A RESEARCH SEMINAR PROJECT REPORT

ON

Electric Vehicles: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future

SUBMITTED TO

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

By

Manish Jha

Reg. No. RA2352001030043

Under the guidance of

DR. Swati Bhatt

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD-201204

2025

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 STUDENT DECLARATION

I, Manish Jha hereby declare that this Project Report titled “Electric Vehicles: Paving the Way
for a Sustainable Future” submitted by me in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Business Administration is based on my original work and has not been
submitted in part or full for any other assessment of any Institute/University. My indebtedness
to various other works/publications as referred to in this social project has been duly
acknowledged at relevant places.

Date:

Place:

MANISH JHA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful outcome of this project required a lot of guidance, support and encouragement of many
people and I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt appreciation to all the individuals who help
me in completion of this projects. The supervision and the support they gave truly help in the
progression and smoothens the completion of this program. I would like to thank Dr. Swati Bhatt
(project guide) for her support and guidance throughout the project study.

Finally, I would like to thank my Team for making this experience of every program. The learning
from this experience has been immense and would be cherished throughout life.

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 GUIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Manish Jha, student of Masters of Business Administration in SRM
institute of Science and Technology, has worked under my guidance for this topic “Electric
Vehicles: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future”. To the best of my knowledge, this piece
of work is original and the student has submitted no part of this project to any other college or
university.

DR. Swati Bhatt

Designation: Assistant Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The transport sector has contributed greatly towards greenhouse gas emissions due to the increasing
demand for cars and two-wheelers. This has further worsened global warming and has had a negative
impact on the environment. The use of electric vehicles can greatly help in reducing carbon
emissions, which is crucial for the environment. EVs have the potential to single-handedly reduce
fossil fuel dependency and carbon emissions, which makes the world a cleaner place to live in.
Although some progress has been made, there are still some challenges that remain. Moving towards
Electric Vehicles (EVs) and charging them requires the adoption of renewable sources of energy and
finding ways to reduce the negative effects of battery production on the environment. Moreover, the
transportation and commuting sector plays a pivotal role in air pollution, which impacts public health
as well as the health of the planet. Thus, boosting the adoption of electric vehicles, enhancing public
transport systems, implementing tougher emission standards, and incentivizing cycling all need to
be practiced.
Clean mobility fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), biofuels, synthetic fuels, and electric vehicles offer healthier alternatives. However, in terms
of effectiveness, electric vehicles take the crown. These vehicles lead to zero emissions at the tailpipe
and considerably reduce pollution. To support and encourage electric vehicles, rigorous level of
planning and policies from the government are vital, as well as strong supporting frameworks.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. no. Title Page no.

1. Student Declaration 2

2. Acknowledgement 3

3. Guide Certificate 4

4. Executive Summary 5

5. Abstract 07-09

6. Introduction 10-17

7. Methodology 18-25

8. Findings 26-35

9. Conclusion 36-39

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 Abstract
The transition from traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is an
important part in having a sustainable and environmentally friendly future. The transportation
sector is one of the largest sources of global carbon emissions, and EV adoption globally
presents a feasible solution to pollution.

This project aims to understand the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of EV
adoption, and how sustainable it is. It identifies the technological advancements, challenges,
and opportunities of the EV industry and how they can reduce carbon emissions and increase
sustainability.

EVs are powered by electricity and do not emit any tailpipe emissions, contributing positively
to the in air pollution. However, the overall sustainability of the vehicle is dependent on the
energy sources that power them. When charged using renewable energy like solar or wind,
EVs can help reduce carbon emissions. Of concern though, is the battery production and
resource exaction, as well as the charging structure that still need to be dealt with.

Electric vehicles are vehicles that operate on electric power, typically stored in batteries, rather
than relying on internal combustion engines (ICEs) powered by fossil fuels like gasoline and
diesel. Over the past decade, EVs have gained significant attention due to their potential to
revolutionize the transportation sector by offering a cleaner, more energy-efficient alternative
to traditional vehicles. Unlike conventional vehicles, which emit harmful pollutants such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter, EVs produce zero
tailpipe emissions. This characteristic positions them as a promising solution in combating air
pollution and reducing the negative environmental impact of transportation.
The growing awareness of climate change, combined with the global push for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, has accelerated the development and adoption of electric vehicles.
EVs can be powered by electricity sourced from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
and hydroelectric power, making them a key tool in transitioning away from fossil fuel
dependence and creating a low-carbon economy.
The Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles: The most significant environmental benefit
of electric vehicles lies in their ability to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared
to conventional vehicles. The transportation sector is responsible for a substantial share of
global CO2 emissions, and the widespread adoption of EVs can play a major role in reducing
this contribution. Electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, which directly helps to
improve air quality, particularly in urban areas where vehicle emissions are a leading cause of
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pollution.
Apart from having regard for the climate, EVs present an economic benefit by generating new job
opportunities in manufacturing, energy structure, and battery development. Moreover, they lower the
reliance on fossil fuel imports which leads to significant savings for consumers and governments in the
long run. On the other hand, in order to achieve more acceptance, obstacles like high upfront cost,
inadequate charging facilities, and underdeveloped battery technology need to be addressed.
Strengthening policies and government initiatives are crucial in facilitating the shift. Investments
focused on renewable energy will help improve charging infrastructure, battery technology, and overall
use of EVs. This will immensely help countries, India in particular, to meet their Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and at the same time enhance energy security and stimulate economic
growth.

