istories of occupational therapy credit the work

The Reconstruction
Aides H of the reconstruction aides of World War I with
providing impetus for the development of the
profession. The reconstruction aides were civilian wom-
en appointed to provide therapy for World War I casual-
]aclyn Faglie Low ties in military hospitals. They were hired by the War
Department but had no military standing. They did, how-
Key Words: history. occupational therapy ever, have the opportunity to apply credit for service time
(profession of) in gaining civil service appointments after the war (Re-
construction Aide, 1921).
There were two types of reconstruction aides: phys-
The reconstruction aides, civilian women who served iotherapy aides and occupational therapy aides. The
in World War I, are credited with an influential role physiotherapy aides used techniques such as massage
in the development of occupational therapy. Their and exercise in their therapy. (Other forms of treatment.
task was to provide treatment in the form of occupa- administered by physiotherapists were electrotherapy,
tion to enable servicemen suffering from wounds or hydrotherapy, and mechanotherapy [Reconstruction
battle neurosis to return to the battlefront. Although
Aide, 1921 D. A government bulletin described the occu-
some occupational therapy aides were occupational
therapists, many were teachers, artists, and craftsper- pational therapy aides as
sons. This paper traces the history of the reconstruc- civilian employees whose province is to teach various forms of
tion aides, describes the women who served, and re- Simple hand craft to patients in military hospitals and other sani-
tary formations of the Army, especially to those patients in the
counts their expen·ences. The relationshzps between orthopaedic and surgical wards as well as to the patients suffering
reconstruction aides and other professions suggest the from nervous or mental diseases. (Medical Department, 1918,
origins of current problems ofprofessional identity p. 2)
and role delineation.
The salary of the reconstruction aide was $50 per
month for duty in the United States and $60 per month
)aclyn Faglie Low, PhD. OTR. is Associate Professor, Department
of Occupational Therapy, School of AJlied HeaJth Sciences, for overseas duty. Housing was proVided (Medical De-
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550- partment, 1918). According to a War Department
2782. bulletin,
This artiete was accepted for publication August 15, 1991. During the period of the Emergency, officially designated as April
16, 1917 to July 2n [sic], 1921, the estimated number of occupa-
tional therapy and physiotherapy aides in services is 1685. The
number overseas during this period, of occupational therapy and
physiotherapy aides is estimated at 460. (Army Hospitals, no
date)

The first occupational therapy aides went to La-

Fauche, France, to serve at Base Hospital 117 near the
front lines. Their assignment was to provide treatment to
enable physically sound men suffering from war neurosis
l
to return to duty as quickly as possible. Dr. Frankwood E.
Williams, Associate Director of the National Committee
for Mental Hygiene, described the difficulty of convincing
military authorities of the need for occupational workers:
It seemed impossible to impress these people in Washington with
what we were trying to do. The result was that Base Hospital 117
was practically organized and ready to sail and it had not been

IAn unsigned editorial in the January 1919 edition of Mentat Hygiene

included a graph showing that of 100 casualties with concussion or
"various functional nervous disorders" (Editorial, 1919, p. 2) occurring
under battle conditions between September 12 and November 11,1918,
and seen by neuropsychiatrists stationed at front line field hospitals, 65
returned to duty within a matter of days. TIle remaining 35 were sent to
army neurological hospitals and from there 20 returned to duty. Fifteen
went to Base Hospital 117, and of these only one was returned to the
Patients and reconstruction aides in a temrorary clinic. (Photo counesy United States Three of the 14 went back to front line duty, while the
of Ivloody Medical Library, The University of Texas Medical Branch, others had either temporary or permanent base assignments. This was
Galveston. Texas) seen as a measure of {he success of immediate intervention with war
neurosis.

