Systematic Analysis of Simple Salt

AIM:
To analyse the given salt systematically and identify the acidic and basic
radical present in it.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Preliminary Tests: 1. Blue 1.May be Cu2+
Noted the colour of 2. Green 2. be Ni2+
the salt 3. Yellow / Brown 3.May be Fe3+(or) Mn2+
4. Light Pink 4.May be Co2+
5. Colourless 5.Absence of transition
metal
2 Noted the physical 1. Fine Powder 1.May be CO32- (or) S2-
state 2. Crystalline 2.May be Cl- , Br-,
SO42-or NO3-
3 Solubility 1. Soluble 1. May be sulphate,
2. Insoluble Nitrate or Chloride
2. May be carbonate
(expect Amm
Carbonate)or Sulphide.
4 Action of heat: 1. Salt melts 1.Maybe hydrated salts
A little amount of 2. Salt swells 2.May be PO4- or Al3+
salt is heated in a 3. Salt decrepitates 3. May be NO3- or Pb2+
dry test tube 4. Coloured salt becomes white or Ba2+ .
or yellow 4. May be Fe2+ or Ni2+
5. Yellow when hot and white or Ba2+.
when cold 5. May be Zn2+
6. Salt glows 6. May be Mg2+, Ca2+or
7. Black residue Al3+.
8. Evolution of brown gas 7. May be Cu2+ or Ni2+
9. Colourless gas with 8. May be NO3- or NO2-
characteristic NH 3 smell 9. May be NH4+
10.Colourless gas turning 10. May be Co32-
Limewater
5 Flame Test: 1. Brick red colour flame May be Ca2+
A small amount of 2. Crimson red colour flame May be Sr2+
the substance is 3. Apple green colour flame May be Ba2+
made into a paste 4. Bluish green colour flame May be Cu2+
with Conc. HCl in a 5. No characteristic coloured Asence of Ca2+, Sr2+,
watch glass and flame Ba2+, Cu2+
introduced into the
non luminous flame
6 Ash Test : 1. Green ash 1. Presence of Zn
a filter paper is 2. Blue ash 2. Presence of Al
soaked into a 3. Pink ash 3. Presence of Mg
mixture of salt and 4. No characteristic coloured 4. Absence of
cobalt nitrate ash Zn,Al,Mg.
solution and
introduced into the
flame and ignited

TEST FOR ANIONS

DRY TESTS
1 To a pinch of salt dil. 1. Colourless, odourless gas with 1. Presence of
HCl is added brisk effervescence turning lime CO32- is
water milky evolves confirmed
2. On heating the mixture ,
colourless rotten egg smelling 2. Presence of S2-
gas turning
Pb(CH3COO)2 paper black
CO32- +2H+  CO2 + H2O
Ca (OH)2 + CO2  Ca CO3 +
H2O
S2- + 2H+ - H2S
S2- + Pb2+  PbS (Black)
2 To a pinch of the 1. Colourless gas with pungent 1. Presence of Cl-
a. salt Conc. H2SO4 is odour giving out white fumes
added and warmed when glass rod dipped in NH4OH 2. Presence of Br-
if necessary. is brought near to it. or NO3
Cl-+H+  HCl 3. Presence of l-
NH3 + HCI  NH4Cl (Dense Confirmed
white fumes)
2. Reddish brown vapours
H+ + Br-  HBr
2HBr + H2SO4 - Br2 + SO2 +
2H2O
3. Dark violet fumes condensing
on the upper part of the test tube
as violet droplets H+ + I-  HI
2HI + H2SO4  I2+SO2 +2H2O
b. MnO2 is added to 1.Greenish yellow gas 1.Presence of Cl-
the salt and heated MnO2 +4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2. Presence of Br-
Starch paper is 2H2O 3. Presence of l-
introduced near the 2.More and more of brown fumes Confirmed
mouth of the test 2NaBr+MnO2+3H2SO4
tube 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4 +Br2
3. It turns deep Blue

3 To the salt add H+ + NO3 HNO3 Presence of NO3-

Conc. HNO3 and Cu 4HNO3  4 NO2 +O2 +2H2O
turnings & heated Reddish brown fumes which turn
green
FeSO4 black Presence of NO3
Cu+4HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2
+2H2O
FeSO4+NO2  FeSO4 + NO2
(Black)
4 Chromyl Chloride Dark red vapours condense on Cl- indicated the fumes
test the cooler parts of the test tube are chromyl chloride
A Little amount of as red droplets
 the salt is mixed with Yellow soln. Is formed which later
Presence of Cl -
an equal amount of gives thick yellow ppt
confirmed
K2Cr2O7 in a dry test K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4
tube & Conc. H2SO4 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2+
is added and 3H2O
heated. The above CrO2Cl2 +4NaOH Na2Cr2O4 +
fumes are passed H2O + 2NaCl
Through NaOH Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 
acidified with PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
CH3COOH &
Pb(CH3COO)2 is
added