However, the environmental benefits of EVs are not solely dependent on the vehicles
themselves but also on the electricity grid that powers them. In regions where electricity is
primarily generated from fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas, the environmental benefits of
EVs may be less pronounced. In contrast, when EVs are powered by renewable energy, their
emissions are reduced to nearly zero, making them a key component of a sustainable energy
ecosystem.
The production of EVs, particularly the manufacturing of batteries, has raised concerns about
the environmental impact of raw material extraction. Materials such as lithium, cobalt, and
nickel, which are essential for battery production, are often mined in ways that can result in
habitat destruction, pollution, and social issues in mining regions. While EV batteries have a
relatively long lifespan, addressing these concerns and ensuring that battery production is
environmentally and ethically responsible remains an ongoing challenge. Advances in battery
recycling and the development of alternative, more sustainable battery technologies are
essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of EV production.
Energy Efficiency and Grid Integration: Electric vehicles are significantly more energy-
efficient than conventional vehicles. An internal combustion engine vehicle is only about 20-
25% efficient in converting fuel energy into motion, while an electric vehicle can achieve an
efficiency rate of 85-90%. This efficiency is due to the design of electric motors, which have
fewer moving parts, resulting in lower energy losses compared to the complex systems in
gasoline-powered vehicles.
Additionally, EVs can play a key role in supporting the integration of renewable energy into
the grid. Through technologies like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, EVs have the potential to

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provide a bidirectional flow of electricity, enabling vehicles to not only draw power from the
grid but also return excess energy back to the grid when needed. This capability could help
stabilize grid operations, especially in areas with high levels of intermittent renewable energy
sources such as wind and solar. EVs can act as mobile energy storage units, reducing the need
for large-scale, stationary storage systems and enhancing the overall efficiency and resilience
of the energy grid.

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 Introduction

As our love for luxurious cars and convenient two-wheelers continues to grow, so does the environmental
impact of transportation. The sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating
global warming and endangering humans, animals, and plants alike. The urgent need to reduce emissions and
curb climate change has made sustainable transportation a top priority.
At this turning point, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a game-changer, offering a clean, green
alternative to fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. By running on electricity instead of petrol or diesel, EVs
significantly cut down carbon emissions, helping drive the transition toward a more sustainable future. Over
the past five years, EV sales have surged as more people recognize the benefits of driving responsibly.
However, challenges remain. How will we generate enough clean energy to power millions of EVs? What
about the sustainability of EV batteries, which rely on materials like lithium and cobalt, often mined with
environmental and ethical concerns? These questions highlight the need for a holistic approach to EV
adoption—one that prioritizes renewable energy, responsible battery sourcing, and sustainable infrastructure
development.
Beyond environmental benefits, electrifying transportation also boosts energy efficiency, reduces local air
pollution, and enhances public health. In countries like India, where achieving Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) is a priority, EVs offer a ray of hope. By reducing dependence on fossil fuels, cutting exhaust
emissions, and creating new job opportunities, EVs contribute to a cleaner, healthier, and more secure future.
However, the shift to EVs requires major investments in charging infrastructure, battery production, and clean
energy integration. Governments, industries, and consumers must come together to accelerate this transition,
ensuring that EVs truly pave the way for a sustainable tomorrow.

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 Role Of Transportation Industry In Pollution

The transportation sector is one of the biggest sources of air pollution, especially in cities, where traffic
congestion and vehicle emissions contribute to serious health and environmental issues. Vehicles running on
petrol and diesel release harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate
matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants not only degrade air quality but also
lead to respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and environmental damage.

Diesel-powered vehicles, in particular, are known for their high emissions of particulate matter and nitrogen
oxides, which are linked to severe lung diseases. Additionally, emissions from vehicles contribute to the
formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant that can cause breathing difficulties, particularly for
vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. Encouraging Sustainable Transportation Modes:
Promoting cycling and walking as viable transportation options can reduce dependence on motor vehicles
while also improving public health. Developing pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and dedicated cycling lanes
can make these options more appealing and practical. Encouraging the Use of Electric Vehicles (EVs):
EVs have zero tailpipe emissions, making them a clean and effective alternative to conventional vehicles.
Widespread adoption of EVs can significantly reduce air pollution and promote a greener future.
Expanding and improving bus, metro, and train networks can reduce the number of private vehicles on the
road, lowering overall emissions. Investing in affordable and efficient public transport is crucial for sustainable
urban development.

The transportation industry plays a major role in air pollution, but by embracing electric vehicles, strengthening
public transport, enforcing stricter emission laws, and promoting sustainable alternatives, we can significantly
reduce pollution. As we move toward a future where EVs become the norm, it is essential to invest in cleaner,
greener solutions that help us build a sustainable and healthier world.

ALTERNATIVE OF FUELS: There are several non-polluting fuels and gases that can
be used for transportation. Here are some of them:
 Electricity: Electric vehicles (EVs) use electricity stored in rechargeable batteries to power
an electric motor, making them an increasingly popular option for non-polluting transportation.
Ev’s produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they emit no pollutants during operation.

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 Hydrogen: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) use hydrogen gas stored in high pressure
tanks to power an electric motor, emitting only water vapour as a byproduct. FCVs have the
potential to be a non-polluting alternative to gasoline and diesel vehicles.
 Compressed natural gas (CNG): CNG is a fuel made by compressing natural gas to less than
1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. CNG is a non-polluting fuel that can be
used in compressed natural gas vehicles (CNVs), which are similar to gasoline and diesel
vehicles but emit less pollution.
 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): LPG is a non-polluting fuel that can be used in LPG vehicles
(LPGVs), which are similar to gasoline and diesel vehicles but emit less pollution.
 Biofuels: Biofuels are renewable fuels made from organic matter such as corn, sugarcane,
and other plants. They are considered to be a non-polluting alternative to gasoline and diesel
fuels as they emit lower levels of pollutants.