38 January 1992, Volume 46, Number 1

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 possible to make any provision for the occupational workers. A Nobody was forced to do anything. That was the principle of the
group of women had been gathered together, who were ready to shop. The work was 10 attract and interest the men and they,
serve if they could be appointed, but it was impossible to get them through it, were to be drawn back to the normal, away from the
appointed until we found that there were hospital employees horrors that had shaken and broken them; the opportunity for
known as civilian aides 2 A civilian aide is a scrub woman or creative self-expression, self-forgetfulness, and then health.
anyone else who has no official connection with the Army, but was We never pampered the men by coddling or humoring their
put there for some job no one else wanted to do. (Myers, 1948, nerves. To stimulate their interest and make them forget was our
pp. 208-209)3 object in all the work. (pp. 211-212)
Classification as scrub women proved to be prophet-
ic. When they went to Ellis Island in New York to await
overseas assignment, the women found it necessary to Training Programs
scrub their barracks of the filth of decades. The aides Recognition of the value of the occupational therapy
sailed for Europe in the latter part of May 1918. On arrival, aides generated demands for additional workers. The Cir-
Mrs. Clyde McDowell Myers, leader of the unit, reported cular of Information Concerning the Employment of
that Reconstruction Aides (2) (Medical Department, 1918)
Our orders were to open a workshop at once .... first Sight was documented the need for "trained women to furnish
not so cheerful. It was a barracks, twenty by one hundred feet;
cracks in the floor, cracks in the wall, door off the hinges, windows
forms of occupation to convalescents in long illness and
flopping, dirt and dust everywhere.... We could at least live up to to give to patients the therapeutic benefit of activity" (p.
our status as scrub women without the fear of a summary court 1).5 The circular described the necessary qualifications:
martial. (Myers, 1948, pp. 210-211)
"She shall have had a High School Education, or its eqUiV-
The Red Cross issued their uniforms and supplies, alent. Applicants must have a theoretical knowledge of
although the aides were not a part of that organization'" the follOWing crafts and a practical training in at least
The Red Cross proVided each aide with a gray coat-suit of three of them: Basketry, Weaving (Hand and bead looms
dubious fit. Aides made their own work uniforms, smocks including simple forms of rugs and mat making), Simple
of brightly colored cotton crepe (Myers, 1948). wood carving, Block-printing (paper and textiles), Knit-
To supplement their equipment and supplies, the ting, Needlework" (Medical Department, 1918, pp. 3--4).
women raided trash heaps. Metal work with tin cans and According to its First Report (Art War Relief, 1917-
spent cartridges and woodwork with lumber from crates 1918), the Art War Relief Auxiliary 282 of the American
were activities used with the men at Base Hospital 117. Red Cross in New York City organized "for the purpose of
The workshop was frequently visited by high-ranking bringing together in war relief activity the art organiza-
military authorities, including the surgeon general. Myers tions, individual artists and others interested in art" (p. 1).
