SPARK SUMMIT SPRK-XII-PHY- EMI-CEM

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WARM UP
 A substance which attracts small pieces of iron and points in North-South direction when suspended
freely is known as a magnet.
 The end pointing towards the geographical north is called North Pole and other end pointing towards
the geographical south is called South Pole.
 Magnet needle: Magnet needle is in the form of an elongated rhombus. The pole regions almost
contract to the points at the ends of the needle while the remaining region constitutes a neutral
zone. A
 Magnetic needle is either suspended or pivoted so that is can rotate freely.
 Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic field and the area of the coil, if the plane of the coil is
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 The phenomenon of producing electric current by moving a magnet near a coil is called
electromagnetic induction
 Induced potential difference is produced when there is relative motion between a magnetic field and
the conductor.
 The force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is given by F = BIL
 In S.I. the strength of magnetic field is measured in tesla (T)
 The central principle of electromagnetic induction is faraday’s law.
 The induced current in a coil depends up on
(i) Strength of the magnetic field
(ii) Number of turns in the coil and
(iii) Relative speed of the magnetic and the coil.
 An ac generator converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. A substance which attracts small pieces of iron and points in North-South direction when suspended
freely is known as a_____________.
2. The end pointing towards the geographical north is called _____________
3. The phenomenon of producing electric current by moving a magnet near a coil is called
__________________.
4. In S.I. the strength of magnetic field is measured in _________________.
5. An ac generator converts ______________ into alternating electrical energy

TRUE (or) FALSE

6. Magnetic needle is either suspended or pivoted so that is can rotate freely.
7. Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic field and the area of the coil, if the plane of the coil is parallel
to the magnetic field
8. Induced potential difference is produced when there is relative motion between a magnetic field and
the conductor
9. The force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is given by F = BL/I
10. The central principle of electromagnetic induction is faraday’s law

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION SYNOPSIS
 INTRODUCTION
In the beginning of nineteenth century, Oersted discovered that a magnetic field exists around a
current carrying conductor. In other words, magnetism can be created by means of an electric
current. Can a magnetic field create an electric current in a conductor? In 1831, Michael Faraday, the
famous English scientist discovered that this could be done. He demonstrated that when the
magnetic flux linking a conductor changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the conductor. This phenomenon is
known as electromagnetic induction
 MAGNETIC FLUX
The magnetic flux  through any surface held in a magnetic field

B is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force
crossing the surface normally. It is measured as the product of

surface area (A) and the component of magnetic field B
normal to the surface area i.e.
Magnetic flux,  = A x Component of B along normal to A.
Magnetic flux through the plane surface area A is
 = A x B co s θ = BA co sθ
  = BA cos  ...(i)
Special cases.   BA cos 
When θ = 90° i.e., the surface is parallel to the

magnetic field B [See Figure below. In this case.
  BA cos 90º  0 ....minimum value
Hence when the surface is parallel to the
magnetic field B, the magnetic flux
through the surface is zero.
When θ= 0° i.e. the surface is perpendicular to the magnetic field R [See Figure above].
In this case,
  BA cos 0º  BA ...maximum value
Hence when the surface is perpendicular to the magnetic field B , the magnetic flux through

the surface is maximum (= BA) Now   BA or B 
A
In general, the magnetic field over an area may not be uniform. In that case, we divide the surface into
a large number of elements, each of area dA as shown in Fig.
We can assume that over the area element , the magnetic field is
uniform. Then the magnetic flux through the whole area is
 
approximately:    B .dA

In the limit as we let the sum becomes an integral over the

entire surface and we get the exact value of magnetic flux i.e.
 
   B.dA
A

Units of magnetic flux

The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).
We know:  = BA ...B normal to A
If B = 1 T and A = 1 m2 , then  = 1 T x 1 m2 = 1 Wb

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Hence 1 Wb is the amount of magnetic flux passing through an area of1m2 held normal to a uniform
magnetic field of 1T.
Dimensions of magnetic flux. We know that:

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The phenomena of production of e.m.f. in a conductor (or coil) when the magnetic flux linking the
conductor changes is called electromagnetic induction. When a conductor cuts magnetic field lines,
an e.m.f. is induced in it. The e.m.f Induced is known as induced e.m.f and the current is called
Induced current
 FLUX LINKAGES
The product of number of turns (N) of the coil and the magnetic flux () linking the coil is called flux
linkages i.e. Flux linkages = N . Experiments show that the magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil is
directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. If N is the number of turns of the coil and
the magnetic flux linking the coil changes (say increases) from 1 to 2 in t seconds, then, Induced
e.m.f., e  Rate of change of flux linkages
N2  N1
Or e
t
 FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday performed a series of experiments to demonstrate the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction. He summed up his conclusions into two laws, known as Faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction.
 First Law: When the magnetic flux Unking a conductor or coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in it. The
induced e.m.f. lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux linking the coil continues.
It does not matter how the change in magnetic flux is brought about. The essence of the first law is
that the induced e.m.f. appears in a circuit subjected to changing magnetic field.
 Second Law: It gives the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a conductor or coil and may be stated as under:
The magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a conductor or coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux linkages i.e.