WET TESTS
Preparation of Na2CO3 extract :
Na2CO3 extract of the given salt is prepared in the case of water insoluble salt. To
a small amount of the salt, twice the amount of Na2CO3 is added followed by 20 ml
of distilled water is added in a beaker and the solution is boiled for 10 - 15
minutes, cooled and then filtered. This filtrate is known as Na.CO3 extract. All wet
tests are performed using this.
1 Silver Nitrate Test: Curdy white ppt, insoluble in dil. Presence of Cl-
First part of the HNO3 & readily soluble in NH40H confirmed
extract is neutralized is obtained.
with dil.HNO3 till the Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl 2. May be Br-
effervescence stops AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Cl]
and then AgNO3 is (soluble amine complex) 3. Presence of I-
added 2. Light yellow ppt is partially
soluble in NH4OH 4. Presence of S2-
Ag+ + Br - AgBr
AgBr + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Br
3.Thick yellow ppt is insoluble in
Ag+ + I- - AgI
4..Black ppt.
2Ag+ + S2- Ag2S
2 2nd part of the Thick white ppt. insoluble in 1.Presence of SO42-
extract is neutralized Conc. HCI is obtained. 2. Presence of SO42-
by dil.HCl, till Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 is confirmed
effervescence stops
and BaCl2 is added.
3 3rd part of the 2. White ppt. Soluble in HCl.
extract is neutralized Pb2+ SO42 PbSO4 Thick white
with CH3COOH till ppt
effervescence stops
and Pb(CH3COO)2
is add

4 4th part of the extract Canary yellow ppt. 1.Presence of PO43-

is neutralized by dil. PO43-+12MoO42-+24H+
HNO3 till P(MO12O40)3-+ 12H2O
effervescence stops
and (NH4)2 MoO4is 2. Thick white ppt. 2. Presence of PO43-
added. Na2HPO4+ MgCl2+NH4OH confirmed
MgNH4PO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
5th part of the
extract is acidified
with dil.HCI till the
effervescence stops
and Magnesia
mixture
(MgCl2 +NH4Cl +
NH4OH) is added

5 To the 6th part dil. Brown ring is formed at the Prepared of NO3
H2SO4 is added to junction of the 2 liquids confirmed
expel the CO2 fully
and freshly H2SO4 + KNO3 HNO3 + KHSO4
Prepared FeSO4 4 H+ + NO3- + 3Fe3+3Fe3+ + NO
Soln. is followed + 12H2O
Cone H2SO4 along
 the sides carefully FeSO4 + NO  FeSO4.NO
without Shaking the [Fe(H2O) 5NO] SO4
solution
7th part of the Voilet colouration
extract is
Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]2-  Presence of S2- is
neutralised by dil.
Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] confirmed
HCl till the CO2 is
completely expelled
and
Na2[Fe(CN)3NO] and
NaOH are added.

Test for Cation

Group separation
Original Solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in H2O (or) If insoluble dissolve dil.
HCl / HNO3
1 To a original NaOH Evolution of NH3 gas Prepared of Group
is added and heated zero
2 To the salt soln, White ppt Presence of Group I
dil.HCl is added
3 To the soin, H2S gas Black / Yellow ppt Presence of Group II
is passed through it.
4 H2S is boiled off and Gelatinous white / Reddish Presence of Group III
And NH4Cl and brown ppt
NH4OHare added to
the above solution
5 H2S gas is passed to Dirty white / Buff coloured/Black Presence of Group IV
above solution ppt.

6 H2S gas is boiled off Thick white ppt Presence of Group V

and NH4Cl, NH4OH
and (NH4)2CO3 are
added

7 Disodium Hydrogen White ppt Presence of Group VI

Phosphate added to
 the salt solution.
Group Analysis
Zero group
analysis:
1 The salt is heated Colourless gas with pungent Presence of NH4+
with NaOH odour white fumes with glass rod
dipped with HCI
NH4Cl+NaOH  NaCl+NH3 +
H2O
2 Moist litmus paper Paper turns blue Presence of NH4+
(red) is introduced
into the gas

3 Nessler’s reagent is Reddish brown ppt Presence of NH4+ is

added to the salt NH4+ + 4NaOH + 2K2Hgl4 confirmed
soln. followed by a NH2HgOHgl + Na+ +3Nal +4KI
few drops of NaOH +3H2O
Group I Analysis
1 The white ppt is The ppt. dissolves in hot water Presence of Pb2+
heated with distilled and reappears as needle shaped
water crystals on cooling
Pb2+ 2Cl-- PbCl2
2 The above hot soln. Thick yellow ppt. Presence of Pb2+
is divided into 2
parts To one part of The yellow ppt. dissolves in hot Presence of Pb2+
solution KI is added water and reappears as golden
The yellow ppt is spangles on cooling
heated with distilled
water till it dissolves
and the clear soln. Is
cooled under the tap
3 To another part Thick yellow ppt. Presence of Pb2+ is
K2CrO4 is added Pb2+ +2I-  PbI2 confirmed
Pb2+ + CrO42-  PbCrO4
 Group II Analysis
Test for Copper
1 The ppt. is dissolved 1.Black ppt. dissolves giving 1. Presence of Cu2+
in dil. HNO3 and bluish – green 2. Presence of Cd2+
heated till H2S is 2. Yellow ppt. dissolves giving
expelled completely colourless soln.
and the soln. Is Cu2++No3-  Cu(NO3)2(Blue)
divided into 2 parts Cd2+ +2NO3- Cd(NO3)2