 Synthetic fuels: Synthetic fuels are made from a combination of renewable energy sources
and captured carbon dioxide. They are considered to be a non-polluting alternative to gasoline
and diesel fuels. In conclusion, there are several non-polluting fuels and gases that can be used
for transportation, including electricity, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum
gas, biofuels, and synthetic fuels. However, the widespread adoption of these alternative fuels
and technologies requires significant investments in infrastructure and policy support.
The transition to clean transportation is not just the responsibility of governments and
industries—it requires active participation from individuals as well. Choosing electric
vehicles, using public transport, carpooling, or adopting eco-friendly commuting habits can
collectively make a huge impact in reducing pollution levels. Additionally, investments in
renewable energy sources for charging EVs will ensure that the shift to electric mobility is
truly sustainable. By working together—through policy changes, technological
advancements, and conscious lifestyle choices—we can pave the way for a cleaner, healthier,
and more sustainable future for generations to come.

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EV AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL: A vehicle that can be propelled by an electric motor
that consumes electricity from a battery and can be charged externally is referred to as an EV.
Both an all-electric vehicle and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle are considered electric
vehicles (EVs). All-electric vehicles can only be powered by an electric motor that draws
electricity from a battery. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can also be powered by an internal
combustion engine. All electric vehicles: Instead of using petrol, all-electric vehicles (also
known as EVs or BEVs) contain a sizable battery that drives one or more electric motors. The
current driving range of all-electric cars spans from 80 to more than 300 miles, with ranges
getting further as new models are released. In comparison to gas-powered vehicles, all-electric
vehicles require less maintenance (such as oil changes, smog checks, spark plug changes, and
replacing a catalytic converter or other wear-and-break parts). This is true even if you just

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drive by the petrol station.
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Even at relatively high speeds, plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (also known as PHEVs) allow for both gas-only and electric-only driving. Plug-in
hybrid vehicles are able to travel 20 to 55 miles on electricity alone while emitting no pollutants
during that time. Their batteries are smaller than those of battery electric vehicles. When the

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car's electric range is exhausted, it changes to petrol and continues to operate as a typical car
would.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: All-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles use energy to power their
engines, but fuel cell electric vehicles (also known as FCEVs) use electricity in a different
way. Its power system is made up of a stack of many cells that chemically combine oxygen
from the air and hydrogen gas from the car's tank to create energy. At hydrogen fuelling
stations, fuel cells may be refuelled in around five minutes and have a driving range of 300–
400 miles on a single tank.

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CHALLENGES WITH EV

 EV cost and battery life, the cost of an EV is a concerning point for an individual. As for
now there are many incentives and schemes provided by the government for purchase of an
EV to promote EV. But in case, if the schemes are revoked then cost become a major
challenge and it can become unaffordable. This tells that buying EV’s no more be cheaper
after a certain saturation point. Also, as we know that batteries have a limited life, therefore
Li-ion battery in electric vehicles is built to last till 6-7 years or hardly 8 years. Thus, there is
a huge cost involved in replacement of an EV battery in every 6-7 years. This will lead to a
large decomposition of batteries which require a proper procedure else, will be hazardous for
the environment.

 Poor infrastructure and range Poor infrastructure is one major challenge. There are a few
numbers of charging stations available in India at present. Compared to traditional petrol
stations, charging stations are harder to find, normally limited by investment costs and
difficult infrastructure development. The cost of installation – from $2500 for a slower
charger to $35,800 for a fast charger – plus miscellaneous fees, such as permits and
regulations, have made charging stations an expensive investment. Additionally, there is lack
of proper charging set ups in their home as charging a heavy EV car requires Powerful MCB,
wire and earthing. Thus, the SDG 9 which refer to the infrastructure and industrialization still
lacks to achieve the target for a sustainable adoption.

 No universal charger Each EV has a different charger and can be categorized into three
levels. 1. Level 1 Charging (120-volt AC) 2. Level 2 Charging (240-volt AC) 3. DC Fast
Charging (Level 3 Charging) Each EV require different power outputs and different charging
speed. Therefore, each level uses a low or high power for managing AC and DC charging.
Thus, each EV require individua plugs based on the different brands.

 Temperature Issues The temperature affects the performance of the battery. Cold weather
reduces EV battery range, while too hot weather heats up the battery which may burst. The
battery can give its ideal performance when it is under the temperature range of 15-40
degrees.

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 Increase electricity demand and environmental concerns at national level Just in case
everyone starts using the Evs then the use for electricity will increase which will increase the
demand for the electricity. Thus, to produce electricity more fossil fuels will be required
which are equivalent to spreading the pollution through 10 the ICE vehicle smoke, even most
of the charging stations are reportedly operating upon diesel-driven electricity generator.
Thus, only solution to this is use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity like Solar
power, wind energy, tidal power, etc.

