SIMAD UNIVERSITY

Conflict Prevention and Management:

An Islamic Perspective
slide 3
 Course outline

 CHAPTER 6: Conflict Prevention and

Management: An Islamic Perspective
 Conflict prevention and management in Islam: The
approaches
 Conflict prevention measures
 Measures of conflict resolution

slide 4
 Conflict prevention and management
in Islam
 S.N.T Model is one of the theories formulated for
Conflict management and resolution traditionally;

 the “S” stands for a fundamental principle in Islamic

religion which is “Shura”(Consultation) which implies
that consulting others before implementing any action
or change, such an approach minimizes disagreement.

 The second principle, “N,” stands for ‘ Nasiha, ” which

means advice; in this context, advice can be offered to
all parties involved.

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 Conflict prevention and management
in Islam
 Third, The last element, “Ta’awun,” denoted by
“T,” indicates cooperation, which is essential
for the change process to promote healthy
communication.
 Based on the consultation, advice and
cooperation aims to create a positive
environment and reduce possible tension
resulting from the conflict.

slide 6
 Islamic Approaches to Conflict
Resolution
1) Forgiveness ( Afw ) is the most valued Principle
in Islam; it is held high in matters of conflict, both
on a personal and public level.
 The glorious Qur’an stated that:
 ‫ون‬ َ ‫ش َوإِذَا َما‬
َ ‫غ ِضبُواْ ُه ْم يَ ْغ ِف ُر‬ ِ ْ ‫ون َك ٰبَٓئِ َر‬
َ ‫ٱﻹثْ ِم َوٱ ْلفَ ٰ َو ِح‬ َ ‫َوٱلﱠ ِذ‬
َ ُ‫ين يَ ْجتَنِب‬
 {199:‫ين }اﻷعراف‬
َ ‫ض ع َِن ا ْل َجا ِه ِل‬ ِ ‫ُخ ِذ ا ْلعَ ْف َو َوأْ ُم ْر ِبا ْلعُ ْر‬
ْ ‫ف َوأَع ِْر‬
 (200) ‫ِوإ ﱠما يَ َنز َغنﱠ َك ِم َن ٱل ﱠش ْي ٰ َط ِن نَ ْز ٌغ فَٱ ْستَ ِع ْذ ِبٱ ﱠ ِ ۚ ِإنﱠ ۥهُ َس ِمي ٌع َع ِلي ٌم‬

 slide 7
 Islamic Approaches to Conflict
Resolution
َ ‫ين َوٱ ْل ُم ٰ َه ِج ِر‬
 ‫ين ﻓِى‬ َ ٰ ‫سعَ ِة أَن يُ ْؤت ُ ٓواْ أ ُ ْو ِلى ٱ ْلقُ ْربَ ٰى َوٱ ْل َم‬
َ ‫س ِك‬ ْ َ‫َو َﻻ يَأْت َ ِل أ ُ ْولُواْ ٱ ْلف‬
‫ض ِل ِمن ُك ْم َوٱل ﱠ‬
َ ُ ‫صفَ ُح ٓواْ ۗ أ َ َﻻ ت ُ ِح ﱡبو َن أَن َي ْغ ِف َر ٱ ﱠ ُ لَ ُك ْم ۗ َوٱ ﱠ‬
ٌ ُ‫غف‬
‫ور ﱠر ِحي ٌم‬ ْ َ‫س ِبي ِل ٱ ﱠ ِ ۖ َو ْل َي ْعفُواْ َو ْلي‬
َ

 Therefore, Forgiveness in Islam is not just forgetting and

moving on but also an attempt to improve relationships with
opponents and gain their respect and trust.
 However, there are a lot of existing issues bothering family
relations, friends, brothers and sisters, which bring
misunderstanding and often lead to clashes which need to
be addressed using the Islamic approach of forgiveness
because it builds a new and improved relationship.