The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence of induced current if the circuit is closed) is given by Lenz's
law. The magnitude and direction of induced e.m.f. are given by;

….. (i)
The minus sign on the R.H.S. represents Lenz’s law mathematically. In SI units, e is measured in
volts,  in webers and t in second.

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 DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F. AND CURRENT.
 Lenz’s Law: It static that the induced current will flow in such a direction so as to appose the cause
that produces it i.e., induced current opposes the changing magnetic field that causes it.
 Lenz's Law obeys Law of Conservation of Energy
It may be noted here that Lenz's law directly follows from the law of conservation of energy i.e. in
order to set up induced current, some energy must be expended. In Fig.

Example: When the N–pole of the magnet is approaching the coil, the induced current will flow in the
coil in such a direction that the left-hand face of the coil becomes N–pole. The result is that the
motion of the magnet is opposed. The mechanical energy spent in overcoming this opposition is
convened into electrical energy which appears in the coil. Thus Lenz's law is consistent with the law
of conservation of energy.
When the N-pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the left-hand face of the coil becomes
S–pole. Therefore, again the motion of the magnet is opposed and the mechanical energy spent in
overcoming this opposition is converted into electrical energy. When there is no motion of the magnet,
induced e.m.f. and hence current in the coil is zero i.e. no electrical energy is available. This is
consistent with law of conservation of energy since no mechanical energy is spent.
 Flemings Right – Hang Rule:
Stretch out the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of your right hand so that they are at right angles
to one another. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field, thumb in the direction of
motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will point in the direction of induced current.
 MOTIONAL E.M.F. IN A CONDUCTOR
The e.m.f. induced in a conductor due to its motion in a magnetic field is called motional e.m.f.
 Using Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. Consider a straight conductor of length l
moving (in the plane of the paper) at right angles to a uniform magnetic field with a velocity as
shown in Fig. (i).
Suppose the conductor moves through a small distance dx in time dt. Then area swept by the
conductor = l x dx. Magnetic flux cut, d = B x (l × dx) = Bldx
According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the
conductor is given by;

 N  1

   dx /dt 

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Special case. If the conductor moves at an angle  to the magnetic field [See Fig. (ii)], the velocity at
which the conductor moves across the field is v sin.
 e = B l v sin
The direction of the induced e.m.f. can be determined by Fleming's Right-hand rule.
 Using Principle of Conservation of Energy: Consider a conductor PQ of length l moving (in the
plane of the paper) at right angles to a uniform magnetic field B with a velocity v towards right as
shown in Fig.
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper and is directed
inward. The applied force F is toward right. Suppose that the conductor
forms a part of a closed circuit so that induced current I flows in it. By
Fleming's right-hand rule, the direction of the induced current I will be as
shown. Since the conductor is carrying current and is in the uniform
magnetic field, it will experience a force of magnitude BIl. By right-hand
rule for cross product, the direction of this force is towards left, i.e. it
opposes the applied force F.
 F = BIl
The applied force is doing work against the force BIl.
 Rate of work done = Fv = (BIl)v = BIlv
The work being done is converted into electrical energy.
Rate of production of electrical energy = eI
where e = e.m.f. induced in the conductor.
According to principle of conservation of energy, the rate of work done is equal to the rate of
production of electrical energy
eI = BIl, or e = Bl
 Using the concept of magnetic Lorentz Force: Consider a conductor PQ of length l moving (in the

plane of the paper) at right angles to a uniform magnetic field with a velocity  towards right as
shown in Fig.
Since the electrons within the conductor are being moved to the right,
the conventional current is constituted to the left. The magnetic
Lorentz force on each electron is given by;

By right-hand rule for cross product, the direction of is from P to Q

along the length of the conductor. Therefore, the free electrons in the
conductor start moving from P to Q under the action of this force.
Since the electrons within the conductor are being moved to the right, the conventional current is
constituted to the left. The magnetic Lorentz force on each electron is given by;

By right-hand rule for cross product, the direction of is from P to Q along the length of the
conductor. Therefore, the free electrons in the conductor start moving from P to Q under the action of
this force. The result is that the end P of the conductor becomes positive and end Q negative.
This establishes an electric field across the conductor. The electric field exerts a force Fe on each
electron. The flow of electrons stops when the electric force on the electron becomes equal to the
magnetic Lorentz force.

