepad, MS Excel,
format, and can only be written in the same OpenOffice, etc.
way.
 Excel is a spreadsheet that saves files into its  CSV is a format for saving tabular
own proprietary format viz. xls or xlsx information into a delimited text file with
extension .csv
 Excel consumes more memory while  Importing CSV files can be much faster, and it
importing data also consumes less memory

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2. Tabulate the different mode with its meaning.

Python File Modes:

Mode Description
'r'  Open a file for reading. (default)
'w'  Open a file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates the
file if it exists.
'x'  Open a file for exclusive creation. If the file already exists, the operation fails.
'a'  Open for appending at the end of the file without truncating it. Creates a new
file if it does not exist.
't'  Opren in text mode. (default)
'b'  Open in binary mode.
'+'  Open a file for updating (reading and writing)

3. Write the different methods to read a File in Python.

 Contents of CSV file can be read with the help of csv.reader() method.
 The reader function is designed to take each line of the file and make a list of all columns.
 Using this method one can read data from csv files of different formats like,
1. CSV file - data with default delimiter comma (,)
2. CSV file - data with Space at the beginning
3. CSV file - data with quotes
4. CSV file - data with custom Delimiters
 The syntax for csv.reader() is csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
i) CSV file with default delimiter comma (,)
The following program read a file called “sample1.csv” with default delimiter comma (,) and print row
by row.
import csv
with open('c:\\pyprg\\sample1.csv', 'r') as F:
reader = csv.reader(F)
print(row)
F.close()

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OUTPUT:
['SNO', 'NAME', 'CITY']
['12101', 'RAM', 'CHENNAI']
['12102', 'LAVANYA', 'TIRUCHY']
['12103', 'LAKSHMAN', 'MADURAI']
ii) CSV files- data with Spaces at the beginning
Consider the following file “sample2.csv” containing the following data when opened through notepad

The following program read the file through Python using “csv.reader()”.

import csv
csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter = ',',skipinitialspace=True)
F=open('c:\\pyprg\\sample2.csv','r')
reader = csv.reader(F, dialect='myDialect')
for row in reader:
print(row)
F.close()

OUTPUT:
['Topic1', 'Topic2', 'Topic3']
['one', 'two', 'three']
['Example1', 'Example2', 'Example3']

 These whitespaces in the data can be removed, by registering new dialects using
csv.register_dialect() class of csv module.
 A dialect describes the format of the csv file that is to be read.
 In dialects the parameter “skipinitialspace” is used for removing whitespaces after the delimiter.

iii) CSV File-Data With Quotes

 You can read the csv file with quotes, by registering new dialects using csv.register_dialect() class
of csv module.
 Here, we have quotes.csv file with following data.

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SNO,Quotes
1, "The secret to getting ahead is getting started."
2, "Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident."
The following Program read “quotes.csv” file, where delimiter is comma (,) but the quotes are within
quotes (“ “).

import csv
csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter = ',',quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL,
skipinitialspace=True)
f=open('c:\\pyprg\\quotes.csv','r')
reader = csv.reader(f, dialect='myDialect')
for row in reader:
print(row)

OUTPUT:
['SNO', 'Quotes']
['1', 'The secret to getting ahead is getting started.']
['2', 'Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident.']

 In the above program, register a dialect with name myDialect.

 Then, we used csv. QUOTE_ALL to display all the characters after double quotes.

iv) CSV files with Custom Delimiters

 You can read CSV file having custom delimiter by registering a new dialect with the help of
csv.register_dialect().

 In the following file called “sample4.csv”,each column is separated with | (Pipe symbol)

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4. Write a Python program to write a CSV File with custom quotes.
import csv
info = [[„SNO‟, „Person‟, „DOB‟],
[„1‟, „Madhu‟, „18/12/2001‟],
[„2‟, „Sowmya‟,‟19/2/1998‟],
[„3‟, „Sangeetha‟,‟20/3/1999‟],
[„4‟, „Eshwar‟, „21/4/2000‟],
[„5‟, „Anand‟, „22/5/2001‟]]
csv.register_dialect(„myDialect‟,quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
with open(„c:\\pyprg\\ch13\\person.csv‟, „w‟) as f:
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect=‟myDialect‟)
for row in info:
writer.writerow(row)
f.close()

OUTPUT :
“SNO”,”Person”,”DOB” ”1”,”Madhu”,”18/12/2001” ”2”,”Sowmya”,”19/2/1998”
”3”,”Sangeetha”,”20/3/1999” ”4”,”Eshwar”,”21/4/2000”
“5”,”Anand”,”22/5/2001”

5. Write the rules to be followed to format the data in a CSV file.

1. Each record (row of data) is to be located on a separate line, delimited by a line break by pressing
enter key.
For example:

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2. The last record in the file may or may not have an ending line break.
For example:

3.
 There may be an optional header line appearing as the first line of the file with the same format as
normal record lines.
 The header will contain names corresponding to the fields in the file and should contain the same
number of fields as the records in the rest of the file.
 For example: field_name1,field_name2,field_name3

4.

