This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C231/C231M − 17a

Standard Test Method for

Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
Method1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C231/C231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
volume of concrete with a change in pressure.
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2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by Specimens in the Field
the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,
concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast- and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also Concrete
not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-
in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units. crete
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes Concrete by the Volumetric Method
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
be considered as requirements of this standard. Specimens in the Laboratory
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in for Test Methods for Construction Materials
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Significance and Use
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air
with the standard. content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- particles and requires determination of the aggregate correction
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh factor (see 6.1 and 9.1).
hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause 3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and
chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2) C173/C173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the method gives substantially the same air contents as the other
two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.
1
3.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This
C09.60 on Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
3
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C231/C231M – 17. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C0231_C0231M-17A. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C231/C231M − 17a
depends upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort which equalization takes place. Working pressures of 50 to
applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete 205 kPa [7.5 to 30.0 psi] have been used satisfactorily.
specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in 4.2 Measuring Bowl—The measuring bowl shall be essen-
the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic tially cylindrical in shape, made of steel, hard metal, or other
examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental hard material not readily attacked by the cement paste, having
exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation a minimum diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height, and
processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete a capacity of at least 6.0 L [0.20 ft3]. It shall be flanged or
is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through otherwise constructed to provide for a pressure tight fit
a pump; and other factors. between measuring bowl and cover assembly. The interior
4. Apparatus surfaces of the measuring bowl and surfaces of rims, flanges,
and other component fitted parts shall be machined smooth.
4.1 Air Meters—There are available satisfactory apparatus The measuring bowl and cover assembly shall be sufficiently
of two basic operational designs employing the principle of rigid to limit the expansion factor, D, of the apparatus assembly
Boyle’s law. For purposes of reference herein these are (Section A1.5) to not more than 0.1 % of air content on the
designated Meter Type A and Meter Type B. indicator scale when under normal operating pressure.
4.1.1 Meter Type A—An air meter consisting of a measuring
bowl and cover assembly (see Fig. 1) conforming to the 4.3 Cover Assembly:
requirements of 4.2 and 4.3. The operational principle of this 4.3.1 The cover assembly shall be made of steel, hard metal,
meter consists of introducing water to a predetermined height or other hard material not readily attacked by the cement paste.
above a sample of concrete of known volume, and the It shall be flanged or otherwise constructed to provide for a
application of a predetermined air pressure over the water. The pressure-tight fit between measuring bowl and cover assembly
determination consists of the reduction in volume of the air in and shall have machined smooth interior surfaces contoured to
the concrete sample by observing the amount the water level is provide an air space above the level of the top of the measuring
lowered under the applied pressure, the latter amount being bowl. The cover shall be sufficiently rigid to limit the expan-
calibrated in terms of percent of air in the concrete sample. sion factor of the apparatus assembly as prescribed in 4.2.
4.1.2 Meter Type B—An air meter consisting of a measuring 4.3.2 The cover assembly shall be fitted with a means of
bowl and cover assembly (see Fig. 2) conforming to the direct reading of the air content. The cover for the Type A

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requirements of 4.2 and 4.3. The operational principle of this meter shall be fitted with a standpipe, made of a transparent
meter consists of equalizing a known volume of air at a known graduated tube or a metal tube of uniform bore with a glass
pressure in a sealed air chamber with the unknown volume of water gauge attached. In the Type B meter, the dial of the
air in the concrete sample, the dial on the pressure gauge being pressure gauge shall be calibrated to indicate the percent of air.
calibrated in terms of percent air for the observed pressure at Graduations shall be provided for a range in air content of at