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 Methodology

To gain meaningful insights into the role of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in creating a sustainable
future, this project focuses on understanding the practical, societal, and economic aspects of
EV adoption. Instead of just relying on theoretical research, we take a real-world approach by
engaging directly with shop owners who sell EVs or provide related services. Their firsthand
experiences will help us uncover the challenges, opportunities, and public perceptions
surrounding electric mobility.
Through qualitative research, primarily interviews, we aim to explore how businesses in the
automotive sector are adapting to this shift, how consumers are making decisions about EV
adoption, and how local economies are responding to the rise of electric transportation.
Additionally, we will analyze existing studies and literature on EVs and sustainability to
strengthen our understanding of the topic.
By combining real-world insights with research-based knowledge, this study will provide a
well-rounded perspective on the future of EVs and their role in shaping a greener, more
sustainable world.
The methodology combines qualitative research through interviews and a theoretical
framework based on existing literature surrounding sustainability, electric vehicles, and the role
of small businesses in promoting clean energy solutions. Through these interviews, the research
also hopes to assess the general public’s awareness of electric vehicles, customer decision-
making, and the economic impacts of this transition for businesses in the automotive sector.
1. Research Design and Approach
This study adopts a qualitative research approach, leveraging in-depth interviews as the primary
method of data collection. Interviews are particularly useful in this context because they allow
for the exploration of subjective experiences, attitudes, and perspectives from shop owners who
have direct involvement with electric vehicles. The primary objective is to gain a detailed
understanding of how these shop owners perceive the electric vehicle market, the challenges
they face, and the strategies they employ to educate customers or promote EV sales.
The qualitative nature of the research enables the researcher to explore the nuanced opinions
and ideas of the participants. The study focuses on gathering rich, descriptive data, which will
later be analyzed for patterns and themes related to the adoption and promotion of electric
vehicles. Interviews will also provide valuable insight into the role of small businesses in
supporting the transition to sustainable transportation.

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This research follows a qualitative approach to explore the role of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in
paving the way for a sustainable future. The study is designed to gather firsthand insights from
key stakeholders, primarily shop owners who sell EVs or offer related services. Through
structured interviews, the research aims to understand the challenges, opportunities, and public
perceptions regarding EV adoption.
Additionally, this study incorporates a theoretical framework based on existing literature and
secondary data sources. By analyzing research studies on sustainability, electric mobility, and
the economic impact of EVs, the project will provide a comprehensive understanding of how
EVs contribute to environmental and economic transformation.
The research will focus on:
By combining real-world perspectives with research-based analysis, this study aims to present
a holistic view of EVs' potential in driving a cleaner and greener future.
2. Participant Selection
The participants in this study are shop owners who either sell electric vehicles or provide
services related to electric mobility, such as charging infrastructure installation, battery repair,
and maintenance for EVs. These businesses can range from small, independent shops to larger
dealerships that specialize in electric vehicles. Selection criteria include:
 Business Focus: Shop owners who either sell EVs directly, provide repair or
maintenance services for electric vehicles, or sell products that complement EV usage
(such as charging stations, accessories, etc.).
 Experience: Participants must have at least one year of experience in the electric
vehicle industry, ensuring that they have sufficient knowledge to provide valuable
insights into market trends and customer behavior.
 Location: Shops selected for the interviews are located in urban areas with a visible
presence of electric vehicles, where demand for EVs is more likely to be concentrated.
The selection of shop owners from different geographical locations allows for a diverse range
of perspectives on the adoption of electric vehicles. These perspectives will be compared to
identify common trends and understand how local factors, such as regional policies,
infrastructure, and customer demographics, affect EV adoption.

3. Data Collection: Semi-Structured Interviews

Data collection will be conducted through semi-structured interviews. This interview format
allows flexibility for the interviewer to probe deeper into the subjects raised by the shop owners,
while ensuring that certain key topics are covered across all interviews. Semi-structured
interviews are especially appropriate for this project because they allow the interviewer to
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explore specific areas of interest while accommodating the personal experiences of each
participant.
Each interview will be conducted face-to-face or virtually (depending on location and
availability), lasting approximately 45 to 60 minutes. During the interview, the shop owners
will be asked to share their experiences with electric vehicles, their business strategies, and
their views on the role of EVs in the future of transportation. The interviews will be audio-
recorded (with the consent of the participants) to ensure accurate data capture and transcription.
While the questions posed during the interviews are not predetermined, they will broadly focus
on the following themes:
 Business Impact: The shop owners' perspective on how the introduction and growth of
electric vehicles have affected their business operations, including changes in customer
demand, market trends, and profitability.

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  Consumer Awareness and Adoption: The level of consumer knowledge about electric
vehicles and the factors influencing customer decision-making when purchasing EVs.
 Challenges and Barriers: The challenges that shop owners face in promoting and
selling electric vehicles, such as high upfront costs, infrastructure limitations, or
customer skepticism about the technology.
 Environmental and Economic Benefits: The perceived environmental and economic
benefits of electric vehicles, as viewed by shop owners, and how these benefits are
communicated to potential customers.
 Future Outlook: The shop owners' thoughts on the future of electric vehicles, including
the role of policy, government incentives, and future technological advancements in
driving further adoption.

4. Data Analysis
After the data has been collected, the next step in the methodology is to analyze the interview
transcripts to identify patterns, themes, and insights that can answer the research questions. The
process of data analysis will involve several stages:

4.1 Transcription
The audio-recorded interviews will be transcribed verbatim to ensure that all participant
responses are accurately captured. Transcription will be completed using transcription software
to facilitate efficiency and accuracy. Each transcript will be reviewed for clarity and
consistency.

4.2 Coding
Following transcription, the data will be coded. Coding involves assigning labels to specific
pieces of data to identify recurring themes, concepts, or ideas. This process allows the
researcher to organize the data and begin identifying patterns across the different interviews.
For instance, when participants discuss customer concerns about the cost of EVs, these
responses will be grouped under a theme such as “economic barriers” or “pricing issues.”