(1948) described the therapeutic aspects: Among the activities of the grou p was the development of
War Service Classes. The Report described the classes:
2Existing documentation makes it unclear as to when the classification These classes are under the direction of the Surgeon General.
of reconstruction aides became official. Mrs. Myers and her unit report- Forty-two re-consu-uction aides have been trained in the summer
ed to Ellis Island in March of 1918 and, as noted, were classified as course held at the Lenox School. These young women are eligible
civilian aides. However, Army Medical Department Bulletin A-329 for selvice in the military hospitals and prepared to furnish occu-
(Medical Department, 1918) outlined the qualifications and job descrip- pation, in the form of simple handicrafts, including weaving, mod-
tion for reconstruction aides. eling, to)' making, wood carving, basketry, block printing, simple
metal work and bookbinding, and to prove the therapeutic value
3Dr. Williams was quoted extensively by Mrs. Myers in her first·person
of activity to our convalescent soldiers and sailors here and
account of experiences as leader of a civilian aides unit. "Pioneer Occu-
abroad. (p. 5)
pational Therapists in World War I" appeared in the July-AugUSt 1948
edition of the American journal of Occupalional Therapy. It was the
written form of a speech delivered before the 12th Annual Convention
Mrs. Howard Mansfield, chair of the committee on
of the Texas Occupational Therapy Association in 1947. Mrs. Myers used War Service Classes, related the history of the establish-
the initials 0. T after her name and listed her place of employment as ment of the program and documented the support of
the Texas Society for Crippled Children in Dallas, Texas. She was appar-
ently never a member of AOTA. Mrs. Myers's name did not appear in the
prominent people 6 Dr. Frederick Peterson, a neurolo-
Directory ofQualified Occupalional Therapists from 1932 to 1934 nor gist, put committee members in touch with the surgeon
in the Directory of Registered Occupalional Therapists in subsequent general, from whom they gained approval for beginning
years.
the program immediately. The first course began in June
4An undated War Department memorandum read in pan, "Immediately
1918. Local physicians lectured. The New York Times
after reponing in New York City, Reconstruction Aides should go to the
Representative of Nursing of the Red Cross at 44 East 23rd Street and printed an article giving details about the course of study,
present their travel orders as a means of identification" (War Depart-
ment, no date). The memorandum listed items of clothing provided by
the Red Cross. The total cost of items on the list was 5111.18 and there
was a notation that "any article in List A which the aide may have
5AJthough this document proVided a job description, the aides who
purchased elsewhere, in advance, will be deducted and no allowance
wenl to France 2 months later had to go under the classification of
will be made for such deductions." A second list contained items the
civilian aides.
aide could purchase for herself. These ranged from a Norfolk suit at the
cost of 532.50 to a metal "R.A." 1/2 in in height to be worn on the collar 6John D. Rockefeller, Jr., whose wife was a member of the committee
This cost $.50. The memorandum further stated that "no letters 'US.' of that organized the program, offered space in his office building for
any style nor the Caducii [sic] are permissible." continuation of the program.