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 Islamic Approaches to Conflict
Resolution
2) Reasoning, Thinking and Reflecting ( Ta’qul,
Tafk’ur, Wa Ta’mul)
 Reasoning, thinking and reflection are known as Ta’qul,
Tafk’ur, wa Ta’mul in Islam. Critical thinking is an essential
requirement for any dialogue and conflict resolution
process.
 For instance, Allah (S.W.T.) invites the Muslims to reflect
and ponder on the Qur’an text:
ٰ
‫ب‬
ِ َ ٰ
‫ب‬ ْ
‫ل‬ َ ْ
‫ٱﻷ‬ ْ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ُ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ُ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ﱠ‬ َ ‫ذ‬َ ‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ۦ‬‫ه‬ ‫ت‬‫ي‬ٰ
ْ َ َ ِ َ ِ ِ َ َ ٓ ُ ‫نز ْل ِ ْ ُ َ َ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫ا‬‫ء‬ ْ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫د‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ي‬ّ ‫ل‬ ٌ
‫ك‬ ‫ر‬‫ب‬ٰ ‫م‬ َ
‫ك‬ ‫ي‬َ ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ُ ‫ه‬َ ‫ن‬ ٌ َ ‫ِك ٰت‬
َ َ‫ب أ‬

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 Conflict prevention measures

 Moreover, creativity has been an integral part of

Islamic reconciliation and conflict resolution.
 In Muslim communities, there are issues where
everyone prioritizes their own interests over those
of others, including the needy and orphans,
requiring critical thinking and reflection for ideal
Muslim communities.

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 Conflict prevention measures

3) Consultation (Shura):
 Shura means mutual consultation in a society; it is among
the other four fundamental principles of Islam such as
justice, equality, and human dignity.
 Mutual consultation however is; harmony in society is
based on the principle of free consultation and honest
dialogue, reflecting equality in thought and expression of
opinion.
 The glorious Qur’an attaches great importance to mutual
consultation and consensus-building and has, therefore,
introduced the principle of shura. Thus;

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 Conflict prevention measures

َ ‫صلَ ٰوةَ َوأ َ ْم ُر ُه ْم ش‬

 ‫ُور ٰى‬ ‫ستَ َجابُواْ ِل َر ِّب ِه ْم َوأَقَا ُمواْ ٱل ﱠ‬ َ ‫) َوٱلﱠ ِذ‬
ْ ‫ين ٱ‬
َ(‫بَ ْينَ ُه ْم َو ِم ﱠما َر َز ْق ٰنَ ُه ْم يُن ِفقُون‬
 Therefore, shura is one of the approaches used to
obtaining peace and harmonious relationships in a
Muslim community.
 Conciliation (Sulh) Islam promotes peace and
harmony both at the interpersonal and communal
levels.
 Muslims are expected to settle their clashes and
disagreements in a nonviolent manner using a
conciliation approach. slide 12
 Conflict prevention measures

‫ح بَ ْي َن‬ َ ٰ‫ص‬
‫ل‬ ْ ‫إ‬ ‫و‬
ْ َ ‫أ‬ ‫وف‬
ٍ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬
ْ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ْ َ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬
ٍ َ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬
َ ‫ص‬
َ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ َ ‫)ا َخ ْي َر ِﻓى َك ِث ٍۢير ِ ّمن نﱠ ْج َو ٰى ُه ْم ِإ ﱠﻻ َم ْن أ‬
ٍ ِ ُ َ ِ َ َ
َ َ َ ٰ
ْ
(‫ف نؤتِي ِه أ ْج ًرا ع َِظي ًما‬ ُ َ ‫س ْو‬ َ ‫تٱ ﱠِﻓ‬ ِ ‫اس ۚ َو َمن يَ ْفعَ ْل ذ ِل َك ٱ ْبتِغا ٓ َء َم ْرضا‬
َ َ ِ ‫ٱلنﱠ‬
4) Kindness (Al-Ihsan):
 The root word for Ihsan means to do right,
improve, and treat with kindness.
 Ihsan is all about those human qualities and
behavior related to goodness and desired by the
Allah. It is mentioned that:
 (‫) َه ْل َج َزآ ُء ْ ِٱﻹ ْح ٰ َس ِن ِإ ﱠﻻ ْ ِٱﻹ ْح ٰ َس ُن‬ slide 13
 Conflict prevention measures
 The Sunnah of the prophet (S.A.W) maintained that:
“Whoever is kind to Allah’s creatures, Allah is kind to him,
therefore be kind to man on earth, whether good or bad
and being kind to the bad is to withhold him from
badness, thus in heaven, you will be treated kindly”(
Saheeh Al- Bukhari, book.71 No.955).