FIG. 1 Illustration of the Pressure Method for Air Content—Type-A Meter

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 C231/C231M − 17a

FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram—Type-B Meter

least 8 % readable to 0.1 % as determined by the proper air 4.6 Coil Spring or Other Device for Holding Calibration
pressure calibration test. Cylinder in Place.
4.3.3 The cover assembly shall be fitted with air valves, air 4.7 Spray Tube—A brass tube of appropriate diameter,
bleeder valves, and petcocks for bleeding off or through which which may be an integral part of the cover assembly, or which
water may be introduced as necessary for the particular meter may be provided separately. It shall be so constructed that
design. Suitable means for clamping the cover to the measuring when water is added to the container, it is sprayed to the walls
bowl shall be provided to make a pressure-tight seal without of the cover in such a manner as to flow down the sides causing
entrapping air at the joint between the flanges of the cover and a minimum of disturbance to the concrete.
measuring bowl. A suitable hand pump shall be provided with
the cover either as an attachment or as an accessory. 4.8 Trowel—A standard brick mason’s trowel.
4.4 Calibration Vessel—A measure having an internal vol- 4.9 Tamping Rod—A round, smooth, straight steel rod, with
ume equal to a percent of the volume of the measuring bowl a 16 mm [5⁄8 in.] 6 2 mm [1⁄16 in.] diameter. The length of the

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corresponding to the approximate percent of air in the concrete tamping rod shall be at least 100 mm [4 in.] greater than the
to be tested; or, if smaller, it shall be possible to check depth of the measuring bowl in which rodding is being
calibration of the meter indicator at the approximate percent of performed, but not greater than 600 mm [24 in.] in overall
air in the concrete to be tested by repeated filling of the length (see Note 2). The rod shall have the tamping end or both
measure. When the design of the meter requires placing the ends rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the
calibration vessel within the measuring bowl to check rod.
calibration, the measure shall be cylindrical in shape. NOTE 2—A rod length of 400 mm [16 in.] to 600 mm [24 in.] meets the
requirements of the following: Practice C31/C31M, Test Method C138/
NOTE 1—A satisfactory calibration vessel to place within the measuring C138M, Test Method C143/C143M, Test Method C173/C173M, and Test
bowl may be machined from No. 16 gauge brass tubing, of a diameter to Method C231/C231M.
provide the volume desired, to which a brass disk 13 mm [1⁄2 in.] in
thickness is soldered to form an end. When design of the meter requires 4.10 Mallet—A mallet (with a rubber or rawhide head)
withdrawing of water from the water-filled measuring bowl and cover weighing approximately 0.60 6 0.25 kg [1.25 6 0.50 lb] for
assembly, to check calibration, the measure may be an integral part of the use with measures of 14 L [0.5 ft 3] or smaller, and a mallet
cover assembly or may be a separate cylindrical measure similar to the weighing approximately 1.0 6 0.25 kg [2.25 6 0.50 lb] for use
above-described cylinder.
with measures larger than 14 L [0.5 ft3].
4.5 The designs of various available types of air meters are
such that they differ in operating techniques; therefore, all of 4.11 Strike-Off Bar—A flat straight bar of steel or other
the items described in 4.6 – 4.16 may not be required. The suitable metal at least 3 mm [1⁄8 in.] thick and 20 mm [3⁄4 in.]
items required shall be those necessary for use with the wide by 300 mm [12 in.] long.
particular design of apparatus used to satisfactorily determine 4.12 Strike-Off Plate—A flat rectangular metal plate at least
air content in accordance with the procedures prescribed 6 mm [1⁄4 in.] thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 13 mm
herein. [1⁄2 in.] thick with a length and width at least 50 mm [2 in.]