 Within the header and each record, there may be one or more fields, separated by commas.
 Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored.
 The last field in the record must not be followed by a comma.
For example: Red , Blue
5.
 Each field may or may not be enclosed in double quotes.
 If fields are not enclosed with double quotes, then double quotes may not appear inside the fields.
For example:

6.
 Fields containing line breaks (CRLF), double quotes, and commas should be enclosed in double-
quotes.
 For example:

7.
 If double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote appearing inside a field must be
preceded with another double quote.
 For example:

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5. What is sys.argv? What does it contain?
 sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments passed to the Python program.
 argv contains all the items that come along via the command-line input, it's basically an array
holding the command-line arguments of the program.
 To use sys.argv, you will first have to import sys.
 sys.argv[0] is always the name of the program as it was invoked.
 sys.argv[1] is the first argument you pass to the program.
 main(sys.argv[1]) :
 Accepts the program file (Python program) and the input file (C++ file) as a list(array).
 argv[0] contains the Python program which is need not to be passed because by default
__main__ contains source code reference
 argv[1] contains the name of the C++ file which is to be processed.
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Write any 5 features of Python.
 Python uses Automatic Garbage Collection.
 Python is a dynamically typed language.
 Python runs through an interpreter.
 Python code tends to be 5 to 10 times shorter than that written in C++.
 In Python, there is no need to declare types explicitly.
 In Python, a function may accept an argument of any type, and return multiple values without any
kind of declaration beforehand.
2. Explain each word of the following command.
COMMAND: Python <filename.py> -<i> <C++ filename without cpp extension>
Where ,
Python Keyword to execute the Python program from command-line
<filename.py > Name of the Python program to executed
-< i > Input mode
<C++ filename without cpp Name of C++ file to be compiled and executed
extension>

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3. What is the purpose of sys,os,getopt module in Python. Explain
(i) Python‟s sys Module:
 This module provides access to some variables used by the interpreter and to functions that interact
strongly with the interpreter.
 sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments passed to the Python program.
 argv contains all the items that come along via the command-line input, it's basically an array
holding the command-line arguments of the program.
 To use sys.argv, you will first have to import sys.
 sys.argv[0] is always the name of the program as it was invoked.
 sys.argv[1] is the first argument you pass to the program.
 main(sys.argv[1]) :
 Accepts the program file (Python program) and the input file (C++ file) as a list(array).
 argv[0] contains the Python program which is need not to be passed because by
default__main__ contains source code reference
 argv[1] contains the name of the C++ file which is to be processed.
(ii) Python's OS Module:
 The OS module in Python provides a way of using operating system dependent functionality.
 The functions that the OS module allows you to interface with the Windows operating system
where Python is running on.
 os.system(): Execute the C++ compiling command in the shell.
 For Example to compile C++ program g++ compiler should be invoked.
 Command: os.system („g++‟ + <varaiable_name1> „-<mode>‟ + <variable_name2>
 os.system  function system() defined in os module

 g++  General compiler to compile C++ program under Windows Operating

system.
 variable_name1  Name of the C++ file without extension .cpp in string format
 mode  To specify input or output mode. Here it is o prefixed with hyphen.

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 Example:
os.system('g++ ' + cpp_file + ' -o ' + exe_file) --
g++ compiler compiles the file cpp_file and –o (output) send to exe_file
(iii) Python getopt Module:
 The getopt module of Python helps you to parse (split) command-line options and arguments.
 This module provides two functions to enable command-line argument parsing.
 getopt.getopt method:
 This method parses command-line options and parameter list.
 Syntax of getopt method:
<opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])
 Here is the detail of the parameters −
 argv -- This is the argument list of values to be parsed (splited). In our program
the complete command will be passed as a list.
 options -- This is string of option letters that the Python program recognize as, for
input or for output, with options (like „i‟ or „o‟) that followed by a colon
(:).
Here colon is used to denote the mode.
 long_options -- This parameter is passed with a list of strings. Argument of Long options
should be followed by an equal sign ('=').
 In our program the C++ file name will be passed as string and „i‟ also will be passed along with
to indicate it as the input file.
 getopt() method returns value consisting of two elements.
 Each of these values are stored separately in two different list (arrays) opts and args .
 Opts contains list of splitted strings like mode, path and args contains any string if at all not splitted
because of wrong path or mode.
 args will be an empty array if there is no error in splitting strings by getopt().

