AP Biology: Hinesley Name: _____________________

Advanced Placement Biology

1st Semester Review
____________________________________________________________________________________
Scientific Method
Unit Objectives:

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
1. Describe the levels of biological organization.

pro- no nucleus, simple, often single-cell organisms

3. Distinguish between pro- and eukaryotic cells.

eukaryotic- nucleus, complex, multicellular

organisms have traits that help them succeed in their ecological niche
4. Explain what is meant by "form fits function."

8. Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis using the scientific method.

9. Distinguish among: hypothesis, theory, independent variable, dependent variable, variable to be held constant, control
group, experimental group, and controlled experiment.

Biochemistry & Macromolecules & Enzymes

Unit Objectives:
1. List and discuss the elements that have special relevance to biological systems.
2. Distinguish among and describe the characteristics of the various types of chemical bonds.
3. Explain the significance of weak bonds to biology.
4. Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
5. Describe a water molecule and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure.
6. Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
7. Explain the basis for the pH scale.
8. Compare and contrast acids, bases and buffers, and discuss their significance to living things.
9. Use the pH scale in describing the hydrogen ion concentration in living systems.
10. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of
organic molecules.
11. Discuss the significance of isomers to biology.
12. Identify the major functional groups present in organic compounds.
13. Compare and contrast the major groups of organic compounds — carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in
terms of structure and function.
14. Describe how covalent linkages are formed and broken in organic polymers.
15. Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, and discuss those of major importance in
living things.
16. Distinguish among neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids, in terms of composition, characteristics, and biological
function.
17. Discuss the functions and chemical structures associated with proteins.
18. Describe the structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids, and discuss their importance.
19. Relate the molecular structure to function for each type of biologically important macromolecule.
21. State the laws of thermodynamics, give examples of each, and apply the first and second laws to organisms and the
ecosphere.
22. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
23. Relate the chemical structure of ATP to its role in cellular metabolism.
24. Summarize the role of enzymes, describe how they work, and discuss factors that effect their action.
26. Use appropriate methods to design and implement experiments relating to enzyme function.
Practice Questions:
1. Which of the following functional groups
characterizes RNA? 11. Which of the following theories or laws states
a. A PO3 group, deoxyribose, and uracil that every energy transfer increases the amount
b. A PO3 group, ribose, and uracil of entropy in the universe?
c. A PO3 group, ribose, and thymine a. The free energy law
d. A PO2 group, deoxyribose, and uracil b. The first law of thermodynamics
e. A PO2 group, deoxyribose, and thymine c. The second law of thermodynamics
d. Evolutionary theory
2. Which of the following molecules would contain e. The law of increased chaos
a polar covalent bond?
a. Cl2 12. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by
b. NaCl a. Decreasing the free energy change of
c. H2O the reaction
d. KBr b. Increasing the free energy change of the
e. C6H12O6 reaction
c. Degrading the competitive inhibitors in a
3. Which of the following compounds would NOT reaction
be water-soluble? d. Lowering the activation energy of the
a. Potassium chloride reaction
b. Fatty acids e. Raising the activation energy of the
c. Fructose reaction
d. Cellulose
e. Hydrogen bromide Questions 14-17: Match the appropriate term or concept
with the phrase that best describes it.
4. Three terms associated with the travel of water a. Allosteric inhibition
from the roots up through the vascular tissues of b. Feedback inhibition
plants are c. Competitive inhibitor
a. Adhesion, cohesion and translocation d. Noncompetitive inhibitor
b. Adhesion, cohesion, and transcription e. Cooperativitity
c. Cohesion, hybridization, and 13. Describes inhibition by an enzyme that is
transpiration capable of either activating or inhibiting a
d. Cohesion, adhesion, and transpiration metabolic pathway
e. Transpiration, neutralization, and 14. A reversible inhibitor that looks similar to the
adhesion normal substrate and competes for the active
site of the enzyme
Questions 5-9: Match the appropriate term or concept 15. The process by which the binding of the
with the phrase that best describes it. substrate to the enzyme triggers a favorable
a. lipids-6 conformation change, which causes a similar
b. peptide bonds- 7 change in all of the proteins’ subunits
c. alpha helix-8 16. The process by which a metabolic pathway is
d. unsaturated fatty acid- 5 shut off by the product it produces
e. cellulose-9 17. Binds to the enzyme at a site other than the
active site, causing the enzyme to change shape
5. Contain one or more double bonds and be unable to bind to the substrate.
6. one of the four major classes of biological
18. A + B 🡪 AB + Energy Which of the following
molecules that are not polymers
7. linkages between the monomers of proteins
8. a secondary structure of proteins best characterizes the reaction represented
9. the storage form of carbohydrates in plants above?
a. Metabolism
10. The process by which protein conformation is b. Anabolism
lost or broken down is c. Catabolism
a. Decondensation d. Endergonic reaction
b. Deconstruction e. Exergonic reaction
c. Denaturation
d. Hydrolysis 19. When a water molecule loses an H+ in solution,
e. Hybridization and another water molecules accepts the
 proton, what is the water molecules that accepts c. A solution not in equilibrium
the proton called? d. A hydronium ion
a. A hydroxide ion e. A basic solution
b. Crystal lattice structure