5) Truth-seeking (Clarification):
 Truth-seeking in matters of dispute and its resolution
holds great importance in any peace-making effort to be
sustained.
 There is great emphasis in Islam to be truthful in all
matters, and to be truthful, it is mandatory to seek
knowledge of the truth. slide 14
 Conflict prevention measures

 Truth is the fundamental ethic and essence of the

Islamic religion; if the truth is missing in a
Muslim’s actions or words, his worship lacks
sincerity.
 As the Qur’anic verse 119 of surah Ta’ubah
encourages:

 (‫ص ِدقِين‬
َ ٰ ْ ُ ْ ُ ‫ﱠ‬ ْ ُ َ ‫ﱠ‬ َ ٓ
‫) ٰيَأيﱡ َها ٱل ِذين َءا َمنوا ٱتقوا ٱ ﱠ َ َوكُونوا َم َع ٱل ﱠ‬

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 Conflict prevention measures

Conflict prevention is about making societies’ resilient to

violent conflict by strengthening the local capacities for peace.
 Early prevention initiatives seek to improve the relationship of
parties before the outbreak of violent conflict, while late
prevention pertains to resolving or preventing the recurrence of
violent conflict.
In Islamic teachings, conflict prevention and management are
guided by principles that promote peace, justice, and harmony
Islamic teachings offer a rich framework for both preventing and
managing conflict.
Here are some key principles:
 Conflict prevention

Conflict prevention is about making societies’ resilient to

violent conflict by strengthening the local capacities for peace.
Principles of conflict prevention:
a) Ta'awun (Cooperation): Working together and fostering a spirit of
mutual support helps address potential causes of conflict before they
arise.
b) Husn al-Dhann (Positive Assumptions): Avoiding negative judgements
and maintaining trust creates a more tolerant and understanding
environment.
c) Adl (Justice): Ensuring fairness and treating everyone with respect
reduces feelings of resentment and promotes peaceful coexistence.
d) Shura (Consultation): Open communication and considering different
viewpoints fosters a sense of inclusion and reduces the likelihood of
misunderstandings.
 Conflict Management

Conflict management is the set of techniques required to identify and

resolve conflict in the workplace.
Conflict management's goal is to identify and minimize the negative effects
of conflict rather than eliminating it completely.
1) Sabr (Patience): Remaining calm and avoiding impulsive reactions allows for
more rational approaches to resolving conflict.
2) Islah (Reconciliation): The emphasis is on restoring harmony and finding
solutions that benefit all parties involved.
3) Iftiraq (Separation): In some situations, taking a temporary break from the
conflict can allow tempers to cool and facilitate a more productive
discussion later.
4) Wasta (Mediation): Utilizing a trusted third party to facilitate
communication and guide the conflict towards a peaceful resolution.
5) Forgiveness: Letting go of resentment and seeking forgiveness paves the
way for healing and rebuilding relationships.
 Conflict prevention measures

Better words

Fair and justice for

everyone

Communal resilience

Conflict Civility and gentle

prevention communications
measures
Peace and security
 Conflict prevention measures
There are different type of conflict prevention measures;
1) Better words:
In Islam, the concept of “better words” is deeply rooted in the teachings of
the Qur’an and Hadith, emphasizing the importance of speaking with
wisdom, kindness, and truthfulness.
The Qur’an provides guidance on the use of words, highlighting that they
should be used to promote peace, understanding, and compassion among
people.
A wrong word during a conflict is like gasoline on a fire. Inflammatory
language is one of the most common causes of conflict escalation.
Avoiding the escalation of arguments requires awareness and self-control.
if everyone paused before speaking, heeding the advice to "think before we
speak."
 ‫‪Conflict prevention measures‬‬