a To 1 part of the Deep blue soln. Presence of Cu2+

Black ppt NH4OH is Cu2+ + 2OH-  Cu(OH)2
added in drops and Cu(OH)2 +4NH3Cu(NH3)4(OH)2
then in excess
b To the 2nd part Chocolate brown ppt. Presence of Cu2+
CH3COOH and 2Cu2++[Fe(CN)6]4-  Cu[Fe(CN)6 confirmed
K4[Fe(CN)6 ] are
added
c Flame test is Bluish green flame Presence of Cu2+
performed Confirmed

Test for Cadmium

2 The yellow ppt. is
dissolved in dil.
HNO3 after expelling
H2S by heating is
divided into 2 parts.
a To 1 part NH4OH is White ppt. completely dissolves Presence of Cd2+
added in drops and on adding excess
then in excess Cd2+ + 2OH- Cd(OH)2
Cd(OH)2 + 4NH3  Cd(NH3)4
(OH)2
b To another part Bluish white ppt Presence of Cd2+
K4 [Fe(CN)6] is 2Cd2+ + [Fe(CN)6]4  Confirmed
added Cd2[Fe(CN)6]

Group III Analysis

Test for Ferric ion
The reddish brown
ppt. is dissolved in
dil. HCl and divided
into 2 parts
a To 1 part Prussian biue ppt Presence of Fe3+
4Fe3+ +3[Fe(CN)6]4 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
K4[Fe(CN)6] is added

To another part Blood red colouration Presence of Fe3+ is

NH4SCN is added Fe3++3SCN  Fe(SCN)3 Confirmed`
Test for Aluminium
The gelatinous .
White ppt is divided
into 2 parts .
a To 1 part NaOH is The white ppt. dissolves in Presence of A13+
added in drops and excess
then in excess. 3NaOH + Al(OH)3 Na3[Al(OH)6]

b To another part dil. Blue lake is formed Presence of A13+ is

HCI is added AI(OH)3+3HCIAICI3+3H2O confirmed
followed by blue AICl3 + 3NH40H  AI(OH)3
litmus soln. and +3NH4Cl
NH4OH and the Al(OH)3+blue litmus  blue lake
contents are mixed
evenly

C Ash Test Thenard's blue ash is formed Presence of Al3+

 Group IV Analysis
Test for Nickel
1 The black ppt. is Cherry red ppt Presence of Ni2+
dissolved in aqua
Ni2+ +S2 –  NiS confirmed
regia (1 part of conc
HNO3 and 3 parts of Ni2+ + 2 DMG – (Ni(DMG)2)2+
conc. HCl) and
evaporated to
dryness and the
yellow residue is
extracted with water
and dimethy]
glyoxime is added
followed by NH4OH
in excess.

Test for
Manganese
2 The buff coloured
ppt. is dissolved in
dil. HCl and H2S is
boiled off and the
clear soln. is divided
into 2 parts

a To 1 part NaOH is White ppt turns brown Presence of Mn2+

added in drops and Mn2+ +20H-Mn(OH)2-
then in excess
2Mn(OH)2 + 1/2O2  2MnO{(OH)
+H2O|

b To another part dil Pink colouration Presence of Mn2+

HNO3 is added 2Mn2+ +5NaBi03 +14H+  2MnO4-
confirmed
boiled and NaBiO3 is + 5Na+ +
added and diluted 5Bi3+ + 7H2O
with water
 Test for Zinc
3 The dirty white ppt.
is dissolved in dil
HCl and H2S is
boiled off and the
clear soln. is divided
into 2 parts.

a To 1 part NaOH is White ppt. dissolves in excess of Presence of Zn2+

added in drops and NaOH
then in excess Zn(OH)2+2NaOH Na[Zn(OH)4]

b To another part Bluish white ppt Presence of Zn2+

K4[Fe(CN)6] is added . is obtained
confirmed
2Zn2+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-
Zn2[(Fe(CN)6 ]

c Ash Test Rinmann's green ash Presence of Zn2+

confirmed
Group V analysis
1 The ppt. Is dissolved
in CH3COOH and
divided into 3 parts
a To 1st part K2CrO4 Yellow ppt Presence of Ba2+
is added Ba2+ + CrO42 –  BaCrO4
Confirmed

b To 2nd part (NH4)2 White ppt Presence of Sr2+

SO4 is added Sr2+ + SO42-  SrSO4
Confirmed
c To 3rd part White ppt Presence of Ca2+
(NH4)2C2O4 is added Ca2+ + C2O42-  CaC2O4
Confirmed
d Check with flame
test for Ba2+, Sr2+,
and Cr2+

Group VI Analysis
To the salt soln Sky blue ppt Presence of Mg2+ is
Magneson reagent
confirmed
is added in presence
of NaOH
RESULT:
 The Acid Radical is________________________

 The Basic Radical is________________________

 The given simple salt is________________________

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