Sample Essay Questions:

1. Phospholipids are a critical component of the cell wall. The cell wall is selectively permeable, allowing only
certain substances in and out, and in certain amounts.
a. Describe why you think phospholipids are good candidates to form the cell wall, based on their structure
and properties.
b. Explain why proteins are an important component of the cell wall, based on their structure and properties.

2. Proteins functioning as enzymes exhibit precise specifications.

Discuss the levels of structural organization within proteins which are responsible for specific molecular
interaction.

3. A class of biology students performed an experiment on the digestion of starch by salivary amylase. Each student
determined the length of time required for different dilutions of his saliva to digest completely a standard concentration
of starch. Iodine was used to test for the presence of starch. The results obtained by some of the class are summarized
in the table below.

TIME REQUIRED FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OF STARCH WITH VARIOUS

SALIVA DILUTIONS
Dilutions (saliva: H2O)

Student 1:9 (10%) 1:19 (5%) 1:49 (2%) 1:99 (1%)

A 45 seconds 50 seconds 100 seconds 135 seconds
B (no end point) ----------------------------
C 90 seconds 100 seconds 200 seconds 270 seconds
D 260 seconds 300 seconds 600 seconds 800 seconds

a. Present the data for Student A in graphic form.

b. Carefully examine the data collected by the four students above and state
as many conclusions as you can that are supported by these data.
c. Assuming there have been no errors in techniques, form as many hypotheses
as you can to explain the differences observed.
d. Design one experiment to test the validity of one hypothesis.

Clearly state what data you would want to collect in this experiment to test your hypothesis.

4. Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic compounds in relation to cellular structure and
function in plants and animals.
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic acids

5. The unique properties (characteristics) of water make life possible on Earth. Select three properties of water and:

a) for each property, identify and define the property and explain it in terms of the physical/chemical nature of
water.

b) for each property, describe one example of how the property affects the functioning of living organisms.

Cells & Cell Transport

Unit Objectives:
1. Justify why the cell is considered the basic unit of life.
2. Point out the basic needs of all living things and explain how a cell is able to meet its needs.
3. Differentiate between pro- and eukaryotic cells.
4. Evaluate the size relationships among different cells and cell structures.
5. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
6. Locate and describe the structures and relate the functions of principal organelles in plant and animal cells.
7. Describe the structure of the nucleus and relate this information to its function in the cell.
8. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe its structure and functions, and summarize the
relationships among these components.
9. Follow the fate of a protein synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum as it is processed, modified, and sorted by the
Golgi complex.
10. Describe the functions of lysosomes, and explain what happens when they leak.
11. Distinguish between chloroplasts and mitochondria in terms of structure and function, and explain why both synthesize
ATP.
12. Describe the structures of the major types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. Explain the importance of the
cytoskeleton to the cell.
13. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells, and relate their structure to function.
14. Make a detailed sketch of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.
15. Relate the properties of the lipid bilayer to the physical properties of the cell membrane.
16. Explain how the various classes of membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer and discuss the different roles
that membrane proteins assume.
17. Solve simple problems involving osmosis and water potential.
18. Summarize the main ways that small hydrophilic molecules move across the membrane.
19. Differentiate between the processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport.
20. Compare and contrast desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata.
21. Contrast the physical processes of diffusion and osmosis with the carrier-mediated physiological processes by which
materials are transported across cell membranes.