The American journal of Occupational Therapy 39

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 which prompted a number of applications (Mansfield, seas, her story is in many ways representative of all
1956), reconstruction aides, Ruggles taught manual arts before
The National Society for the Promotion of Occupa- attending a 6-week training course for reconstruction
tional Therapy approved war courses at universities and aides, She was assigned to Fort McPherson, Georgia,
hospitals across the country and in Canada, Some pro- where she worked with patients who had lost limbs to
grams were expanded and continued as approved train- war wounds and with patients with mental illness, Basket
ing programs for occupational therapists, but most closed making was the initial activity of choice, Ruggles's self-
when the war ended, Colonel Frank Billings of the Medi- reported successes included drawing the men away from
ca! Corps, writing on behalf of the surgeon general, re- gambling and idleness.
sponded to an overwhelming number of requests for cer-
tification of training schools, Billings gave three reasons
why no additional certifications would be issued: (a) the As Others Saw Them
surgeon general's office could not take on the responsi-
bility of inspecting and certifying facilities, (b) occupa- Dr. Sidney Schwab (1919), medical director of Base Hos-
tional therapy bedside work was not standardized, and pital 117, spoke enthusiastically of occupational therapy:
(c) the experience gained in working with war casualties "A method of treatment that can meet its purpose so
would lead to changes in the type of work used in occupa- surely and definitely as this did would seem to have some-
tional therapy (Billings, no date), thing of the adaptability of a proven thing" (p, 581).
Schwab stressed that the workshop "must be regarded as
The Women Who Served a definite part of the medical organization" (p, 591), He
emphasized that the function of the military hospital was
The women who served as occupational therapy aides to return soldiers suffering from illness, wounds, or war
were generally well educated, A high school diploma or neurosis to the battlefield as quickly as possible, He stat-
its equivalent was required, but many aides were college ed that "the patient must realize that occupation is pri-
graduates, possibly because applicants were supposed to marilya method of cure, not a pastime and not a thing to
be at least 25 years old, Mrs, Myers studied arts and crafts which he can afford to be indifferent" (p, 592),
in Boston and at Columbia University, She taught in the Colonel Frank Billings (1919), in a speech to the
occupational therapy department of the Bloomingdale Institute of Medicine in Chicago, described the value of
Hospital for mental patients, Accompanying Myers to ward work for disabled patients:
France were Primarily, application of the work served as a diversion byarous-
Amy Drevenstedt, who taught HistOry of Art ar Hunter College, ' ing the interest of the parient and by disrracting him from a
Corrine Dezeller, a graduate of Columbia Universiry, [who I taught contemplation of his disabled condirion, wherher due ro sickness
woodworking ro a class of exceprional children in New York Public or ro injury. (p, 1509)
School. , , , [and] Laura La Force, ,a graduare nurse who had
taught simple basketry and weaving in rhe New York Ciry Hospital BilJings noted that a patient's work began with simple
for children, (Myers, 1948, p, 209) handicrafts such as basketry, knitting, beadwork, or the
According to Myers (1948), the reconstruction aides like but progressed to prevocational or vocational activi-
who came later were not as well qualified as the first ties such as stenography, typewriting, or mechanical
group, although they were in command of more political drawing, He spoke specifically of modification of actiVity
influence, She commented: under the gUidance of the physician to benefit the patient
with pulmonary tuberculosis,
Some of rhem gave no evidence of having had any previous train-
ing and how rhey gor rheir appointment I could never guess, One
Eleanor Clarke Slagle (1938) quoted Thomas W,
dear old white haired lady, when asked whar she could do, said Salmon, the physician in charge of the neuropsychiatric
she was a pomait painter and wished very much to be sent to Italy service in the American Expeditionary Forces: "Colonel
where she could visit the famous an galleries, Another psycholo-
gist arrived, who didn't know one craft from another, bur she
Salmon said that 'Occupational Therapy will one day rank
knew she could direcr a workshop and by some hook ;:>r crook, with anesthesia in taking the suffering out of sickness'"
she did succeed in being appointed Head Aide ar Base Hospiral (p, 379),
214 ar Savenay for mental cases, (p, 214)
The Red Cross published Carry On-A Magazine on
The Healing Heart (Carlova & Ruggles, 1961) is a the Reconstruction of Disabled Soldiers and Sailors for
romanticized autobiography of Ora Ruggles, a recon- the Office of the Surgeon General from June 1918
struction aide who continued a long career as an occupa- through July 1919 Every issue had photographs of ser-
tional therapisr. 7 Although Ruggles did not serve over- vicemen engaged in curative activity, Inspirational articles
about overcoming handicaps were featured, The maga-
7Ruggles was born inro a Nebraska farm family bur moved ro Los Angeles zine included information about government benefits and
in her teens, There she studied painting and drawing, as well as sculp- Red Cross assistance as weU as poetry and humorous
ture, mosaics, and woodworking and furniture making at rhe Manual
items, References to occupational therapy were consis-
Arts High School. She continued her education at San Diego Normal
School. tently positive, with heavy emphaSiS on the fact that the