‫‪One of the key verses from the Qur’an that illustrates the‬‬
‫‪significance of better words is from Surah Al-Baharat (2:263):‬‬
‫﴿ َقوْ ٌل معْ ُروفٌ وَ َم ْغ ِفرَ ٌة خَ ْي ٌر ِّمن صَ َد َق ٍة يَ ْتبَ ُع َها َأ ًذى ۗ وَ ُ َغ ِني َح ِلي ٌم﴾‬
‫ي َأ ْحس َُن ۚ ِإن الش ْيطَانَ يَنزَ ُغ َب ْينَ ُه ْم ۚ ِإن‬‫﴿ َو ُقل ِلّ ِعبَا ِدي يَ ُقولُوا ال ِتي ِه َ‬
‫َان عَ ُدوا م ِبينًا﴾ سورة اﻹسراء‪ ،‬اﻷية ‪.53‬‬ ‫ﻺنس ِ‬ ‫الش ْيطَانَ َكانَ ِل ْ ِ‬
‫ي صلى ﷲ عليه وسلم َقا َل " مَنْ َكانَ يُ ْؤ ِم ُن ِبا ِ‬ ‫عَ ْن َأ ِبي هُ َريْرَ َة‪ ،‬عَ ِن الن ِب ِّ‬
‫ﻼ يُ ْؤ ِذ َجا َرهُ‪ ،‬وَ مَنْ َكانَ يُ ْؤ ِم ُن ِبا ِ وَ ا ْليَوْ ِم اﻵ ِخ ِر َف ْليُ ْك ِر ْم ضَ ْي َف ُه‪،‬‬‫وَ ا ْليَوْ ِم اﻵ ِخ ِر َف َ‬
‫ت‬ ‫وَ مَنْ َكانَ يُ ْؤ ِم ُن ِبا ِ وَ ا ْليَوْ ِم اﻵ ِخ ِر َف ْل َيقُ ْل َخيْرً ا َأوْ ِليَصْ ُم ْ‬
 Conflict prevention measures

2)Fair and justice for everyone:

Fairness (‫ )العدل‬in Islam is about treating all individuals equally
without bias or favoritism. It’s about giving everyone their due
rights and maintaining balance in society.
The Qur’an says:
‫اس‬ ‫الن‬ ‫ي‬
َ‫ْن‬ ‫ب‬
َ ‫م‬
ْ ‫ت‬
ُ ْ‫م‬ َ
‫ك‬ ‫ح‬
َ ‫ا‬ َ
‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬
ِ َ‫و‬ ۙ
‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
َ ‫ل‬
ِ ْ
‫ه‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ٓ ‫ل‬ٰ ‫ا‬
ِ ‫ت‬ِ ٰ
‫ن‬ ٰ‫م‬ َ
‫اﻻ‬ْ ‫دوا‬ َ
‫ؤ‬ ُ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
ْ َ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬
ْ ُ
‫ك‬ ‫ر‬
ُ ‫م‬
ُ ْ
‫َأ‬ ‫ِان ﱣ َ ي‬
ِ
‫س ِم ْيع ًۢا‬
َ َ‫َا ْن َت ْح ُكمُوْ ا ِبا ْل َع ْد ِل ۗ ِان ﱣ َ ِن ِعما َي ِعظ ُ ُك ْم ِب ٖه ۗ ِان ﱣ َ َكان‬
.‫َص ْي ًرا‬ِ ‫ب‬
 Conflict prevention measures

Justice (‫ )العدالة‬is closely related to fairness.

It involves placing things in their rightful place, giving
others equal treatment, and ensuring that rights and
responsibilities are distributed equitably.
The Qur’an states:
‫ى‬ٓ ٰ ‫ش َه َد ٓا َء ِ ِ وَ لَوْ عَ َل‬
ُ ‫ْط‬ ِ ‫وا َق ٰو ِمينَ ِبٱ ْل ِقس‬ ۟ ُ‫وا ُكون‬ ۟ ُ‫ي ٰ َٓـ َأي َها ٱل ِذينَ ءَا َمن‬
‫ٱﻷ ْقرَ ِبينَ ۚ ِإن يَ ُك ْن َغنِيا َأوْ َف ِقي ۭرً ا َفٱ ُ َأوْ َل ٰى‬ َ ْ َ‫َأن ُف ِس ُك ْم َأو ٱ ْل ٰ َولِ َديْن و‬
ِ ِ
َ ‫وا َف ِإن ٱ‬ ۟ ‫ض‬ُ ‫وا ۚ وَ ِإن تَ ْل ُٓۥو ۟ا َأوْ تُ ْع ِر‬
۟ ُ‫ى َأن تَ ْع ِدل‬ ۟ ‫ِب ِهمَا ۖ َف َﻼ تَت ِب ُع‬
ٓ ٰ َ‫وا ٱ ْل َهو‬
‫َكانَ ِبمَا َت ْع َملُونَ خَ ِبي ۭ ًرا‬
 Conflict prevention measures