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If V is the potential difference across the ends of the conductor in the equilibrium position, then,

Magnitude of magnetic force on electron,

Fm = e v B In the equilibrium position, Fe = Fm

 V = Bl v
 VARIOUS METHODS OF PRODUCING INDUCED E.M.F.
We have noted that whenever the magnetic flux linking a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in it. The
magnetic flux  through a coil of one turn (See Fig.) is given by;
 = BA cos
where B = magnetic flux density
A = area of the coil
 = angle between B and normal to the area.

The magnetic flux  through the coil can be changed b) changing B, A or . Therefore, e.m.f. can be
induced in a coil (or circuit) in three ways viz.
(i) By changing magnetic flux density (B)
(ii) By changing the area (A) of the coil
(iii) By changing the orientation of the coil w.r.t. the magnetic field (i.e. by changing ).

 Induced e.m.f. by changing magnetic flux density  B  : When the magnetic flux density B
 
associated with a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil. Thus referring back to Fig. as the

magnet is moved towards the coil, the magnetic field B linking the coil increases. The reverse
happens should the magnet move away from the coil. In either case, e.m.f. is induced in the coil due

to the change in B

 Induced e.m.f. by changing area (A). Consider a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region
KLMN; the field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper and is directed inward as shown in Fig.
Suppose a rectangular loop PQRS of one turn is situated partially in this magnetic field in the plane
of the paper. Let PQ = l.

Suppose the loop is moved with a velocity  towards right in the plane of the paper and at right angles
to the direction of the magnetic field. As the loop is moved, the area associated with the magnetic field
changes (decreases in this case) and hence e.m.f. is induced in the loop. Let x be the length of the loop
in the magnetic field at any time t. In a small time dt, the loop travels a small distance dx = v dt.
Therefore, the area of the loop decreases by a small amount dA = l dx = l  dt. According to Faraday's
laws of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of induced e.m.f. is given by;

If R is the resistance of the loop, then induced current I is given by;

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The direction of induced e.m.f. and hence current can be determined by Fleming's right-hand rule or
Lenz's law.

 Induced e.m.f. by changing orientation of the coil. Consider a rectangular coil XY of area A being

rotated with constant angular velocity co in a uniform magnetic field B about an axis which is
perpendicular to the plane of the paper [See Fig.]. When normal to the coil is at an angle  to the
direction of the magnetic field, the magnetic flux  through each turn of the coil is given by;

As the coil rotates, angle  and hence the magnetic flux linking the coil changes. Therefore, an e.m.f.
is induced in the coil. This is a practical method of generating e.m.f. in an a.c. generator.
 EDDY CURRENTS
Whenever a block of metal (e.g. iron) moves in a magnetic field or is located in a changing magnetic
field, the induced currents circulate throughout the volume of the metal. Because of their general
circulating nature, these are called eddy currents.
Example: Eddy currents induced in the iron cores of rotating armatures of motors and generators
produce heat. This results in the waste of energy and rise of temperature of the machine.

where e = induced e.m.f. (= – d/dt)

R = resistance of eddy current path obviously, the magnitude of eddy currents can be reduced if e is
reduced and R is increased. Eddy currents find many useful applications. Some of them are
discussed below.
 Eddy current damping: In accordance with Lenz's law, eddy currents always flow in such a
direction so as to oppose the motion which has produced them. Therefore, they can reduce the
oscillations of a vibrating system.
 Induction heating: The heating effect of eddy currents can be used to heat/melt those substances
which are conductors of electricity. The substance to be heated/melted is placed in a high-frequency
magnetic field. The rapidly changing magnetic field induces large eddy currents. The heat thus
produced melts the substance. This technique is known as induction heating and is being widely
used to extract metals from their ores, preparation of certain alloys etc.
 Energy meters: Eddy current braking is employed in energy meters. The aluminium disc of the
energy meter rotates between the poles of two permanent horse shoe magnets. As the disc rotates and
cuts across the magnetic fields of the magnets, eddy currents are produced in the disc. These eddy
currents oppose the motion of the disc. As a result of this braking effect, the speed of the disc is
directly proportional to the energy consumed.
 Electromagnetic Brakes: Eddy current braking can be used to control the speed of electric trains.
In order to reduce the speed of the train, an electromagnet is turned on that applies its field to the
wheels. Large eddy currents are set up which produce the retarding effect.