40 January 1992, Volume 46, Number 1

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 therapists were women. A photograph of women work- (Myers, 1948). Mary E. Shanklin's (1925) report on the
ing at looms bore the following caption: federal rehabilitation program noted that "a limited num-
In every hoSpital here and overseas American women are doing a
ber of therapists were employed, primarily for bedside
wonderful work. These reconstruction aides at Lakewood are occupation" (p. 570) in the National Home for Disabled
teaching handicrafts that hasten the cure by giving the soldier Volunteer Soldiers.
something to divert his mind from himself. It is called occupation-
al therapy. (Cooper, 1918, p. 23)
According to Hoppin's (1933) account of the activi-
ties and whereabouts of physiotherapy and occupational
The economic potential of activity was emphasized. therapy aides who served in the United States and in
A photograph in the May 1919 issue showed three upper- France during the World War, after the war former occu-
extremity amputees engaged in casting bronze pieces pational therapy aides worked as occupational therapists,
from clay models. The caption concluded, "From a finan- artists, teachers, sculptors, and decorators.
cial standpoint the future looks bright for them" (Leather- The kinship based on their wartime experiences led
bee, 1919, p. 15). the reconstruction aides to form the National Association
The humor page of the final edition of Cany On of Ex-Military Reconstruction Aides. Both phYSiothera-
contained a sketch of a caped and hatted woman clutch- pists and occupational therapists were members (Wrinn,
ing basket, palette, and knitting needles and trailing yarn 1921). For several years, the association published the Re-
as she strode along. The sketch illustrated a bit of dog- Aides' Post, a quarterly magazine that included articles 00
gerel: "The bluebirds who've come to Camp Lee(fo give it crafts and treatment techniques and Veterans Bureau job
a taste of O.T./(If in doubt, see above),/Have fallen in announcements. "Echoes from the Wards" gave informa-
10ve,INow who do you think it can be?/Have they dared tion about former patients. Short stories and serialized
on a private to smile?/Or the S.G.O.'ss temper to rile?/Oh Stories also appeared.
no, for you see/It's been whispered to me,/Heart and
soul they love work, all the while" (News and Exchanges,
1919, p. 32).
Relationship to Occupational Therapy Today
The concept of activity as therapy received affirmation
After the War
and substantiation through the work of the reconstruc-
Only some of the occupational therapy aides were actual- tion aides. However, the World War I experience illumi-
ly occupational therapists. Some became occupational nated several problems that affect the profession today:
therapists following the war and were active and contrib- (a) the relationship between occupational therapy and
uting mem bers of the profession. Others returned to pre- physical therapy; (b) the differentiation between thera-
vious roles of artist, teacher, or designer. peutic and diversiooaJ activity; and (c) separation of the
Many occupational therapy aides obtained employ- doing component of the profession from the
ment with the Public Health Service and in Veterans Bu- conceptualization.
reau hospitals after the war 9 Ora Ruggles served at an In "A History of the American Physiotherapy Associ-
Arizona hospital camp for tubercular soldiers. From there ation," Hazenhyer (1946) wrote, "Another feud which
she went to Santa Monica, California, where she started germinated during army days and persisted into the ex-
an occupational therapy program at a private rest home aides' era, was that of P.T.s versus O.T.s" (pp. 11-12).
converted to a convalescent center for soldiers (Carlova & Hazenhyer perceived that the origin of this feud lay in the
Ruggles, 1961). greater public relations value of occupational therapy.
Myers had a shorter postwar service experience. In She quoted a letter to the editor of the Physiotherapy
1919, she went to the Panama Canal zone for 3 months to Review that illustrated her concern:
train a teacher and set up a workshop for a government Anyone who knows A.B.C. in physiotherapy realizes that the men-
hospital. She reported that Amy Dreveostedt and Corrine tal contacts between patient and P.T. are as potent of good results
Dezeller went to Germany with the Army of Occupation as those between patient and O.T. But then, there's JUSt the
chance that this will fall into the hands of one of those persons
who-while they smile approvingly on hefty PI. operations and
murmur that it must be "Fascinating work, but don't you find it a
Slrain'''-pass on with apparent relief to the beads and the
8Surgeon General's office. bronzes, rhe block prints and the cord work thar adorn the pictur-
9Applications of several reconstruction aides for membership in the esque O.T. shop. "Ah," you can hear them sigh, "this is charming'
National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy are located What an opportuniry to win the men's interest." (Hazenhyer,
in the American Occupational Therapy Association Archives housed at 1946, p. 12)
the Moody Memorial Medical Library, University of Texas Medical
Branch, Galveston, Texas. Mrs. Mildred O. Beaton's application was Problems of differentiation between physical therapy
dated August 12, 1919 Mrs. Beaton described herself as a graduate of and occupational therapy were apparent. An article in
the St. Louis School of Occupational Therapy at Washington University. Military Surgeon included the curative workshop, which
She served at the base hospital at Camp Lee, Virginia, and at the U.S.A
Service Hospital #19 in Nonh Carolina. At the time of her application, is primarily an occupational therapy activity, among a list
Mrs. Beaton was considering a position with the Public Health Service. of physical therapy activities such as massage, electro-