3) Communal resilience:
Communal resilience in Islam, known as Ummah, is a
fundamental concept that emphasizes the strength and unity of
the Muslim community.
It is rooted in the teachings of the Qur’an and the Hadith, which
encourage Muslims to support one another, work together for
the common good, and maintain social harmony.
The Qur’an highlights the importance of community-building
and the Prophet Muhammad’s efforts to put it into practice.
 Conflict prevention measures

Qualities such as truthfulness, trustworthiness, persistence,

and maintaining a healthy balance in working for this world are
prioritized to ensure a dynamic Islamic community.
The Qur’an states:
‫َت ٱ ِ عَ َل ْي ُك ْم‬ َ ‫وا نِعْ م‬ ۟ ‫وا ۚ وَ ٱ ْذ ُك ُر‬
۟ ‫وا ِب َح ْب ِل ٱ ِ َج ِمي ۭ ًعا وَ َﻻ تَ َفر ُق‬ ۟ ‫َص ُم‬ِ ‫وَ ٱعْ ت‬
‫ِإ ْذ ُكن ُت ْم َأعْ َدآ ۭ ًء َف َألفَ َبيْنَ قُلُو ِب ُك ْم َف َأصْ ب َْحتُم ِب ِنعْ َم ِت ِٓۦه ِإخْ ٰوَ ۭنًا وَ ُكنتُ ْم عَ لَ ٰى‬
‫ار َف َأن َق َذ ُكم ِّم ْن َها ۗ َك ٰ َذلِكَ يُبَ ِيّ ُن ٱ ُ َل ُك ْم ءَاي َٰـ ِت ِۦه َلعَل ُك ْم‬
ِ ‫ش َفا ُح ْفرَ ۢ ٍة ِّمنَ ٱلن‬ َ
َ‫تَ ْه َتدُون‬
 Conflict prevention measures

‫ قال رسول ﷲ صلى ﷲ‬:‫وعن أبي موسى رضي ﷲ عنه قال‬

‫عليه وسلم " المؤمن للمؤمن كالبنيان يشد بعضه بعضً ا" وشبك بين‬
(‫ )متفق عليه‬. ‫أصابعه‬
Resilience in Islam also involves development mental
health through faith, practicing patience, fostering a
sense of community, engaging in mindfulness,
upholding positive moral values, and maintaining a
balanced lifestyle.
These practices help Muslims build the internal
strength needed to navigate life’s challenges.
 Conflict prevention measures

4) Civility and gentle communications:

In Islam, civility and gentle communication are highly valued
and are considered essential aspects of a Muslim’s character
and behavior.
The concepts are rooted in the teachings of the Qur’an and
Hadith, and they emphasize kindness, humility, and respect in
interactions with others.
Civility in Islam is about showing respect and consideration
for others, regardless of their status or relationship with you.
It involves being courteous and polite, and it extends to all
aspects of behavior, including speech, actions, and even
thoughts.
 Conflict prevention measures

Gentle communication, on the other hand, refers to the

manner in which Muslims are encouraged to speak and
interact with others. It involves using soft words, avoiding
harsh language, and maintaining a calm demeanor, especially
in situations of disagreement or conflict.
Evidence from the Qur’an and Hadith:
َ‫س ُك ْم وَ َأنتُ ْم تَ ْتلُونَ ٱ ْل ِكتَ ٰـبَ ۚ َأفَ َﻼ تَ ْعقِلُون‬ َ ُ‫۞ َأ َت ْأ ُم ُرونَ ٱلناسَ ِبٱ ْل ِب ِّر وَ َتنسَوْ نَ َأنف‬
۞
‫ْن ِإ ْحسَا ۭ ًنا وَ ِذى‬ ‫ي‬‫د‬َ ‫ل‬
ِ َ‫و‬ٰ ْ
‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫ب‬
ِ َ‫و‬ َ ‫ٱ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫إ‬ َ‫ون‬ ‫د‬
ُ ‫ب‬
ُ ْ‫ع‬ َ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻻ‬ َ ‫ل‬
َ ‫ي‬‫ء‬ِ ٓ ٰ
َ‫ْر‬ ‫س‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬ِ ‫ب‬
َ َ
‫ق‬ ‫ـ‬
ٰ َ
‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬
ِ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ن‬ ْ
‫ذ‬ َ‫خ‬ َ
‫أ‬ ‫۞ وَ ِإ ْذ‬
ِ ِ ِ ٓ
۟ ُ‫وا ٱلصلَ ٰو َة وَ ءَات‬
‫وا‬ ۟ ‫س ۭ ًنا وَ َأ ِقي ُم‬
ْ ‫اس ُح‬ِ ‫وا ِللن‬ ۟ ُ‫ين وَ قُول‬ ِ ‫ٱ ْلقُرْ ب َٰى وَ ٱ ْل َيت َٰـم َٰى َوٱ ْل َمس َٰـ ِك‬
۞ َ‫ضون‬ ُ ‫يﻼ ِّمن ُك ْم وَ َأنتُم م ْع ِر‬ ً ۭ ‫ٱلز َك ٰو َة ثُم تَوَ ل ْيتُ ْم ِإﻻ َق ِل‬
 Conflict prevention measures