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 Induction Motors: An induction motor has a rotor and a stator. The stator winding produces a
rotating magnetic field. As a result, large eddy currents are induced in the rotor. The interaction of
these eddy currents and stator field sets the rotor rotating.
 SELF INDUCTION
The phenomenon of production of opposing e.m.f. (es) in a coil when current through the coil changes
is called self induction. The self induced e.m.f. opposes the change of current in the coil.

Thus when the current in the coil is increasing as shown in Fig. (i), the self induced e.m.f. (e s) is
produced in the coil in such a direction so as to oppose the increase in current i.e., the self induced
e.m.f. acts in a direction opposite to that of the applied voltage V.
Similarly, when the current in the coil is decreasing as shown in Fig. (ii), the self induced e.m.f. (es) is
produced in the coil in such a direction so as to oppose the decrease in current i.e., self induced e.m.f.
acts in the direction of applied voltage V.
 COEFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION (or SELF INDUCTANCE)
The property of a coil (or circuit) by virtue of which it opposes any change in the amount of current
flowing through it is called self inductance of the coil. It is denoted by the symbol L.
Thus self inductance of a coil opposes the change of current (increase or decrease) through the coil.
This opposition occurs because a changing current produces self induced e.m.f. (e v) which opposes
the change of current. That is why self inductance of a coil is called electrical inertia of the coil.
 Expressions for self inductance (L): We now find two equivalent expressions for self inductance L of
a coil (or circuit).
 Consider a coil of N turns carrying a current I. Suppose the magnetic flux linked with each turn of
coil due to this current is (j). Then the flux linkages with the coil will be N.
It is found that: N  I
Or N = LI …. (i)
where L is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of self induction or self
inductance of the coil.
N
Now L …. (ii)
I
Coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to the number afflux linkages with the coil when unit
current is flowing through the coil.
 If changing current through a coil of N turns produces self induced e.m.f. es then,
d d
es  N    N 
dt dt
From eq. (i) N = LI
d dI
 es    LI   L
dt dt
dI
Or es  L …. (iii)
dt

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Where dI/dt is the rate of change of current in the coil. The negative sign shows that self induced
e.m.f. (es) is always in such a direction so as to oppose the change of current in the coil.
es
From eq. (iii) L
dI/dt
If dI/dt = 1, then L = es (numerically).
Hence coefficient of self induction of a coil is numerically equal to the self induced e.m.f. in the
coil when the rate of change of current in the coil is unity.
 Units of self inductance: The SI unit of self inductance (L) is henry (H).
Self inductance is a scalar quantity.
 Dimension of L. [ML2 T–2 A–2]
 INDUCTANCE OF A LONG SOLENOID
Consider a long air-cored solenoid of length l, area of cross-section A and having total number of turns
N. For a long solenoid, the magnetic field inside is constant. If the solenoid is carrying a current I,
then magnetic field inside the solenoid is given by;

Magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid is

Note that this is the expression for air-cored solenoid. If the solenoid carries a core of relative
permeability uf, then,

Thus inductance of a solenoid (or coil) is directly proportional to the square of the number of turns on the
solenoid.
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
Consider a source of e.m.f. connected to an inductor. As the current increases from zero, an e.m.f. is
induced in the inductor. This e.m.f. opposes the growth of current (Lenz's law). Therefore, electrical
energy must be supplied by the source of e.m.f. in setting up current in the inductor against this
induced e.m.f. This supplied energy is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor.
Suppose at any instant the current in the inductor of inductance L is I and is increasing at the rate of
dl/dt. Then magnitude of e.m.f. induced in the inductor is given by;

If the source of e.m.f. sends current I through the inductor for a small time dt, then small amount of
work done by the source is given by;

The total work done to increase the current from zero to the final value I0 is given by;

This work done is equal to the energy U stored in the inductor.

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 MUTUAL INDUCTION
The property of two neighbouring coils by virtue of which each opposes any change of current flowing
in the other by developing mutually induced e.rn.f. is called mutual induction.

(i) The mutually induced e.m.f. persists in a coil so long as the current in the other coil is changing.
If the current in the coil becomes steady, the mutual flux also becomes constant and mutually
induced e.m.f. drops to zero.
(ii) The mutual induction between two coils depends upon
(a) The size and shape of the two coils
(b) Their relative orientation
(c) Separation between the coils and
(d) Material of the core on which they are wound.
 COEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION (or MUTUAL INDUCTANCE)
We now find two equivalent expressions for mutual inductance of two coils.
 Consider two coils A and B of turns N1 and N2 respectively placed near each other. Suppose current
flowing through coil A is I1 Let due to this current, the magnetic flux linked with each turn of coil B be 2 .
Then the flux linkages with the coil B will be N2 2 . It is found that:
N2 2 I1
Or N2 2 = MI1 …. (i)
where M is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
inductance of the two coils.