Practice Questions:
Multiple Choice:
1. A student looking through a light microscope would 4. An organelle with a cis and trans face, which acts as
not be able to see any of the following cell structures the packaging and secreting center of the cell.
EXCEPT 5. The sites of cell respiration.
a. ribosomes 6. Single-membrane structures I the cell that perform
b. a Golgi apparatus many metabolic functions and produce hydrogen
c. a nucleus peroxide.
d. an endoplasmic reticulum 7. Large membrane-bound structures that contain
e. a peroxisome hydrolytic enzymes and that exist only in animal cells.
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have all of the 8. Which of the following molecules is a typical
following structures in common EXCEPT component of the animal cell membrane?
a. plasma membrane a. starch
b. protein-complexed DNA b. glucose
c. nucleoid region c. nucleic acid
d. cilia d. carbohydrates
e. cytoplasm e. Vitamin K

Figure B

Questions 3-7: Match the appropriate term or concept

with the phrase that best describes it.
a. peroxisome
b. Golgi apparatus Figure A
c. Lysosomes
d. Endoplasmic reticulum
e. Mitochondria

3. An organelle that is characterized by extensive, folded

membranes, and is often associated with ribosomes.
9. The drawing, Figure A, above shows two solutions of d. The movement of carbon dioxide across the
glucose and sucrose in a U-tube containing a semi- cell membrane.
permeable membrane (which allows the passage of e. The selective uptake of hormones across the
sugars). Which of the following accurately describes cell membrane.
what will take place next?
a. Glucose will diffuse from side A to side B. 11. The figure B to the left illustrates the process of
b. Sucrose will diffuse from side B to side A. a. cotransport
c. No net movement of molecules will occur. b. passive diffusion
d. Glucose will diffuse from side B to side A. c. receptor-mediated endocytosis
e. There will be a net movement of water from d. phagocytosis
side B to side A. e. pinocytosis

10. Which of the following is an example of passive 12. Large molecules are moved out of the cell by which
transport across the cell membrane? of the following processes?
a. The travel of an action potential down a a. pinocytosis
muscle cell. b. phagocytosis
b. The uptake of nutrients by the microvilli of c. receptor-mediated endocytosis
cells lining the stomach. d. cytokinesis
c. The movement of insulin across the cell e. exocytosis
membrane.

Essay Questions:

1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are physiologically different in many ways, but both represent functional collections of
living matter.
a. It has been theorized that the organelles of eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes living symbiotically inside
them. Compare and contrast the structure of the prokaryotic cell with eukaryotic cell organelles, and make an
argument for or against this theory.
b. Trace the path of a protein in a eukaryotic cell form its creation to its excretion as waste from the cell.
2. Describe the fluid-mosaic model of a plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of
materials through by each of the following processes.
a. Active Transport
b. Passive Transport
3. Describe the structure of a generalized eukaryotic plant cell. Indicate the ways in which a nonphotosynthetic
prokaryotic cell would differ in structure from this generalized eukaryotic plant cell.

4. Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other
phases of the cell cycle. Do not include meiosis.

Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

Unit Objectives:
1. Write a general equation illustrating hydrogen and electron transfer from a substrate to a hydrogen acceptor such as
NAD. +
2. Write a summary reaction for cellular respiration, giving the origin and fate of each substance.
3. Give an overview of the three phases of cellular respiration, and indicate where the reactions of each phase take place
in the cell.
4. Summarize the events of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system.
5. Describe chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
6. Indicate how the products of protein and fat metabolism feed into the same metabolic pathways that oxidize glucose.
7. Contrast aerobic and anaerobic pathways used to extract energy from nutrients in terms of ATP, final hydrogen
acceptor, and end products.
8. Compare alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation in terms of final hydrogen acceptor and end products.
9. Trace the energy flow from the through the steps of the light and dark reactions, ending with sugar.
10. Describe the structure and function of various tissues of a leaf.
11. Correlate the various reactions of photosynthesis with the physical location in the chloroplast where each reaction
takes place.
12. Differentiate between C3, C4, and CAM reactions.

Practice Problems:
Multiple Choice:
1. The purpose of cell respiration in a eukaryotic cell is to 12. Groups of photosynthetic pigment molecules situated
a. synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 in the thylakoid membrane are called:
b. synthesize fats and proteins from CO2 a. photosystems
c. break down carbohydrates to provide energy b. carotenoids
to provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP c. chlorophyll
d. break down carbohydrates to provide energy d. granna
for the cell in the form of ADP e. CAM plants
e. provide oxygen to the cell.
13. The process in photosynthesis that bears the most
3. The net result of glycolysis is resemblance to chemiosmosis and oxidative
a. 4 ATP and 4 NADH phosphorylation in cell respiration is called
b. 4 ATP and 2 NADH a. photolysis
c. 2 ATP and 4 NADH b. noncyclic photophosphorylation
d. 2 ATP and 2 NADH c. ATP synthase coupling
e. 4 ATP and 8 NADH d. preemptive photphosphorylation
e. dark reaction phosphorylation
4. In the course of the Krebs cycle, how many molecules
of ATP are produced? 14. The reactions of the Calvin cycle are also known as
a. 1 the dark reactions because these reactions
b. 2 a. occur in plants only at night
c. 3 b. occur in dark-staining cells of plant leaves
d. 4 c. must absorb black light from the spectrum in
e. 5 order to proceed
d. do not require light in order to proceed
5. The process that produces the largest amount of ATP e. take place only during the day
during respiration is
a. glycolysis 15. The major product of the Calvin cycle is
b. fermentation a. rubisco
c. the Krebs cycle b. oxaloacetate
d. the electron transport chain c. ribulose bisphophate
e. chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation d. pryruvate
Questions 6-10 e. glyceraldehydes-3-phaosphate
a. Chemiosmosis
b. Electron transport chain 16. All of the following statements are false EXCEPT
c. The Krebs cycle a. C3 plants grow better under hot, arid
d. Glycolysis conditions than do C4 plants
e. Fermentation b. C4 plants grow better under cold, moist
1. The process by which glucose is split into conditions than do C3 plants
pyruvate-d c. C3 plants grow better under hot, arid
2. The process by which a hydrogen gradient is conditions than do CAM plants
used to create ATP-a d. CAM plants grow better under cold, moist
3. The process that makes a small amount of ATP conditions than do C3 plants
and can produce lactic acid as a by product-e e. CAM plants and C4 plants both grow better
4. A series of membrane embedded electron under hot, arid conditions than do C3 plants
carriers that ultimately create the hydrogen ion
gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP-b 17. All of the following statements about photosynthesis
5. The process by which the breakdown of glucose are true EXCEPT
is completed and CO2 is produced-c a. the light reactions convert solar energy to
11. Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
fermentation in oxygen-depleted cells produces which of b. the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
the following? convert CO2 to sugar
a. ADP c. photosystem I contains P700 chlorophyll a
b. Ethanol molecules at the reaction center; photosystem II
c. Lactate contains P680 molecules
d. Uric acid d. in chemiosmosis, electron transport chains
e. Pyruvate pump protons (H+) across a membrane from a
region of high H+ concentration to a region of
low H+ concentration
 e. the steps of the Calvin cycle are sometimes
referred to as the dark reactions, because they
do not require light in order to take place
Essay Questions:
1. Compare the intermediate steps in the fermentation of a molecule of sugar by yeast with respiration in a muscle tissue
cell. Include in your answer the role of ATP formed in each of these two processes.