The Amen'can Journal of Occupational Therapy 41

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 therapy, hydrotherapy, exercise, and manipulation (Bain- The psychiatrists serving with the American Expedi-
bridge, 1919). tionary Forces were charged with returning men suffering
A distinction between diversional and therapeutic from war neuroses to combat as qUickly as possible. They
activities arose from conflicts over the relative impor- supervised the activities in workshops. One psychiatrist
tance of medical intervention, curative activities, and vo- pointed out,
cational education. Captain Eugene Mumford (1919), In describing the methods that were carried out there, it must not
chief of orthopedic service at Camp Zachary Taylor, justi- be forgotten that Base Hospital 117 had a particular problem to
fied the assumption of control of the educational and solve in a medical way and that the necessity for a proper solution
of this problem was never permitted to escape the minds and
physiotherapy departments: "[T] he primary purpose of interests of the medical and nursing staff or of the civilian aids
the hospital was curative and ... the education of the pa- [sic] who ran the workshop. (Schwab, 1919, p. 580)
tient was at all times to be considered of secondary im-
He emphasized that the workshop area must be included
portance" (p. 676).
in the physician's daily rounds, thus underscoring the
"Bedside Occupational Therapy" (Vaughn, 1919), in
physician's control.
the March 1919 edition of Carry On, described three
categories of occupations: Surgeons in the Orthopedic Service took responSi-
bility for direct supervision of all patient activities, includ-
The first group consists of those activities which are designed
purely for diversion. The second group consists of work of such a
ing gymnastic exercises, recreational activities designed
character as not only to give diversion but also it gives a stan in a to provide specific neuromuscular benefits, and manual
kind of avocation, "side-line," or hobby. The third group is made training in the workshops. Although many early occupa-
up of definite vocational courses of work or study directly con-
tional therapists were nurses, the occupational therapy
nected with the patients' former or proposed occupations. (p. 14)
aides came from nonmedical backgrounds. They were
The reconstruction aides provided bedside occupa- teachers, craft workers, and artists. To maintain a connec-
tion. Manual training teachers conducted the workshops. tion with medicine and the curative aspects of activity, the
Sexton (1918), a vocational officer, emphasized the limi- aides relied on physicians to direct the selection of activ-
tations of diversional activity: "[The patient] should not ity. The physicians accepted and supported the aides as
be given special handicraft work in basketry, toymaking, technical assistants. The female aides were nurturers who
etc., except in the early stages as a therapeutic measure. provided diversional activity that, while very important to
These are best adapted to seriously crippled men and will successful convalescence, was not to be considered on a
lead him to think he is not capable of holding down a real par with vocational training that was handled by men. The
job" (p. 275). time for this nurturing intervention was early in the con-
Attitudes such as that voiced by Sexton and rooted in valescent period, while the patient was still weak and
territorial dispute may have been responsible for subse- dependent l1 The occupational therapy aides performed
quent devaluation of handicrafts as therapeutic modali- their duties in settings that were under the strict supervi-
ties. Billings (1918) praised the curative value of work or sion of the physicians.
occupation, but in an address to the National Program for
the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Disabled Sol-
diers, Billings added qualifications:
Summary

[Ward work] has consisted frequently of work not so purposeful

In some ways, the contributions of the reconstruction
in its character, but rather as diversional in character, in the form aides have been misinterpreted. Henrietta McNary, presi-
of knitting, in the form of basket weaving, etc. But the work which dent of the American Occupational Therapy Association
the Surgeon-General utilizes as curative in character in the general
hospital for these soldiers is more purposeful than knitting, bas-
in 1955, in a review of her perceptions of the history of
ket weaving and the like. In other words, it is of the kind and the profession, made the statement, "World War I
character of curative work that will look toward the training of the brought an emphasis on muscle function. Get kinetic, get
soldier for employment after his discharge from the Army.
(p 1925)10
specific and get it measured - and we did" (McNary, 1955,
p. 137). What she did not seem to understand, however,
The assumption of power by the surgeons over the
was that these demands were not made on the recon-
nonmedical Educational Department officers, coupled
struction aides but on the orthopedic surgeons who were
with role conflicts between reconstruction aides and vo-
responsible for prescribing and monitoring the occupa-
cational education teachers, may well have served to shift
tional therapy and physiotherapy to be proVided to the
the orientation of the reconstruction aides and subse-
patients.
quently the occupational therapists toward the medical
A refutation of McNary's (1955) assertion does not
model. It is here that we find distinct division between the
devalue the contribution of the occupational therapy
doing of occupational therapy and the conceptualization
aides. Their work exemplified the value of activity as ther-
underlying activity selection.

lOyhis report was presented at the 69th Annual Session of the American 11This fits with the earlier writings in occupational therapy that de-
Medical Association. scribed "invalid occupation."