َ ْ‫وﻻ َلهُۥ َقوْ ۭ ًﻻ ل ِيّ ۭنًا لعَل ُهۥ يَتَ َذك ُر َأوْ يَخ‬
‫شى ٱ ْذ َهبَآ ِإ َل ٰى ِفرْ عَ وْ نَ ِإنهُۥ‬ َ ُ‫۞ َفق‬
۞ٰ ‫ط َ َغ ٰى‬
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is reported to
have said:
‫َ رَ ِفي ٌق‬ ‫ي ـ صلى ﷲ عليه وسلم ـ َقا َل " ِإن‬ ِّ ‫ عَ ِن الن ِب‬،‫عَ ْن َأ ِبي ُهرَ يْرَ َة‬
."‫ف‬ ِ ‫عْطي عَ لَى ا ْل ُع ْن‬
ِ ُ‫ْطي عَ َل ْي ِه مَا ﻻَ ي‬
ِ ‫الرّ ْف َق وَ يُع‬
ِ ‫يُ ِحب‬
These principles of civility and gentle communication are not
just for personal interactions but also extend to the broader
context of dawah (inviting others to Islam) and conflict
resolution, where Muslims are encouraged to approach others
with wisdom and beautiful preaching.
 Conflict prevention measures

5) Peace and security:

In Islam, the concepts of peace and security are deeply rooted
and multifaceted, encompassing spiritual, social, and global
dimensions.
The Arabic word for peace, “salaam,” is derived from the
same root as the word Islam, indicating an intrinsic connection
between the faith and the state of peace.
Spiritual Peace: Islam emphasizes peace with Allah (God) as
the foundation of all peace.
The Qur’an states, “‫ين‬ ‫م‬
ِ َ ‫ت و ُعيُ ۡون إن ۡٱل ُمت ِقينَ ِفي َم َقا ٍم‬
‫أ‬ ٍ ‫( ” ِف ۡى َجنﱣ‬Al-Dukhan
ٖ ِ ٍ
44:51-53), highlighting the ultimate peace in the hereafter for
those who live righteously.
 ‫‪Conflict prevention measures‬‬

‫‪Social Peace: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) taught that‬‬

‫‪Muslims should foster peace within their communities.‬‬
‫‪A Hadith from Sahih Bukhari states,‬‬
‫سو ُل ِ صلى ﷲ عليه و سلم‬ ‫ﷲ عَ ْن ُه َقا َل‪َ :‬قا َل رَ ُ‬‫ي ُ‬ ‫ض َ‬ ‫عَ نْ َأ ِبي ُهرَ يْرَ َة رَ ِ‬
‫ض ُك ْم‬‫ضوا‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ تَدَا َب ُروا‪َ ،‬و َﻻ يَ ِبعْ بَعْ ُ‬ ‫َاغ ُ‬‫شوا‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ َتب َ‬ ‫اج ُ‬‫سدُوا‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ تَ َن َ‬ ‫" َﻻ َت َحا َ‬
‫س ِل ِم‪َ ،‬ﻻ َيظْ ِل ُمهُ‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ‬ ‫ض‪ ،‬وَ ُكونُوا ِعبَا َد ِ إخْ وَ انًا‪ ،‬ا ْلمُسْ ِل ُم َأ ُخو ا ْل ُم ْ‬ ‫عَ لَى بَي ِْع بَ ْع ٍ‬
‫ث‬‫يَخْ ذُلُهُ‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ َي ْك ِذبُ ُه‪ ،‬وَ َﻻ ي َْح ِق ُرهُ‪ ،‬الت ْقوَ ى َهاهُنَا‪ ،‬وَ يُ ِشي ُر إ َلى صَ د ِْر ِه َث َﻼ َ‬
‫ئ ِم ْن الش ِّر َأنْ ي َْح ِقرَ َأخَ اهُ ا ْلمُسْ لِ َم‪ُ ،‬كل ا ْلمُسْ لِ ِم عَ لَى‬ ‫ب امْ ِر ٍ‬ ‫س ِ‬‫ات‪ِ ،‬ب َح ْ‬‫مَر ٍ‬
‫ا ْلمُسْ لِ ِم َحرَ ا ٌم‪َ :‬د ُم ُه وَ مَالُهُ وَ ِعرْ ُ‬
‫ضهُ‬
‫‪This emphasizing‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪importance‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪harmony‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬
‫‪brotherhood.‬‬
 Conflict prevention measures