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 C231/C231M − 17a
greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to be F s 5 ~ S/B ! 3 F b (1)
used. The edges of the plate shall be straight and smooth within C s 5 ~ S/B ! 3 C b (2)
a tolerance of 1.5 mm [1⁄16 in.].
where:
4.13 Funnel, with the spout fitting into spray tube.
Fs = mass of fine aggregate in concrete sample under test,
4.14 Measure for Water, having the necessary capacity to fill kg [lb],
the indicator with water from the top of the concrete to the zero S = volume of concrete sample (same as volume of mea-
mark. suring bowl), m3 [ft3],
4.15 Vibrator, as described in Practice C192/C192M. B = volume
3
of concrete produced per batch (Note 3),
m [ft3 ],
4.16 Sieves, 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) with not less than 0.2 Fb = total mass of fine aggregate in the moisture condition
m [2 ft2] of sieving area.
2
used in batch, kg [lb],
4.17 Scoop—of a size large enough so each amount of Cs = mass of coarse aggregate in concrete sample under
concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representa- test, kg [lb], and
tive and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in Cb = total mass of coarse aggregate in the moisture condi-
the measuring bowl. tion used in batch, kg [lb].
NOTE 3—The volume of concrete produced per batch can be determined
5. Calibration of Apparatus in accordance with applicable provisions of Test Method C138/C138M.
NOTE 4—The term “weight” is temporarily used in this test method
5.1 Make calibration tests in accordance with procedures because of established trade usage. The word is used to mean both “force”
prescribed in the annex. Rough handling will affect the and “mass,” and care must be taken to determine which is meant in each
calibration of both Types A and B meters. Changes in baro- case (SI unit for force = newton and for mass = kilogram).
metric pressure will affect the calibration of Type A meter but 6.3 Placement of Aggregate in Measuring Bowl—Mix rep-
not Type B meter. The steps described Sections A1.2 – A1.6, as resentative samples of fine aggregate Fs and coarse aggregate
applicable to the meter type under consideration, are prerequi- Cs, and place in the measuring bowl filled one-third full with
sites for the final calibration test to determine the operating water. Place the mixed aggregate, a small amount at a time,
pressure, P, on the pressure gauge of the Type A meter as into the measuring bowl; if necessary, add additional water so
described in Section A1.7, or to determine the accuracy of the as to inundate all of the aggregate. Add each scoopful in a
graduations indicating air content on the dial face of the manner that will entrap as little air as possible and remove
pressure gauge of the Type B meter as described in Section accumulations of foam promptly. Tap the sides of the measur-
A1.9. The steps in Sections A1.2 – A1.6 need be made only
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ing bowl and lightly rod the upper 25 mm [1 in.] of the

once (at the time of initial calibration), or only occasionally to aggregate eight to twelve times. Stir after each addition of
check volume constancy of the calibration cylinder and mea- aggregate to eliminate entrapped air.
suring bowl. The calibration test described in Sections A1.7
and A1.9, as applicable to the meter type being checked, must 6.4 Aggregate Correction Factor Determination:
be made as frequently as necessary and at intervals not to 6.4.1 Initial Procedure for Types A and B Meters—When all
exceed three months to ensure that the proper gauge pressure, of the aggregate has been placed in the measuring bowl,
P, is being used for the Type A meter or that the correct air remove excess foam and keep the aggregate inundated for a
contents are being indicated on the pressure gauge air content period of time approximately equal to the time between
scale for the Type B meter. A change in elevation of more than introduction of the water into the mixer and the time of
180 m [600 ft] from the location at which a Type A meter was performing the test for air content before proceeding with the
last calibrated will require recalibration in accordance with determination as directed in 6.4.2 or 6.4.3.
Section A1.7. 6.4.2 Type A Meter—Complete the test as described in 8.2.1
– 8.2.3. The aggregate correction factor, G, is equal to h1 − h2
5.2 Calibration Records—Information to be maintained in
(see Fig. 1) (Note 5).
the records shall include determination of expansion factor;
6.4.3 Type B Meter—Perform the procedures as described in
size of the calibration vessel used; and the reading of the meter
8.3.1. Remove a volume of water from the assembled and filled
at the calibration test point(s).
apparatus approximately equivalent to the volume of air that
6. Determination of Aggregate Correction Factor would be contained in a typical concrete sample of a size equal
to the volume of the measuring bowl. Remove the water in the
6.1 Procedure—Determine the aggregate correction factor manner described in Section A1.9 for the calibration tests.
on a combined sample of fine and coarse aggregate as directed Complete the test as described in 8.3.2. The aggregate correc-
in 6.2 to 6.4. It is determined independently by applying the tion factor, G, is equal to the reading on the air-content scale
calibrated pressure to a sample of inundated fine and coarse minus the volume of water removed from the measuring bowl
aggregate in approximately the same moisture condition, expressed as a percent of the volume of the measuring bowl
amount, and proportions occurring in the concrete sample (see Fig. 1).
under test.
NOTE 5—The aggregate correction factor will vary with different
6.2 Aggregate Sample Size—Calculate the weights of fine aggregates. It can be determined only by test, since apparently it is not
and coarse aggregate present in the sample of fresh concrete directly related to absorption of the particles. The test can be made easily.
whose air content is to be determined, as follows: Ordinarily the factor will remain reasonably constant for given aggregates,