4.3 Thematic Analysis

Thematic analysis will be employed to identify broader themes within the data. Themes could

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include:
 Barriers to EV Adoption: This may involve themes such as concerns about charging
infrastructure, vehicle cost, or perceived range limitations of electric vehicles.
 Market Dynamics: How the EV market is evolving, including changing customer
preferences, competitive pressures, or the impact of new policies or subsidies.
 Environmental Consciousness: The importance of sustainability and how EVs are
perceived as a key solution for environmental issues such as climate change and
pollution.
 Business Adaptation: The strategies that shop owners are using to adapt to the growing
demand for electric vehicles, including changes to marketing, customer education, and
service offerings.
Each theme will be explored in depth to identify key insights, which will be used to understand
the broader implications of EV adoption on small businesses and local economies.

4.4 Cross-Case Comparison

Once the data is coded and themes have been established, cross-case comparisons will be
performed. This step will involve comparing responses from different shop owners to identify
commonalities and differences based on factors such as business size, geographical location,
and years of experience in the EV industry. This analysis will provide insight into how various
local contexts influence the adoption of electric vehicles.

5. Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are a key component of any research involving human participants. In
this study, all shop owners will be informed about the purpose of the research, the interview
process, and how their data will be used. Written consent will be obtained from each participant
prior to the interview, and they will be assured that their responses will be kept confidential and
anonymized. Participants will also be informed that they can withdraw from the study at any
time without consequence.
The researcher will adhere to all ethical guidelines related to privacy, data protection, and
participant welfare. This includes storing interview data securely and ensuring that any quotes
used in the analysis do not reveal the identities of the participants.

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Interview with Electric vehicle shop owner:

1. What are the different charging options available for electric vehicle on roads? Is there any
problem that there in option for charging electric vehicle?
No, charging option is available at every place, we too have charged option and another
charging option is available at next 500 metre. So not anything now. You can scan and do
payment and that’s it. Charging is by scanning the QR code and then you will get that amount
of charging. But I can’t say about it because it is by third party, they installed this at my place,
payment of charging is ours, but I don’t know what exactly it is and how it functions.

2. Can you describe the maintenance requirements for electric vehicle as compared to
traditional vehicles?
It does not cost as much maintenance as traditional vehicles. There is 3 years warranty on
battery and 1 year’s warranty on motor. And if any thing happen it will mostly cost 7 to 8
hundreds.

3. What is price of electric scooty?

Price is about 50-55 thousand to 1 lakh 25 thousand of different models.

4. What do you think about the market? Is customer changing their preference from traditional
vehicle to electric vehicle?
Yes, customers are choosing electric vehicle now a days more than traditional vehicle. In petrol
vehicles mainly bikes it will cost 3 to 4 rupees per litre and in electronic bikes it will just cost
in paise. There is no cost. In 3-4 hour charging it will take 1-to-1.5-unit power and it will cost
6,7 or mostly 10 rupees and in 10 rupees the bike will give mileage of 50 km if then it will cost
just in paise. And bike is giving mileage of 80-80 km.

5. What do you think, how much time it will take to move all the population from traditional
vehicle to electric vehicle?
You cannot bring total population at this time. Every person thinks in different way, like some
wants to drive with pickup like faster and some wants pickup is not mandatory just want cheaper
and easy so they will take electric vehicles. So, it’s all about people mindset right now

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because both options are there.

6. Do you think sales is increasing in your area?

Yes, absolutely increasing, no doubt.

Interview with Electric Rikshaw owner

Me: How much does it cost monthly?

He: 400 rupees

Me: means you manage in it?

He: yes

Me: is it not costlier?

He: No

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Me: what is the price you paid for this?
He: 73 thousand

Me: is battery out of buying price?

He: yes

Me: what if battery life end?

He: it is new and just 4 days right now, it has 6-month warranty.

Me: how much time it takes to charge?

He: I will plug it at 9 at night and leave till morning 6 and it will not end whole day.

Me: is it good from normal Rikshaw?

He: in this rikshaw there is no need to use energy force and it is obviously good than normal
and I earn 1000 to 1200 per days from it.

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 Findings

The findings of this study on electric vehicles (EVs) and their role in creating a sustainable
future are drawn from interviews with shop owners who are actively involved in selling EVs
or providing services related to electric mobility. These shop owners provided invaluable
insights into the current state of the EV market, the challenges of adoption, and the potential
for these vehicles to contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable planet.

Increased Awareness and Consumer Interest in EVs

One of the key findings from the interviews is the growing consumer awareness and interest
in electric vehicles. Many shop owners reported a noticeable shift in public perceptions
toward EVs, driven by increased environmental concerns and government incentives.
Consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impact of traditional gasoline-
powered vehicles and are becoming more motivated to switch to electric alternatives.
However, while awareness is growing, some shop owners emphasized that many potential
customers still have limited knowledge about the advantages and capabilities of EVs. Despite
the positive shift, there is a need for continued education, particularly regarding charging
infrastructure, battery life, and overall cost of ownership. Shop owners are stepping up efforts
to address these gaps, using their platforms to educate consumers through demonstrations,
promotional materials, and direct communication.