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 Example:
 opts, args = getopt.getopt (argv, "i:",['ifile='])
 where opts contains -- ('-i', 'c:\\pyprg\\p4')]
 -i: -- option nothing but mode should be followed by :
 'c:\\pyprg\\p4' -- value nothing but the absolute path of C++ file.
 In our examples since the entire command line commands are parsed and no leftover argument, the
second argument args will be empty [].
 If args is displayed using print() command it displays the output as [].
 Example:
 >>>print(args)
 []
4. Write the syntax for getopt() and explain its arguments and return values.
Python getopt Module:
 The getopt module of Python helps you to parse (split) command-line options and arguments.
 This module provides two functions to enable command-line argument parsing.
 getopt.getopt method:
 This method parses command-line options and parameter list.
 Syntax of getopt method:
<opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])
 Here is the detail of the parameters −
 argv -- This is the argument list of values to be parsed (splited). In our program
the complete command will be passed as a list.
 options -- This is string of option letters that the Python program recognize as, for
input or for output, with options (like „i‟ or „o‟) that followed by a colon
(:). Here colon is used to denote the mode.
 long_options -- This parameter is passed with a list of strings. Argument of Long options
should be followed by an equal sign ('=').
 In our program the C++ file name will be passed as string and „i‟ also will be passed along with
to indicate it as the input file.
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 getopt() method returns value consisting of two elements.
 Each of these values are stored separately in two different list (arrays) opts and args .
 Opts contains list of splitted strings like mode, path and args contains any string if at all not splitted
because of wrong path or mode.
 args will be an empty array if there is no error in splitting strings by getopt().
 Example:
 opts, args = getopt.getopt (argv, "i:",['ifile='])
 where opts contains -- ('-i', 'c:\\pyprg\\p4')]
 -i: -- option nothing but mode should be followed by :
 'c:\\pyprg\\p4' -- value nothing but the absolute path of C++ file.
 In our examples since the entire command line commands are parsed and no leftover argument, the
second argument args will be empty [].
 If args is displayed using print() command it displays the output as [].
 Example:
 >>>print(args)
 []

5. Write a Python program to execute the following c++ coding.

C++ CODE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ cout<<“WELCOME”;
return(0);
}
The above C++ program is saved in a file welcome.cpp
PYTHON PROGRAM:
import sys, os, getopt
def main(argv):
cpp_file = ''
exe_file = ''
opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv, "i:",['ifile='])
for o, a in opts:
if o in ("-i", "--ifile"):
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cpp_file = a + '.cpp'
exe_file = a + '.exe'
run(cpp_file, exe_file)
def run(cpp_file, exe_file):
print("Compiling " + cpp_file)
os.system('g++ ' + cpp_file + ' -o ' + exe_file)
print("Running " + exe_file)
print("-----------------------")
print
os.system(exe_file)
print
if __name__ =='__main__': #program starts executing from here
main(sys.argv[1:])
STEPS TO IMPORT CPP CODE INTO PYTHON CODE:
 Select File→New in Notepad and type the above Python program.
 Save the File as welcome.py.
 Click the Run Terminal and open the command window
 Go to the folder of Python using cd command.
 Type the command: Python c:\pyprg\welcome.py -i c:\pyprg\welcome_cpp
OUTPUT:
------------------------------------------
WELCOME
------------------------------------------

PREPARED BY
J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)
[email protected] [email protected]

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4. Read the following details.Based on that write a python script to display department wise
records.
database name :- organization.db
Table name :- Employee
Columns in the table :- Eno, EmpName, Esal, Dept

PYTHON SCRIPT:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“organization.db”)
c=conn.execute(“SELECT * FROM Employee GROUP BY Dept”)
for row in c:
print(row)
conn.close()

5. Read the following details.Based on that write a python script to display records in
desending order of Eno.
database name :- organization.db
Table name :- Employee
Columns in the table :- Eno, EmpName, Esal, Dept

PYTHON SCRIPT:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“organization.db”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY Eno DESC”)
result=cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Write in brief about SQLite and the steps used to use it.
 SQLite is a simple relational database system, which saves its data in regular data files or even in the
internal memory of the computer.
 It is designed to be embedded in applications, instead of using a separate database server program
such as MySQLor Oracle.