2. Explain how the molecular reactions of cellular respiration transform the chemical bond energy of Krebs cycle
substrates into the more readily available bond energy of ATP. Include in your discussion the structure of the
mitochondrion and show how it is important to the reactions of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

3. Explain what occurs during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and electron transport by describing the following:
a. The location of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
b. The cyclic nature of the reactions in the Krebs cycle.
c. The production of ATP and reduced coenzymes during the cycle.
d. The chemiosmotic production of ATP during electron transport.

4. The results below are measurements of cumulative oxygen consumption by germinating and dry seeds. Gas volume
measurements were corrected for changes in temperature and pressure.

Cumulative Oxygen Consumed (mL)

______________________________________________
Time (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40
______________________________________________
22o C Germinating Seeds 0.0 8.8 16.0 23.7 32.0
Dry Seeds 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1
______________________________________________
10o C Germinating Seeds 0.0 2.9 6.2 9.4 12.5
Dry Seeds 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2
______________________________________________

a. Using the graph paper provided, plot the results for the germinating seeds at 22o C and 0o C.
b. Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for the germinating seeds at 22o C, using the time interval between
10 and 20 minutes.
c. Account for the differences in oxygen consumption observed between:
1) germinating seeds at 22o C and at 10o C;
2) germinating seeds and dry seeds.
d. Describe the essential features of an experimental apparatus that could be used to measure oxygen
consumption by a small organism. Explain why each of these features is necessary.

5. The process of photosynthesis consists of two phases, the light reactions and the dark reactions. Discuss each of
these groups of reactions and their interrelationships.

6. Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis and, for both a C3 and a C4 plant, trace the path of a carbon dioxide
molecule from the point at which it enters a plant to its incorporation into a glucose molecule. Include leaf anatomy and
biochemical pathways in your discussion of each type of plant.

Cell Communication and Cell Cycling

Cell Signaling

1. What are some examples of cell signals?

2. What is autocrine and paracrine signaling?
3. When a signal reaches a cell. A signal transduction pathway leads to a cell’s response. What three things typically
does this involve?
4. What is a ligand?
 6. What is the difference between a cytoplasmic and a membrane receptor?
7. Describe G protein-linked receptors.
8. Describe tyrosine kinase receptors.
9. Describe ligand gated ion channels.
10. Describe signal transduction, including how the signal gets amplified.
11. What are second messengers? What is an example of one?
12. What are two examples of how cell functions change in response to a signal?
Cell Cycle

13.Why are most metabolically active cells small?

14. Mitosis occurs when a cell is doing what?
15.Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. What is this?
16.The first part of the cell cycle is interphase. This is by far the longest phase. Describe what happens in G1, S, and G2
phases.

14. Mitosis then occurs. Without naming the phases within mitosis, describe what happens. Include a sketch and the
following:
spindle fibers and their origin
sister chromatids with their centromere and kinetochores
centrosomes and for animals, centrioles
16. What is cytokinesis and how does this process differ in plants and animals?
17. Regulation of the cell cycle:
a. What are growth factors?
b. What and where are checkpoints?
c. What are cyclin-dependent kinases and what do they combine with to become active?
d. What is responsible for the synthesis of cyclins?
18. What is apoptosis? When does this occur? What do caspases do?
19. What are oncogenes? How are they related to breast cancer?
Free Response Questions:

1. Describe the cell cycle, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Explain where the checkpoints are and
how they work. Briefly discuss apoptosis.

2. How do cells communicate? Include cell to cell contact, local regulators, and hormones. Explain signaling,
reception, and response. Include the G-protein and how the action of water-soluble hormones differs from that
of fat-soluble hormones.

3. What goes wrong in cell division to cause cancer? Include a discussion of the p 53 gene and/or BRCA 1, BRCA
2. What are HeLa cells? How are they different from normal cells and how have they helped medical research?