CHALLENGES WITH EV

 EV cost and battery life The cost of an EV is a concerning point for an individual. As for now
there are many incentives and schemes provided by the government for purchase of an EV to
promote EV. But in case, if the schemes are revoked then cost become a major challenge and
it can become unaffordable. This tells that buying EV’s no more be cheaper after a certain
saturation point. Also, as we know that batteries have a limited life, therefore Li-ion battery in
electric vehicles is built to last till 6-7 years or hardly 8 years. Thus, there is a huge cost involved
in replacement of an EV battery in every 6-7 years. This will lead to a large decomposition of
batteries which require a proper procedure else, will be hazardous for the environment.

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 Poor infrastructure and range Poor infrastructure is one major challenge. There are a few
numbers of charging stations available in India at present. Compared to traditional petrol
stations, charging stations are harder to find, normally limited by investment costs and difficult
infrastructure development. The cost of installation – from $2500 for a slower charger to
$35,800 for a fast charger – plus miscellaneous fees, such as permits and regulations, have
made charging stations an expensive investment. Additionally, there is lack of proper charging
set ups in their home as charging a heavy EV car requires Powerful MCB, wire and earthing.
Thus, the SDG 9 which refer to the infrastructure and industrialization still lacks to achieve the
target for a sustainable adoption.

 No universal charger Each EV has a different charger and can be categorized into three levels.
1. Level 1 Charging (120-volt AC) 2. Level 2 Charging (240-volt AC) 3. DC Fast Charging
(Level 3 Charging) Each EV require different power outputs and different charging speed.
Therefore, each level uses a low or high power for managing AC and DC charging. Thus, each
EV require individua plugs based on the different brands.

 Temperature Issues The temperature affects the performance of the battery. Cold weather
reduces EV battery range, while too hot weather heats up the battery which may burst. The
battery can give its ideal performance when it is under the temperature range of 15-40 degrees.
 Increase electricity demand and environmental concerns at national level Just in case
everyone starts using the Evs then the use for electricity will increase which will increase the
demand for the electricity. Thus, to produce electricity more fossil fuels will be required which
are equivalent to spreading the pollution through 10 the ICE vehicle smoke, even most of the
charging stations are reportedly operating upon diesel-driven electricity generator. Thus, only
solution to this is use of renewable energy sources to produce electricity like Solar power, wind
energy, tidal power, etc.

BATTERY AS A SOLUTION
Now let’s discuss about the Solutions to the challenges mentioned above related to Battery
Charging Stations. Battery Swapping This system is in place for some time now and has proved
to be an effective method to the main issues in Charging the battery. Battery Swapping is the

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alternative through which we exchange the Discharged Batteries and replace them with the
Charged ones, which provides flexibility to charge the separately. The battery is put into De-
link mode and this keeps the Vehicle in operational mode. It is generally used for smaller
vehicles like 2 Wheelers and 3 Wheelers because they have small batteries which is easily
replaceable unlike in the cases of the big vehicles like Cars, Trucks, Buses etc. But solutions
are on their way for these segments as well. Advantages of Battery Swapping-
● Time Efficient
● Space Efficient
● Cost Efficient

This is only possible when each swappable battery is actively used. There is a new business
model in place which is Business as a Service (BaaS). It involves the customers to not get the
battery while purchasing the EV’s, Instead they can get the batteries for temporary use until it
runs out of charging. This significantly lowers the upfront costs and the customers can pay a
regular subscription fee (Daily, Weekly, Monthly etc) throughout the Vehicle Lifetime. Related
to this, The Finance Minister of India in her Budget Speech of 2022-23 announced that the
Government will be introducing a Battery Swapping Ploicy which will help to develop the EV
Ecosystem. Are there sufficient Batteries available? As per the EV30@30 global initiative,
India targets to achieve 30% new sales for EV’s by the end of 2030. This means that our country
needs to add another 24 Million 2-wheelers, 2.9 Million 3-wheelers, and 5.4 Million 4-wheelers
to the fleet in the next 7 years. In contrast to this, India still remains heavily dependent on the
Global market for the EV components which especially include Battery Cells. 12 That’s why
the Govt of India is continuously trying through the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” campaign to
promote Domestic Manufacturing and it also announced a short while ago a 5 Year, US$19.7
Billion PIL scheme for the 10 key sectors that include US$2.4 Billion for Advanced Chemistry
Cell (ACC) Batteries. In the table below, analysis shows that by the end of 2035, India will be
requiring approximately around 3,400 Gigawatt Hours (GWh) of lithium Ion Batteries as per
the 30@30 EV initiative and about 4,100 if we think ambitiously. There is an urgent need for
India now more than ever to open up Giga factories in the coming years. In the next 10 years,
we can see that the country’s annual requirement could be around 17% to 26% of the Annual
World Production Giga Scale production is an important step to further lower down the prices
of the EV’s that’ll make them competitive and robust domestic manufacturing can have far-

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reaching benefits for the economy.

Source- https://theicct.org/publication/battery-capacity-needed-to-power-electric-vehicles in-

india-from-2020-to-2035/

Requirements of Lithium in the coming decades A recent study by the World Bank suggests
that the demand for some of the most valuable metals like Lithium and Cobalt are expected to
rise exponentially by almost 500% by the year 2050. The CAGR is also expected to increase to
18.2% between the period 2021 to 2030. On the other hand, India’s market is also projected to
register a CAGR of 23.76% by 2028. That’s why India is looking to secure the supply of these
valuable minerals and be self 13 dependent in this sector. Sources of Lithium Imports India
currently imports all of its Li from Australia and Argentina and 70% of its Li-ion cell
requirement from China and Hong Kong.