Hence coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is equal to the number of flux linkages with one
coil when a unit current flows in the other coil.
 If a changing current in coil A produces mutually induced e.m.f. eM in coil B, then,

From eq. (iii), N2 2 = MI1

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Where dI1 \dt is the rate of change of current in coil A. The negative sign shows that direction of eM in
coil B is always such that it opposes any change of current in coil A.

Hence coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is numerically equal to the mutually induced e.m.f.
in one coil when the rate of change of current in the other coil is unity.
Units of mutual inductance. The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry (H).

Hence mutual inductance between two coils is 1 henry if current changing at the rate of 1 ampere per
second in one coil induces an e.m.f. of IV in the other coil.
The dimensions of mutual inductance are the same as those of inductance.
 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE BETWEEN TWO LONG SOLENOIDS
Consider two long air-cored solenoids S, and S2 of the same length l; solenoid S2 surrounds solenoid
S, completely as shown in Fig.

The two solenoids are so closely wound that they have the same area of cross-section A. Let N1, and
N2 be the total number of turns of solenoids S1, and S2 respectively.
 Mutual inductance of S2 w.r.t. S1 (M21): The magnetic field B inside solenoid Sl due to current I2,
through it is given by;

Since the solenoids are closely wound, the magnetic field inside solenoid S2 is also B1
 Magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid S2 is 2 =B1 × area of each turn = B1 A

0 N1N2 A
 M21  …. (i)

 Mutual inductance of S1 w.r.t. S2 (M12): The magnetic field B2 inside solenoid S2 due to current I2
through it is given by;

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Since the solenoids are closely wound, the magnetic field inside solenoid S1 is also B2.
 Magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid S1 is 1 = B2 × area of each turn = B2 A

From eqs. (i) and (ii), we have, M2l = M12 = M.

Thus the mutual inductance between the two coils is the same no matter which of the two coils carries
the current. Therefore, no subscripts are needed.

If the two solenoids carry a core of relative permeability r, then,

 AC GENERATOR
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a coil is rotated about an axis
perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field, an induced emf is produced across it.
Working: The working of the ac generator can be understood with the help of the various positions of
the armature as shown in figure below.

Suppose at time t = 0, the plane of the loop is perpendicular to B. As the loop rotates from position
t = 0 to position t = T/2 the induced emf: changes from zero the maximum value and then becomes
zero again as shown in the diagram. For angles 0° and 180° instantaneous rate of magnetic flux is
zero, hence induced emf is zero. As the loop moves from position t = T/2 to position t = T, the emf
again changes from zero to maximum value and then again becomes zero. But this time it reverses its
direction. For angles 90° and 270° maximum magnetic flux is linked with the coil hence the emf is a
maximum. Thus the output of the ac generator varies sinusoidally with time. The induced emf does
not depend upon the shape of the loop, but depends only upon the area of the loop.
The emf generated is given by the expression  = n B A  sin t, where  is the speed of rotation of the
coil

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QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Predict the direction of induced current in the situations described by the following Figs (a) to (f).
[NCERT]

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Ans. (a) According to Lenz’s law, the end of the coil facing the S-pole of the magnet will become S-pole.
Therefore, current induced in the coil must flow clockwise when seen from the magnet side.
Hence the induced current flows along qrpq.
(b) When the magnet moves in the direction shown, by Lenz’s law, S–pole is developed at end
q as well as at end X. Therefore, induced current in the two coils (coil pq and coil XY) should flow
clockwise when seenfrom the magnet side. Hence induced current will flow in the direction prqp
in coil pq and in coil XY, induced current will flow in the direction YZXY.
(c) By Lenz’s law, the induced current in the right loop will be along XYZ.
(d) By Lenz’s law, the induced current in the left loop will be ZYX.
(e) By Lenz’s law, the induced current in the right coil will be XrY.
(f) The current flowing through the straight conductor produces circular magnetic field which lie in
the plane of the loop. Since no flux is linked with loop, no induced current is set up in the loop.
2. Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current in the situations described by Fig.
(a) A wire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape.
(b) A circular loop being deformed into a narrow straight wire. [NCERT]

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Ans. (a) When a wire of irregular shape changes into circular loop, the area of the loop increases.
Therefore, the magnetic flux ( = BA) linked with the loop increases. According to Lenz s law
the induced current should flow in such a direction so that the loop is pulled inward from all
sides. For this to happen, the induced current should flow in the anticlockwise direction i.e.,
along adcba.
(b) When the circular loop is changed into a narrow wire, the area of the loop decreases. Therefore,
the magnetic flux linked with the loop decreases. According to Lenz’s law, the induced current
should flow in such a direction so that the loop is pulled outward from all sides. For this to
happen, the induced current should flow in the anticlockwise direction i.e., along a'd'c'b'a’.
3. Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance between a long straight wire and a square loop of
side a as shown in Fig. [NCERT]