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 C231/C231M − 17a
but an occasional check test is recommended. NOTE 6—Overvibration may cause segregation and loss of intentionally
entrained air. Usually, sufficient vibration has been applied as soon as the
7. Preparation of Concrete Test Sample surface of the concrete becomes relatively smooth and has a glazed
appearance.
7.1 Obtain the sample of freshly mixed concrete in accor- 8.1.4 Strike Off—After consolidation of the concrete, strike
dance with applicable procedures of Practice C172/C172M. If off the top surface by sliding the strike-off bar across the top
the concrete contains coarse aggregate particles that would be flange or rim of the measuring bowl with a sawing motion until
retained on a 50-mm (2-in.) sieve, wet-sieve a sufficient the bowl is just level full. On completion of consolidation, the
amount of the representative sample over a 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) measuring bowl must not contain an excess or deficiency of
sieve, as described in Practice C172/C172M, to yield sufficient concrete. Removal of 3 mm [1⁄8 in.] during strike off is
material to completely fill the measuring bowl of the size optimum. When a strike-off plate is used, strike off concrete as
selected for use. Carry out the wet-sieving operation with the prescribed in Test Method C138/C138M.
minimum practicable disturbance of the mortar. Make no
attempt to wipe adhering mortar from coarse aggregate par- NOTE 7—A small quantity of representative concrete may be added to
ticles retained on the sieve. correct a deficiency. If the measure contains a great excess, remove a
representative portion of concrete with a trowel or scoop before the
measure is struck off.
8. Procedure for Determining Air Content of Concrete NOTE 8—The use of the strike-off plate on cast aluminum or other
relatively soft metal air meter bases may cause rapid wear of the rim and
8.1 Placement and Consolidation of Sample: require frequent maintenance, calibration, and ultimately, replacement.
8.1.1 Prepare the concrete as described in 7.1. Dampen the
interior of the measuring bowl and place it on a flat, level, firm 8.1.5 Application of Test Method—Any portion of the test
surface. Using the scoop described in 4.17, place the concrete method not specifically designated as pertaining to Type A or
in the measuring bowl in the number of layers required by the Type B meter shall apply to both types.
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consolidation method (8.1.2 or 8.1.3). While placing the 8.2 Procedure—Type A Meter:
concrete in the bowl, move the scoop around the perimeter of 8.2.1 Preparation for Test—Thoroughly clean the flanges or
the bowl opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete rims of the measuring bowl and of the cover assembly so that
with minimal segregation. Consolidate each layer by the when the cover is clamped in place a pressure-tight seal will be
rodding procedure (8.1.2) or by vibration (8.1.3). Strike-off the obtained. Assemble the apparatus and add water over the
finally consolidated layer (8.1.4). Rod concretes with a slump concrete by means of the tube until it rises to about the halfway
greater than 75 mm [3 in.]. Rod or vibrate concrete with a mark in the standpipe. Incline the apparatus assembly about 0.5
slump of 25 to 75 mm [1 to 3 in.]. Consolidate concretes with rad [30°] from vertical and, using the bottom of the measuring
a slump less than 25 mm [1 in.] by vibration. bowl as a pivot, describe several complete circles with the
8.1.2 Rodding—Place the concrete in the measuring bowl in upper end of the column, simultaneously tapping the cover
three layers of approximately equal volume. Rod each layer 25 lightly to remove any entrapped air bubbles above the concrete
times uniformly over the cross section with the rounded end of sample. Return the apparatus assembly to a vertical position
the rod. Rod the bottom layer throughout its depth. In rodding and fill the water column slightly above the zero mark, while
this layer, use care not to damage the bottom of the measuring lightly tapping the sides of the measuring bowl. Bring the
bowl. For each upper layer, allow the rod to penetrate through water level to the zero mark of the graduated tube before
the layer being rodded and into the layer below approximately closing the vent at the top of the water column (see Fig. 1 A).
25 mm [1 in.]. After each layer is rodded, tap the sides of the NOTE 9—Some Type A meters have a calibrated starting fill mark above
measuring bowl smartly 10 to 15 times with the mallet to close the zero mark. Generally, this starting mark should not be used since, as
any voids left by the tamping rod and to release any large noted in 8.2.3, the apparent air content is the difference between the water
bubbles of air that may have been trapped. Add the final layer level reading H, at pressure P and the water level h2 at zero pressure after
of concrete in a manner to avoid excessive overfilling (8.1.4). release of pressure P.
8.1.3 Vibration—Place the concrete in the measuring bowl 8.2.2 The internal surface of the cover assembly shall be
in two layers of approximately equal volume. Place all of the kept clean and free from oil or grease; the surface shall be wet
concrete for each layer before starting vibration of that layer. to prevent adherence of air bubbles that might be difficult to
Consolidate each layer by three insertions of the vibrator dislodge after assembly of the apparatus.
evenly distributed over the cross section. Add the final layer in 8.2.3 Test Procedure—Apply more than the desired test
a manner to avoid excessive overfilling (8.1.4). In consolidat- pressure, P, (about 1.4 kPa [0.2 psi] more) to the concrete by
ing each layer, do not allow the vibrator to rest on or touch the means of the small hand pump. To relieve local restraints, tap
measuring bowl. Take care in withdrawing the vibrator to the sides of the measuring bowl sharply and, when the pressure
ensure that no air pockets are left in the specimen. Observe a gauge indicates the exact test pressure, P, as determined in
standard duration of vibration for the particular kind of accordance with Section A1.7, read the water level, h1, and
concrete, vibrator, and measuring bowl involved. The duration record to the nearest division or half-division on the graduated
of vibration required will depend upon the workability of the precision-bore tube or gauge glass of the standpipe (see Fig. 1
concrete and the effectiveness of the vibrator. Continue vibra- B). For extremely harsh mixes tap the measuring bowl vigor-
tion until the concrete is properly consolidated. Never continue ously until further tapping produces no change in the indicated
vibration long enough to cause escape of froth from the air content. Gradually release the air pressure through the vent
sample. at the top of the water column and tap the sides of the