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Cost of Lithium and Import Duties levied
We are witnessing a sharp rise in the cost of Lithium based products and the Raw Materials.
During the period April-November 2022,
India spent a total of $1,791 Million to import 5,486 lakh units of lithium-ion batteries
in comparison with import of 6,167 units for $1,832.5 Million in 2021-22.
Also, the cost of importing the primary lithium batteries has also increased-
665.4 Lakh units for $20.64 Million (Jan-Aug, 2022-23)
850 Lakh units for $22.16 Million (2021-22).

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Source- https://connect2india.com/import-duty-for-Lithium-Ion-Battery

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Import Duty for Lithium-io

Source- https://connect2india.com/import-duty-for-Lithium-Ion-Battery

Difference between Lithium and Lithium Ion: The main difference between lithium
batteries and lithium-ion batteries is that lithium batteries are primary cells and lithium-ion

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batteries are secondary cells. “Primary Cells” means that they are not rechargeable while
Lithium-ion batteries (secondary cells) can be recharged and used over and over again.
Lithium batteries applied in various critical devices like the pacemakers and other
implantable electronic medical devices. The vast majority of commercial Li-ion batteries are
used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Such devices include:

Battery Disposal:
We know that every battery serves but has a limited life. After losing its power, the battery is
sold and sent for disposal. Disposal of batteries can cause major waste problems. Till date we
have very less use of EV in the world but imagine that day when every person who owns diesel,
petrol, CNG vehicles today have Ev, then a lot of batteries will be needed. Millions of battery
requirements every year, also millions of batteries will be changed with increasing demand.
The demand for batteries in new vehicles and old vehicles will increase day by day. So, there
will be large waste of batteries and if any mismanagement is caused that will make a huge
impact on the environment. When we talk about sustainability. We should consider all the
factors related to its surroundings. So that battery scrapping measures will be efficiently taken
and millions of used disposal of batteries will not cause any damage to the environment.
Otherwise, there is no profit in implementing Evs. Now we will discuss some important things
to know about Battery disposal and environment.

1. Improperly disposed batteries contribute to water and air pollution

After disposing of batteries they end up in landfills where they decay and leak. The chemical
of these will be soaked in the soil and then pollute the groundwater. As of now our ecosystem
is filled with the disposed pollutants, how can more waste to landfill with chemical equipped
batteries will sustain. Lithium batteries can also cause fire in the landfill because of toxic
chemicals released into the air negatively. Also vaporized forms of lithium batteries chemicals
will get trapped in the atmosphere and pollute lakes and rivers in the form of rain.

II. Improperly Disposed Batteries Affect Human Health

Lithium batteries which contain lead and strong corrosive acids can affect human health and

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cause burns and danger to our eyes and skin. According to the Toxic substance & disease
registry, toxic metals like nickel and cadmium found in batteries are known human carcinogens
which cause cancer. When these substances are released in air and water then it can cause
cancer to a large population after some years and which cannot be separated once polluted. In
1996 the government banned Mercury use in batteries because of its 18 highly toxic nature in
vapor form. So the Government can impose several legislation to address battery disposal
issues, so that human health and also the environment will not get polluted.

III. Recycling Batteries is easy process:

There are many programs which are willing to take batteries and recycle them as an act of
public service. Currently in Australia, no recycling of lithium-ion batteries is performed, and
98.3% of lithium-ion portable batteries end up in landfill. The Australian Battery Recycling
Initiative (ABRI), is a not-for-profit association working to achieve increased recovery of all
battery types and responsible environmental management in the battery recovery chain.
A survey has been conducted and based on that research has been done out of which the aim of
this project was to investigate the different processes that are currently used for recycling
lithium-ion batteries, and to compare these processes focusing on the associated environmental
impacts. Largest impacts are caused by landfill for global warming potential and terrestrial
ecotoxicity potential, and electricity generation for human toxicity potential.

Tohsiba company’s view on disposal of lithium batteries are- You should properly dispose of
industrial lithium-ion batteries used in automated guided vehicles (AGVs), storage battery
systems, etc. as industrial waste. The disposal method differs from manufacturer to
manufacturer. Contact the manufacturer when you need to dispose of lithium-ion batteries.
Some manufacturers will introduce a reliable industrial waste collector to you. Recycling of
lithium batteries methods are: Pyrometallurgy battery components are smelted in a high-
temperature process that burns and separates a mixed metal alloy of cobalt, copper, iron, and
nickel. Hydrometallurgy recovers the desired metals by treating the cathode material with an
acidic or basic solution. All this is not fit to 100% disposal and is the safest way but has less
impact on the environment. The only safe way to recycle Li-ion batteries is to have them
processed by a qualified electric and electronic recycling center.

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 Conclusion

As the world faces escalating challenges related to climate change, pollution, and the depletion
of natural resources, the transition to sustainable energy solutions has become imperative.
Among these solutions, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a key player in reducing the
negative environmental impact of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. This project has
explored the role of electric vehicles in fostering a sustainable future, focusing on their benefits,
challenges, and the critical role that small businesses and consumers play in driving this
transformation.

Electric vehicles represent a revolutionary shift in the transportation sector, offering an

alternative to the environmentally damaging internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. One
of the primary advantages of EVs is their ability to significantly reduce carbon emissions.
Transportation is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, with
gasoline and diesel vehicles accounting for a substantial portion of these emissions. By
switching to EVs, we can greatly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and minimize the
environmental impact of daily commuting, long-distance travel, and freight transportation.
EVs not only help in lowering carbon emissions but also contribute to improved air quality,
particularly in urban areas. The environmental benefits of EVs extend beyond emissions
reduction; they also have the potential to alleviate air pollution in cities, where poor air quality
has become a major public health issue. By reducing tailpipe emissions, EVs help mitigate the
harmful effects of air pollution on human health, particularly respiratory diseases and
cardiovascular conditions.