Ans. Consider a rectangular strip of small width dx of the square loop at a distance x from the wire
as shown in Fig.
Magnetic field due to current carrying wire at a distance x from
the wire is
0I
B
2x
Area of the strip, dA = a.dx
 Magnetic flux linked with the strip is
0I
d = B. dA   a.dx 
2x
Total magnetic flux linked with the square loop is
x r a x r a x r a
0 I  Ia dx
  d    a.dx   0 
x r x r 2x 2 x r x
m0Ia x r a  Ia r a
 log e x x  r  0 log e  
2 2  r 
0Ia a 
  log e   1
2 r 
If M is the mutual inductance between the straight wire and the square loop, then,
MI = 
0Ia a 
Or MI  log e   1
2 r 
0 a a 
 M log e   1
2 r 

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NUMERICALS
1. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the solenoid
normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1s,
what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is changing? [NCERT – M1]
N
Sol. Here, n   15 turns/cm = 1500 turns/m; A = 2.0 cm2 = 2.0 × 10–4 m2

d 4  2
  20As 1;B   nI
dt 0.1
d d dB d
Now e    BA   A.  A  0 nI 
dt dt dt dt
dI
 e  0 nA  4  10 7  1500  2  10 4  20  7.5  10 6 V
dt
2. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed across the
cut if the velocity of the loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal to the
(a) Longer side,
( b) Shorter side of the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each case? [NCERT – M2]
Sol. Here, B = 0.3T; v =1 cm s–1 = 0.01ms–1 Induced e.m.f., e = Blv
(a) When velocity is normal to longer side. This situation is
shown in Fig. (i).
In this case, l = 8 cm = 8 × 10–2 m.
 e = B lv = 0.3 × 8 × 10–2 × 0.01 = 2.4 × 10–4 V
The e.m.f. will last for the time (t) the shorter side moves
out of the field.
Length of shorter side 2  102
 t   2s
 0.01
(b) When velocity is normal to shorter side. This situation is
shown in Fig. (ii)
In this case, l = 2cm = 2 × 10–2 m.
e = B l v = 0.3 × 2 × 10–2 × 0.01
= 0.6 × 10–4 V
Length of shorter side 8  102
 t   8s
 0.01
3. A 1.0 m long metallic rod is rotated with an angular frequency of 400 rad s–1 about an axis normal to
the rod passing through its one end. The other end of the rod is in contact with a circular metallic
ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists everywhere. Calculate
the emf developed between the centre and the ring [NCERT – M3]
Sol. Here, l = lm;  = 400 rad s–1; B = 0.5 T; e =?
As the rod rotates, the linear velocity ( = r) at one end of the rod is zero and linear velocity of the
other end is l.
0   
 Average linear velocity,   
2 2
   1 2
Now, e  B  B    B 
 2  2
1 2
  0.5  1  400  100V
2

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4. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with angular speed
of 50 rad s–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 10–2T.
Obtain the maximum and average emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance
10, calculate the maximum value of current in the coil. Calculate the average power loss due to
Joule heating. Where does this power come from? [NCERT– M4]
Sol. Here, r = 8.0 cm = 8.0 × 10–2m;
N = 20:  = 50 rad s–1; B = 3.0 × 10–2 T
Area of the coil, A = r2 =  x (8.0 × 10–2)2 = 64 × 10–4 m2
The e.m.f. induced (E) in the coil at any instant is
E = E0 sin t = N B A  sin t
 Maximum e.m.f. induced in the coil is
E0 = NBA = 20 × 3.0 × 10–2 × 64 × 10–4 × 50 = 0.603V
The average value of alternating e.m.f. over a complete cycle is zero i.e.,
Eav = 0.
It is because average value of sin t over a cycle is zero.
0.603
Maximum value of induced current is I0  E0 /R   0.0603 A
10
 Average power dissipated as heat in R is given by;
2
1 1 E  1  0.603 
P E0 I0  E0  0  2  0.018W
2 2  R  10
The source of this power is the external agent which keeps the coil rotating.
5. A horizontal straight wire 10m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of 5.0 m s–1,
at right angles to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, 0.30 × 10–4 Wb m–2.
(a) What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
(b) What is the direction of the emf?
(c) Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential? [NCERT – M5]
Sol. Here, l = 10m;  = 5.0 ms–1; B = H = 0.3 × 10–4 Wb m–2
(a) e = B l v = 0.3 × 10–4 × 10 × 5 = 1.5 × 10–3 V
(b) According to Fleming’s right-hand rule, the direction of induced e.m.f. is from west to east.
(c) West end of the wire is at higher electrical potential.
6. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V is induced,
give an estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit. [NCERT – M6]
Sol. Here, dl = 0.0 – 5.0 = –5.0 A; dt = 0.1s; e = 200 V
dI  5.0 
Now, e  L or 200  L     L  4H
dt  0.1 
7. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to
20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil? [NCERT – M7]
Sol. Here, M = 1.5H; dl = 20 – 0 = 20A; dt = 0.5 s
dI d
Now, e  M ; Also e  
dt dt
 d = MdI = 1.5 × 20 = 30 Wb
8. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage difference
developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25m, if the Earth’s magnetic field at the
location has a magnitude of 5 × 10–4 T and the dip angle is 30°. [NCERT – M8]