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ADVANTAGES:
 SQLite is fast, rigorously tested, and fl exible, making it easier to work.
 Python has a native library for SQLite.
Steps To Use SQLite:
Step 1: import sqlite3
Step 2: Create a connection using connect () method and pass the name of the database File
 Connecting to a database in step2 means passing the name of the database to be accessed.
 If the database already exists the connection will open the same.
 Otherwise, Python will open a new database file with the specified name.
Step 3: Set the cursor object cursor = connection. cursor ()
 Cursor is a control structure used to traverse and fetch the records of the database.
 Cursor has a major role in working with Python.
 All the commands will be executed using cursor object only.
 To create a table in the database, create an object and write the SQL command in it.
Example:- sql_comm = "SQL statement"
 For executing the command use the cursor method and pass the required sql command as a
parameter.
 Many number of commands can be stored in the sql_comm and can be executed one after other.
 Any changes made in the values of the record should be saved by the commend "Commit" before
closing the "Table connection".
2. Write the Python script to display all the records of the following table using fetchmany()

Icode ItemName Rate

1003 Scanner 10500
1004 Speaker 3000
1005 Printer 8000
1008 Monitor 15000
1010 Mouse 700

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PYTHON SCRIPT:

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“Materials.db”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM Materials”)
print(“Displaying All The Records”)
result=cursor.fetchmany(5)
print(result, Sep= “\n”)
OUTPUT:
Displaying All The Records
(1003, „Scanner‟, 10500)
(1004, „Speaker‟, 3000)
(1005, „Printer‟, 8000)
(1008, „Monitor‟, 15000)
(1010, „Mouse‟, 700)
3. What is the use of HAVING clause. Give an example python script
 Having clause is used to filter data based on the group functions.
 This is similar to WHERE condition but can be used only with group functions.
 Group functions cannot be used in WHERE Clause but can be used in HAVING clause.
 Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect("Academy.db")
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT GENDER,COUNT(GENDER) FROM Student GROUP BY GENDER
HAVING COUNT(GENDER)>3")
result = cursor.fetchall()
co = [i[0] for i in cursor.description]
print(co)
print(result)

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OUTPUT:
['gender', 'COUNT(GENDER)']
[('M', 5)]

4. Write a Python script to create a table called ITEM with following specification.
Add one record to the table.
Name of the database :- ABC
Name of the table :- Item
Column name and specification :-
Icode :- integer and act as primary key
Item Name :- Item Name :-
Rate :- Integer
Record to be added :- 1008, Monitor,15000

PYTHON SCRIPT:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
sql_command – “““ CREATE TABLE Item(
Icode INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
ItemName VARCHAR(25),
Rate INTEGER) ; ”””
cursor.execute(sql_command)
sql_command = “““ INSERT INTO Item(Icode, ItemName, Rate) VALUES (1008, „Monitor‟, 15000);
”””
cursor.execute(sql_command)
connection.commit()
connection.close()
print(“TABLE CREATED”)
OUTPUT:
TABLE CREATED

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5. Consider the following table Supplier and item .Write a python script for (i) to (ii)
SUPPLIER
Suppno Name City Icode SuppQty
S001 Prasad Delhi 1008 100
S002 Anu Bangalore 1010 200
S003 Shahid Bangalore 1008 175
S004 Akila Hydrabad 1005 195
S005 Girish Hydrabad 1003 25
S006 Shylaja Chennai 1008 180
S007 Lavanya Mumbai 1005 325

PYTHON SCRIPT:
i) Display Name, City and Itemname of suppliers who do not reside in Delhi.
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
cursor.execute(“SELECT Supplier.Name, Supplier.City,Item.ItemName FROM Supplier,Item
WHERE Supplier.Icode = Item.Icode AND Supplier.City NOT In Delhi ”)
s = [i[0] for I in cursor.description]
print(s)
result = cursor.fetchall()
for r in result:
print r
OUTPUT:
[„Name‟, „City‟, „ItemName‟]
[„Anu‟, „Bangalore‟, „Scanner‟]
[„Shahid‟, „Bangalore‟, „Speaker‟]
[„Akila‟, „Hydrabad‟, „Printer‟]
[„Girish‟, „Hydrabad‟, „Monitor‟]
[„Shylaja‟, „Chennai‟, „Mouse‟]
[„Lavanya‟, „Mumbai‟, „CPU‟]

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ii) Increment the SuppQty of Akila by 40

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
cursor.execute(“UPDATE Supplier ST SuppQty = SuppQty +40 WHERE Name = „Akila‟ ”)
cursor.commit()
result = cursor.fetchall()
print (result)
connection.close()

OUTPUT:

(S004, „Akila‟, „Hydrabad‟, 1005, 235)

PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

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3. Write the coding for the following:
a. To check if PIP is Installed in your PC.
 In command prompt type pip – version.
 If it is installed already, you will get version.
 Command: Python - m pip install - U pip

b. To Check the version of PIP installed in your PC.