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 C231/C231M − 17a
measuring bowl lightly for about 1 min. Record the water level, drawn into the air chamber, thus introducing error in subse-
h2, to the nearest division or half-division (see Fig. 1 C). quent measurements. In the event water enters the air chamber,
Calculate the apparent air content as follows: it must be bled from the air chamber through the air bleeder
A1 5 h1 2 h2 (3) valve followed by several strokes of the pump to blow out the
last traces of water. Release the pressure by opening both
where: petcocks (Fig. 2) before removing the cover.
A1 = apparent air content,
h1 = water level reading at pressure, P (see Note 10), and 9. Calculation
h2 = water level reading at zero pressure after release of
pressure, P. 9.1 Air Content of Sample Tested—Calculate the air content
of the concrete in the measuring bowl as follows:
8.2.4 Check Test—Repeat the steps described in 8.2.3 with-
As 5 A1 2 G (5)
out adding water to reestablish the water level at the zero mark.
The two consecutive determinations of apparent air content where:
should check within 0.2 % of air and shall be averaged to give As = air content of the sample tested, %,
the value A1 to be used in calculating the air content, As, in A1 = apparent air content of the sample tested, % (see 8.2.3
accordance with Section 9. and 8.3.2), and
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8.2.5 In the event the air content exceeds the range of the G = aggregate correction factor, % (Section 6).
meter when it is operated at the normal test pressure P, reduce
9.2 Air Content of Full Mixture—When the sample tested
the test pressure to the alternative test pressure P1 and repeat
represents that portion of the mixture that is obtained by wet
the steps outlined in 8.2.2 and 8.2.3.
sieving to remove aggregate particles larger than a 37.5-mm
NOTE 10—See Section A1.7 for exact calibration procedures. An (11⁄2-in.) sieve, the air content of the full mixture is calculated
approximate value of the alternative pressure, P1, such that the apparent as follows:
air content will equal twice the meter reading can be computed from the
following relationship: A t 5 100 A s V c / ~ 100 V t 2 A s V a ! (6)