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1800  103
Sol. Here,  = 1800km/h  ms 1  500 ms 1 ; l = 25 m; R = 5 × 10–4 T;  = 30°
3600
Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is
V= R sin  = 5 × 10–4 × sin 30° = 2.5 × 10–4 T
The wings of the jet plane cut only the vertical component V of earth’s magnetic field. Therefore,
e.m.f. is induced in the wings due to this field.
e = B l v = V l v = 2.5 × 10–4 × 25 × 500 = 3.1 V
9. Suppose the loop in Q. 4 is stationary but the current feeding the electromagnet that produces the
magnetic field is gradually reduced so that the field decreases from its initial value of 0.3 T at the rate
of 0.02 T s–1. If the cut is joined and the loop has a resistance of 1.6 , how much power is dissipated
by the loop as heat? What is the source of this power? [NCERT – M9]
dB
Sol. Here, A = 8 × 2 = 16 cm2 = 16 × 10–4 m2;  0.02 T s 1
dt
d d dB
Now. e    BA    A   16  10 4    0.02   0.32  10 4 V
dt dt dt
e 0.32  104
Induced current, I    2  105 A
R 1.6
Power dissipated by the loop as heat is
P = I2 R = (2 × 10–5)2 × 1.6 = 6.4 × 10–10 W
The source of this power is the external agency responsible for changing the magnetic field with time.
10. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y–axes is moved with a velocity of 8cm s–1
in the positive X-direction in an environment containing a magnetic field in the positive Z–direction.
The field is neither uniform in space nor constant in time. It has a gradient of 10–3 T cm–1 along the
negative x-direction (i.e., it increases by 10–3 cm as one moves in negative x-direction), and it is
decreasing in time at the rate of 10–3 T cm–1. Determine the direction and magnitude of the induced
current in the loop if its resistance is 4.5 m. [NCERT – M10]
Sol. Here, area of the loop, A = 12 × 12 = 144cm2 = 144 × 10–4 m2;
 = 8 cms–1= 0.08 ms-1; R = 4.5 m = 4.5 × 10–3 ;
dB 10 3 T dB
 103 T cm1  2  101 Tm1;  103 Ts 1
dx 10 m dt
Induced e.m.f. due to space variation of magnetic field is
d d dB
e1      BA    A
dt dt dt
dB dx dB  dx 
= –A .  A      
dx dt dx  dt 
= – (144 × 10–4) × 0.08 × (–10–1) = 11.52 × 10–5 V
Induced e.m.f. due to time variation of magnetic field is
d d dB
e2      BA    A
dt dt dt
=– (144 × 10–4) × (–10–3) = 144 × 10–5 V
Since the two effects cause a decrease in magnetic flux in the +Z direction, they add up.
 Total e.m.f. in the loop is given by;
e = e1 + e2 = (11.52 × 10–5) + (1.44 × 10–5) = 12.96 × 10–5V
e 12.96  105
 Induced current, I    2.88  102 A
R 4.5  103
According to Lenz’s law, the direction of induced current in the loop is such as to increase the
magnetic flux through the loop along +ve Z direction. For example, if for an observer the loop moves
to the right, the current will be seen to be anticlockwise.