In addition to reducing emissions, electric vehicles are more energy-efficient than traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs convert a higher percentage of electrical energy from the grid
to power the wheels, making them far more efficient than internal combustion engines, which
lose significant energy through heat. This efficiency contributes to the long-term sustainability
of transportation, as it minimizes the amount of energy required for travel.

Furthermore, when coupled with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, the
environmental benefits of EVs are amplified. By charging EVs with clean energy, we can

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further reduce the carbon footprint associated with their operation, creating a more sustainable
and circular transportation system. This synergy between EVs and renewable energy is critical
to achieving a truly sustainable future, where transportation is not only zero-emission but also
powered by green energy sources.

The world is undergoing an urgent and necessary transformation in how energy is consumed
and how resources are utilized, particularly in the transportation sector. As climate change
continues to present a major global challenge, there is an increasing recognition of the need for
sustainable, low-emission technologies that contribute to reducing global warming and
mitigating environmental damage. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising
solution for addressing several critical environmental issues, such as carbon emissions, air
pollution, and resource depletion. This conclusion explores the key findings and insights from
the project on electric vehicles and reflects on their potential role in creating a sustainable future
for both society and the environment.

Electric vehicles hold immense potential to shape a sustainable future by reducing carbon
emissions, improving air quality, and decreasing our reliance on fossil fuels. While challenges
remain, such as high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, and range anxiety, the long-
term benefits of EVs far outweigh these obstacles. Government policies, advancements in
technology, and the growing role of small businesses in promoting electric mobility will play
critical roles in overcoming these barriers and accelerating the transition to electric vehicles.
With continued investment, innovation, and support, EVs have the potential to revolutionize
the transportation industry, create new economic opportunities, and help build a cleaner,
greener, and more sustainable planet for future generations.

The environmental impact of electric vehicles is significant, and their potential to create a
sustainable future is one of the primary motivations for their widespread adoption. EVs produce
zero tailpipe emissions, which directly reduces local air pollution. This reduction is particularly
valuable in densely populated urban areas, where traffic-related air pollution is a major public
health issue. By reducing harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and
volatile organic compounds, EVs can help improve air quality and reduce the incidence of

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respiratory and cardiovascular diseases associated with air pollution.
In terms of carbon emissions, electric vehicles are much cleaner than traditional gasoline and
diesel vehicles, especially when they are charged using renewable energy sources such as wind,
solar, or hydropower. Studies have shown that the lifecycle emissions of an EV—considering
manufacturing, use, and end-of-life disposal—are lower than those of conventional vehicles,
even when accounting for the emissions associated with battery production. As the grid
becomes greener, with an increasing share of electricity derived from renewable sources, the
environmental footprint of EVs will continue to decrease.

In conclusion, Electric vehicles have emerged as a critical component of the transition to a

sustainable future, offering numerous environmental, economic, and societal benefits. While
challenges remain, including the high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, and
consumer concerns about battery life, the ongoing development of technology and supportive
policies are addressing these obstacles. The future of electric vehicles is promising, and their
widespread adoption holds the potential to significantly reduce global emissions, improve air
quality, and create new economic opportunities. The role of small businesses, local
communities, and policymakers will be crucial in ensuring that the transition to electric
mobility is successful, equitable, and sustainable. As we continue to embrace electric vehicles,
we move one step closer to achieving a sustainable, low-emission future for generations to
come.
FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The future of electric vehicles looks very promising. Due to its advantages for the environment,
lower operating costs, and advancements in technology, electric vehicles appear to have a very
bright future.

As more and more automakers start to create electric models, we may anticipate a noticeable
rise in the number of electric vehicles on the road in the upcoming years. Governments are also
expected to keep providing incentives, such tax cuts and subsidies for buying electric cars, to
entice people to switch to driving them.

We may anticipate major advancements in battery technology as technology advances,

allowing electric vehicles to operate more effectively and cover greater distances on a single

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charge. Additionally, the infrastructure for charging electric vehicles will keep becoming better,
making it simpler and more practical for owners to recharge their vehicles.

Furthermore, as self-driving cars are likely to be electric and have the ability to further cut
emissions and increase efficiency, the trend towards autonomous vehicles is also anticipated to
have an impact on electric vehicles.

Acceptance of EV: As people become more aware of the advantages of EVs and technology
advances, it is anticipated that the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) will rise dramatically
in the future.
Environmental awareness is one of the primary elements influencing the popularity of EVs.
People are turning to electric vehicles as a cleaner alternative as they become more aware of
how traditional gasoline-powered vehicles affect the environment. Governments are
additionally promoting the use of EVs by providing incentives like tax breaks, cash back, and
subsidies for EV purchases.

The advancement of EV technology is another element that will promote EV adoption. As

battery technology advances quickly, EVs can now drive farther on a single charge and require
less time to recharge. Additionally, it will be simpler and more practical for EV owners to refuel
their vehicles as more charging stations are constructed.

Acceptance of EVs is also becoming less limited by cost. Economies of scale will assist to
down production costs as more automakers build EVs, lowering the price for consumers.
Batteries are also anticipated to become less expensive as production numbers rise. Finally, it
is anticipated that developments in autonomous car technology would hasten the adoption of
EVs. Electric vehicles (EVs) will probably be used in self-driving automobiles, and consumers
will find EVs more appealing because they don't need to drive or recharge.

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