42 January 1992, Volume 46, Numher 1

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 apy. However, problems such as these, originating in the Leatherbee, R. (1919). To the returning soldier. Carry On,
experiences of the reconstruction aides, are among the 1(8), 14-15.
consequences of the efforts of courageous women to deal Mansfield, Mrs. H. (1956). Notes on formation of war serv-
ice classes for training reconstruction aides for military hospi-
with a world in chaos. A clear understanding of this im-
tals. (Available from American Occupational Therapy Associ-
portant era in our past helps us comprehend the present ation Archives, Series 1, Box 01, Folder 06, Reconstruction
and contend with the future. A Aides, Moody Medical Library, The University of Texas Medical
Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX)
References McNary, H. (1955). From the president. Amen'canjournal
of Occupational Therapy, 9, 137.
Army hospitals which employ aides. (no date). (Available Medical Department, United States Army. (1918). Circular
from American Occupational Therapy Association Archives, Se- A-329: Circular ofinformation conceming tbe employment of
ries 1, Box 01, Folder 06, Reconstruction Aides, Moody Medical reconstruction aides (2). (Available from American Occupa-
Library, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, tional Therapy A'isociation Archives, Series 1, Box 01, Folder 06,
Galveston, TX) Reconstruction Aides, Moody Medical Library, The University of
Art War Relief. (1917-1918) First report. (Available from Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX)
American Occupational Therapy Association Archives, Series 1, Mumford, E. B. (1919). Application of curative therapy in
Box 01, Folder 06, Reconstruction Aides, Moody Medical Li- the workshop. journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1, 676.
brary, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Myers, Mrs. C. M. (1948). Pioneer occupational therapists
Galveston, TX) in World War 1. Americanjournal ofOccupational Therapy, 2,
Bainbridge, W. S. (1919). The importance of physical ther- 208-215
apy in military and civilian practice. Milital)' Surgeon, 14, 663- News and Exchanges. (1919). Carry On, 1(10),32.
678. Reconstruction aide. (1921). Bulletin No. 75, amended.
Billings, F. (no date). Memorandum B-524 (Available United States Civil-Service Examination.
from American Occupational Therapy Association Archives, Se- Schwab, S. I. (1919). The experiment in occupational ther-
ries 1, Box 01, Folder 06, Reconstruction Aides, Moodv Medical apy at Base Hospital 117, A.E.F. Mental Hygiene, 3, 580-593.
Library, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Sexton, F. H. (1918). Vocational rehabilitation of soldiers
Galveston, TX) suffering from nervous diseases. Mental Hygiene, 2, 265-276.
Billings, F. (1918). Chairman's address-The national pro- Shanklin, M. E. (1925). Occupational therapy as developed
gram for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of disabled sol- in the National Home for Disabled Soldiers. Modern Hospital,
diers.journal of the American Medical Association, 70,1924- 24, 570-572
1925. Slagle, E. C. (1938). Occupational therapy. Trained Nurse
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23-26' American Occupational Therapy Association Archives, Series 1,
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Hazenhyer,1. M. (1946). A hiStory of the American Physio- brary, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
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Hoppin, L. B (Ed.). (1933). History of the World War re- Wrinn, M. J. J. (1921). Associated reconstructionists. Mod-
construction aides. Millbrook, NY: Tyldsley. ern Hospital, 17, 48.

Coming in February:

• Intervention with the family of an alcoholic

• Literature review of assistive technology use in patients

with rheumatic disease

• Performance measures of added-purpose and single-purpose

tasks for upper extremities

• Effects of bilateral hand splints and an elbow orthosis in

children with Rett syndrome

PDi\ TE • Instructing students in information retrieval

Turn to A]OT for the latest information on occupational

therapy treatment modalities, aids and equipment, legal and
social issues, education, and research.

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 43

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