Global Peace: The Medina Charter, established by the Prophet

Muhammad, is an example of an early Islamic framework for
ensuring peace and security among diverse groups, including
Muslims, Jews, and other tribes.
It set principles for coexistence, mutual protection, and justice.
Peace and security in Islam are comprehensive, extending from
personal tranquility to global harmony, guided by divine
principles and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
These concepts are supported by evidence from the Qur’an,
Hadith, and the practices of the Prophet, including the Medina
Charter as a model for societal peace and justice.
 Immediate Measures of conflict
resolution
Sulh
(reconciliation)

Tahkim
(arbitration)

Immediate
Measures of Reciprocal response
conflict resolution

Team spirit

Wajazau sayi’atun
mithlaha
 Measures of conflict resolution

Here are some key concepts and evidence:

1) Sulh (reconciliation)
2) Tahkim (arbitration)
3) Reciprocal response
The concept of reciprocal response is also significant in
Islamic conflict resolution. It involves parties in a conflict
agreeing to a mutually beneficial exchange or
compensation to resolve their differences.
This approach is rooted in the principles of fairness and
balance, which are central to Islamic jurisprudence.
 ‫‪Measures of conflict resolution‬‬

‫‪Evidence from the Qur’an supporting these‬‬

‫‪concepts include:‬‬
‫وا َﻻ تَ ْأ ُكلُ ٓو ۟ا َأمْ ٰوَ لَ ُكم بَ ْي َن ُكم ِبٱ ْلب َٰـ ِط ِل ِإﻻٓ َأن تَ ُكونَ ِت َج ٰـرَ ًة‬ ‫ي َٰـٓ َأي َها ٱل ِذينَ ءَا َمنُ ۟‬
‫س ُك ْم ۚ ِإن ٱ َ َكانَ ِب ُك ْم رَ ِحي ۭ ًما‬ ‫اض ِّمن ُك ْم ۚ وَ َﻻ تَ ْقتُلُ ٓو ۟ا َأن ُف َ‬ ‫عَ ن تَرَ ٍ ۢ‬
‫وا َح َك ۭ ًما ِّمنْ َأ ْه ِل ِۦه َو َح َك ۭ ًما ِّم ْن َأ ْه ِل َهآ ِإن يُ ِري َدآ‬ ‫اق بَ ْي ِن ِهمَا َفٱ ْب َعثُ ۟‬
‫وَ ِإنْ ِخ ْفتُ ْم ِش َق َ‬
‫” ِإصْ لَ ٰـ ۭ ًحا يُوَ ِفّ ِق ٱ ُ بَ ْي َن ُه َمآ ۗ ِإن ٱ َ َكانَ عَ ِليمًا خَ ِب ۭ‬
‫يرً ا‬
‫سو َل وَ أُ ۟و ِلى ْٱﻷَمْ ِر ِمن ُك ْم ۖ‬ ‫وا ٱلر ُ‬ ‫وا ٱ َ وَ َأ ِطي ُع ۟‬ ‫ي َٰـٓ َأي َها ٱل ِذينَ ءَا َمنُ ٓو ۟ا َأ ِطي ُع ۟‬
‫سو ِل ِإن ُكنتُ ْم تُ ْؤ ِمنُونَ ِبٱ ِ‬ ‫ش ْى ۢ ٍء َف ُردو ُه ِإ َلى ٱ ِ وَ ٱلر ُ‬ ‫َف ِإن َتنَ ٰـزَ عْ تُ ْم ِفى َ‬
‫وَ ٱ ْليَوْ ِم ٱ ْلـا ِخ ِر ۚ ٰ َذلِكَ خَ ْي ۭ ٌر وَ َأ ْحس َُن َت ْأ ِو ً‬
‫يﻼ‬
 Measures of conflict resolution