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11. It is desired to measure the magnitude of field between the poles of a powerful loudspeaker magnet.
A small flat search coil of area 2.0 cm2 with 25 closely wound turns is positioned normal to the field
direction and then quickly snatched out of the field region. The total charge flown in the coil
(measured by a ballistic galvanometer connected to the coil) is 7.5 mC. The combined resistance of
the coil and the galvanometer is 0.50  Estimate the field strength of the magnet. [NCERT – M10]
Sol. Here, A = 2cm2 =2× 10m2; N = 25; q = 7.5 mC = 7.5 × 10–3 C; R = 0.5; B =?
Initially, the magnetic flux linked with the search coil is I = NBA. When the search coil is brought out
of the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil is zero i.e., f = 0.
 f  i 0  NBA NBA
Now, Induced e.m.f., e   
t t t
NBA
or IR =  e  IR 
t
q NBA  q
or R    I  
t t  t
qR 7.5  103  0.5
 B   0.75T
NA 25  2  104
12. Fig. shows a metal rod PQ resting on the rails A, B and positioned between the poles of a permanent
magnet. The rails, the rod and the magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions.
A galvanometer G connects the rails through a switch K. Length of the rod = 15 cm,
B = 0.50T, resistance of the closed loop containing the rod = 9.0 . [NCERT – M12]

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod moves with a speed of 12 cm s–1 in the direction shown. Give the
polarity and magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(b) Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rods, when K is open? What, if K is closed?
(c) With K open and the rod moving uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons in the rod PQ
even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain, why?
(d) What is the retarding force on the rod, when K is closed?
(e) How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed
(=12 cm s_1), when K is closed? How much power is required, when K is open?
(f) How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?
(g) What is the induced e.m.f. in the moving rod, when the permanent magnet is rotated to a vertical
position so that the field is parallel to the rails instead of being perpendicular?
Sol. Here, l = 15cm = 15 × 10–2 m; B = 0.50 T; R = 9.0 m  = 9.0 × 10–3  ; v = 12 cm s–1 = 12 ×10–2 ms–1
(a) Magnitude of induced e.m.f., e = B l v sin = B l v    900 

e = 0.50 × 15 x 10–2 × 12 × 10–2 = 9 × 10–3 V

As the conductor PQ moves in the direction shown, the free electrons in it experience magnetic
Lorentz force. According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, the direction of Lorentz force on the electrons
in PQ is from P to Q . Therefore, electrons move from the end P to end Q .
Hence, the end P of the rod will become positive and the end Q negative.
(b) Yes. It is because when key K is opened, excess positive charge develops at P and an equal excess
negative charge develops at Q . When key K is closed, the excess charge is maintained by the
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(c) It is because Lorentz force on an electron is cancelled by the electric force acting on it due
to the electric field across the ends P and Q ( v P has excess positive charge and Q an equal excess
negative charge).

e 9  103
(d) Induced current, I    1A
R 9.0  103
 Retarding force on the rod, F = BI l= 0.5 × 1 × 15 × 10–2 = 7.5 × 10–2 N
(e) When key K is closed, power required by the external agent against the retarding force is
P = Retarding force × Velocity = F × v
= (7.5 × 10–2) × (12 × 10–2) = 9 × 10–3 W
When key K is open, no power is required.
(f) Power dissipated as heat = I 2 R = (l)2 × 9 × 10–3 = 9 × 10–3 W
The source of this power is the external agent which moves the rod against the retarding force.
(g ) In this case, the magnetic field is parallel to the rails so that  = 0°.
 Induced e.m.f., e = BI v sin = BI v sin0° = 0 V
13. An air-cored solenoid with length 30cm, area of cross-section 25 cm2 and number of turns 500
carries a current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10-3 s. How much is
the average back emf induced across the ends of the open switch in the circuit? Ignore the variation
in magnetic field near the ends of the solenoid. [NCERT – M13]
Sol. Here, l = 30 cm = 0.30 m; A = 25 cm2 = 25 x 10–4 m2; N = 500
d 0  2.5 2.5
 3
  3 A s 1
dt 10 10
Inductance of air – cored solenoid is
2
 AN2 4  10   2.5  10   500 
7 4

L 0   2.62  10 3 H
 0.30
dI  2.5 
 Induced e.m.f., e  L    2.62  103     3   6.55 V
dt  10 
14. Now assume that the straight wire carries a current of 50 A and the loop is moved to the right with a
constant velocity, v = 10 m/s. Calculate the induced emf in the loop at the instant when r = 0.2 m.
Take a = 0.1 m and assume that the loop has a large resistance. [NCERT– M14]
(b) Induced e.m.f. in the loop is

d d d  a a 
e    MI   I  0 log e   1
dt dt dt  2 r 

0Ia 1  a  dr
=     2  
2  a /r  1  r  dt

0 Ia 2 1
 e  
2 r r  a 

Here I = 50A; r = 0.2 m; a = 0.1;  = 10 ms–1

2
4  10 7  50   0.1 1
 e   10  1.7  10 5 V
2 0.2   0.2  0.1

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