 C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts> pip-version

c. To list the packages in matplotlib.

 C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts> pip list

4. Write the plot for the following pie chart output.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

slices = [7,2,2,13]
activities = [„sleeping‟, „eating‟, „working‟, „playing‟]
plt.pie(slices, labels=activities, atopct = „y.1.1 f%%‟)
plt.title(„Interesting Graph Ceck It Out‟)
plt.show()
Section - D
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
1. Explain in detail the types of pyplots using Matplotlib.
Line Chart:
 A Line Chart or Line Graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points
called „markers‟ connected by straight line segments.

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 A Line Chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time – a time series – thus
the line is often drawn chronologically.

Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
years = [2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018]
total_populations = [8939007, 8954518, 8960387, 8956741, 8943721]
plt.plot (years, total_populations)
plt.title ("Year vs Population in India")
plt.xlabel ("Year")
plt.ylabel ("Total Population")
plt.show()
In this program,
Plt.title() → specifies title to the graph
Plt.xlabel() → specifies label for X-axis
Plt.ylabel() → specifies label for Y-axis

Output:

Bar Chart:
 A BarPlot (or BarChart) is one of the most common type of plot.
 It shows the relationship between a numerical variable and a categorical variable.
 Bar chart represents categorical data with rectangular bars.
 Each bar has a height corresponds to the value it represents.
 The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
 It‟s useful when we want to compare a given numeric value on different categories.
 To make a bar chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.bar() function

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Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = ["TAMIL", "ENGLISH", "MATHS", "PHYSICS", "CHEMISTRY", "CS"]
usage = [79.8, 67.3, 77.8, 68.4, 70.2, 88.5]
y_positions = range (len(labels))
plt.bar (y_positions, usage)
plt.xticks (y_positions, labels)
plt.ylabel ("RANGE")
plt.title ("MARKS")
plt.show()

Output:

Labels → Specifies labels for the bars.

Usgae → Assign values to the labels specified.
Xticks → Display the tick marks along the x-axis at the values represented.
Then specify the label for each tick mark.
Range → Create sequence of numbers.
Pie Chart:
 Pie Chart is probably one of the most common type of chart.
 It is a circular graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
 The point of a pie chart is to show the relationship of parts out of a whole.
 To make a Pie Chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.pie() function.
 The autopct parameter allows us to display the percentage value using the Python string formatting.

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Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sizes = [89, 80, 90, 100, 75]
labels = ["Tamil", "English", "Maths", "Science", "Social"]
plt.pie (sizes, labels = labels, autopct = "%.2f ")
plt.axes().set_aspect ("equal")
plt.show()

2. Explain the various buttons in a matplotlib window.

Home Button:
 The Home Button will help once you have begun navigating your chart.
 If you ever want to return back to the original view, you can click on this.
Forward/Back Buttons:
 These buttons can be used like the Forward and Back buttons in your browser.
 You can click these to move back to the previous point you were at, or forward again.
Pan Axis:
 This cross-looking button allows you to click it, and then click and drag your graph around.
Zoom:
 The Zoom button lets you click on it, then click and drag a square that you would like to zoom into
specifically.
 Zooming in will require a left click and drag.
 You can alternatively zoom out with a right click and drag.
Configure Subplots:
 This button allows you to configure various spacing options with your figure and plot.

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Save Figure:
 This button will allow you to save your figure in various forms.

3. Explain the purpose of the following functions:

a. plt.xlabel
plt.xlabel()specifies label for X-axis
b. plt.ylabel
plt.ylabel()specifies label for Y-axis
c. plt.title
plt.title() specifies title to the graph
d. plt.legend()
Calling legend() with no arguments automatically fetches the legend handles and their associated
labels.
e. plt.show()
Display a figure. When running in Python with its Pylab mode,display all figures and return to the
Python prompt.

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PREPARED BY

J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)

[email protected] [email protected]

****ALL THE BEST ****

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