Islamic scholars have further elaborated on these

principles, emphasizing the importance of direct
negotiation, the use of intermediaries for mediation, and the
collective responsibility of the community in facilitating
conflict resolution.
The ultimate goal is to restore harmony and maintain the
dignity of all parties involved.
For immediate measures, Islamic teachings encourage
swift action to prevent escalation, with a focus on
understanding the root causes of the conflict and
addressing them in a manner that is just and
compassionate.
 Measures of conflict resolution

4) Team spirit
In Islam, team spirit is deeply rooted in the concept of Ummah,
which refers to the global community of Muslims bound together
by ties of religion.
This spirit is about cooperation, mutual respect, and working
towards common goals while maintaining unity and harmony.
The Qur’an and Hadith provide numerous teachings that
emphasize the importance of collective action and the resolution
of conflicts.
Islamic scholars define immediate measures of conflict resolution
as actions taken to prevent the escalation of disputes and to
restore peace and understanding among parties.
 Measures of conflict resolution

These measures often involve mediation, negotiation, and

seeking a just resolution that is agreeable to all involved.
ُ‫شتَ َكى ِم ْنه‬ َ ‫تَوَ ا ِّد ِه ْم وَ تَرَ ا ُح ِم ِه ْم وَ تَعَاط ُ ِف ِه ْم َمثَ ُل ا ْل َج‬
ْ ‫س ِد ِإ َذا ا‬
‫س ِد ِبالس َه ِر وَ ا ْل ُحمى‬ َ ‫ُعضْ ٌو تَدَاعَ ى َل ُه سَائِ ُر ا ْل َج‬
Approach of Team Spirit: The approach of team spirit in
conflict resolution is about fostering a sense of unity and
cooperation.
It involves recognizing the common goals and values shared
by the conflicting parties and working together to achieve a
resolution that benefits everyone.
 Measures of conflict resolution

This approach is supported by Islamic teachings that

encourage collaboration and collective action for the
common good. Which includes;
Engaging in direct communication to understand the
perspectives of all parties.
Seeking the help of a neutral mediator who can guide
the parties towards a fair resolution.
Encouraging forgiveness and compromise to maintain
the bonds of brotherhood.
Implementing the principles of justice and fairness as
prescribed by Islamic law.
 Measures of conflict resolution

5) Wajazau sayi’atun mithlaha:

In Islamic jurisprudence, the concept of Wajazau Sayi’atun
Mithlaha refers to the principle that the punishment of a bad deed
should be equivalent to the crime committed.
This is derived from the Quranic verse: “The recompense for an
injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree)”
(‫)الجزاء من جنس العمل‬
The phrase “Wajazau sayi’atun mithlaha” comes from the
Qur’an, Surah Ash-Shura, verse 40. It translates to “And the
retribution for an evil act is an evil one like it”
(‫س ِيّئَةٌ ِّم ْثلُ َها‬
َ ‫س ِيّئَ ٍة‬
َ ‫)وَ َجزَ ا ُء‬
 Measures of conflict resolution

In terms of Hadith, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon

him) said: “Be merciful to others and you will receive mercy.
Forgive others and Allah will forgive you”
(‫ُ لَ ُك ْم‬ ْ َ‫ و‬،‫) َأرْ َح ُموا تُرْ َح ُموا‬
‫اغ ِف ُروا ي َْغ ِف ُر‬
This Hadith reinforces the Qur’anic message that mercy and
forgiveness are preferred over retaliation.
Islamic scholars have discussed immediate measures of
conflict resolution within the framework of this principle,
advocating for solutions that are just, restore rights, and
prevent further harm.
 Measures of conflict resolution

The Hadith literature also provides guidance on conflict

resolution, emphasizing reconciliation and mediation (sulh) as
preferred methods.
For instance, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
said, “The best charity is to reconcile people”
(‫)أفضل الصدقة إصﻼح ذات البين‬
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