P 1 5 P a P/ ~ 2P a 1P ! (4) where (Note 12):

where:
At = air content of the full mixture, %,
Vc = absolute volume of the ingredients of the mixture
P1 = alternative test pressure, kPa or [psi],
Pa = atmospheric pressure, kPa or [psi], (approximately 100 kPa [14.7 passing a 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) sieve, airfree, as deter-
psi] but will vary with altitude and weather conditions), and mined from the original batch weights, m3 [ft3],
P = normal test or operating gauge pressure, kPa or [psi]. Vt = absolute volume of all ingredients of the mixture,
airfree, m3 [ft3], and
8.3 Procedure—Type B Meter: Va = absolute volume of the aggregate in the mixture coarser
8.3.1 Preparation for Test—Thoroughly clean the flanges or than a 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) sieve, as determined from
rims of the measuring bowl and the cover assembly so that original batch weights, m3 [ft3].
when the cover is clamped in place a pressure-tight seal will be
obtained. Assemble the apparatus. Close the main air valve 9.3 Air Content of the Mortar Fraction—When it is desired
between the air chamber and the measuring bowl and open to know the air content of the mortar fraction of the mixture,
both petcocks on the holes through the cover. Add water calculate it as follows:
through one petcock until water emerges from the opposite A m 5 100 A s V c / @ 100 V m 1A s ~ V c 2 V m ! # (7)
petcock (Note 11). Jar the meter gently until all air is expelled
from this same petcock. where (Note 12):
Am = air content of the mortar fraction, %, and
NOTE 11—Gently squeezing water into the petcock using a bulb syringe Vm = absolute volume of the ingredients of the mortar
or plastic wash bottle has been found to be satisfactory for adding water
fraction of the mixture, airfree, m3 [ft3].
to the meter.
NOTE 12—The values for use in Eq 6 and Eq 7 are most conveniently
8.3.2 Test Procedure—Close the air bleeder valve on the air obtained from data on the concrete mixture tabulated as follows for a
chamber and pump air into the air chamber until the gauge batch of any size:
hand is on the initial pressure line. Allow a few seconds for the Absolute
compressed air to cool to normal temperature. Stabilize the Volume,
m3 [ft3 ]
gauge hand at the initial pressure line by pumping or bleeding- Cement ______
off air as necessary, tapping the gauge lightly by hand. Close
both petcocks on the holes through the cover. Open the main
air valve between the air chamber and the measuring bowl. Tap
Water
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate (4.75-mm (No. 4)
______
______
______
J JVm
Vc

the sides of the measuring bowl smartly with the mallet to to 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.))
relieve local restraints. Lightly tap the pressure gauge by hand Coarse aggregate (37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.)) ______ Va
Total ______ Vt
to stabilize the gauge hand. Read the percentage of air on the
dial of the pressure gauge. Release the main air valve. Failure
10. Report
to close the main air valve before releasing the pressure from
either the container or the air chamber will result in water being 10.1 Report the following information:

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 C231/C231M − 17a
10.1.1 The air content of the concrete sample to the nearest TABLE 1 Indexes of Precision for Air Contents
0.1 % after subtracting the aggregate correction factor, unless Between 3 and 8 %A
the gauge reading of the meter exceeds 8 %, in which case the Acceptable Difference
Air Content Standard Deviation %
Between Two Results,B %
corrected reading shall be reported to the nearest 1⁄2 scale
Single-operator precision:
division on the dial. 3 % 0.12 0.33
10.1.2 The date and time of the test. 4 % 0.16 0.44
5 % 0.19 0.55
10.1.3 When requested, and when the absolute volume of 6 % 0.23 0.66
the ingredients of the mortar fraction of the mixture can be 7 % 0.27 0.77
determined, the air content of the mortar fraction of the mixture 8 % 0.31 0.88
Multilaboratory precision:
to the nearest 1⁄4 %. 3 % 0.17 0.49
4 % 0.23 0.65
11. Precision and Bias 5 % 0.29 0.81
6 % 0.35 0.98
11.1 Precision, Type A Meter: 7 % 0.40 1.14
11.1.1 Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator 8 % 0.46 1.30
standard deviation has not been established. A
Use interpolation to determine precision values for air contents between the
11.1.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory values given in the table.
B
standard deviation has not been established. These numbers represent the difference limits (d2s) as described in Practice
C670.
11.1.3 Multioperator Precision—The multioperator stan-
dard deviation of a single test result has been found to be
0.28 % air by volume of concrete for Type A air meters as long
as the air content does not exceed 7 %. Therefore results of two
tests properly conducted by different operators but on the same 11.2.2 Multilaboratory Precision:
material should not differ by more than 0.8 % air by volume of 11.2.2.1 Air Content Less Than 3 %—The maximum mul-
concrete. tilaboratory standard deviation was found to be 0.26 %.
NOTE 13—The number 0.8% represents the difference limit (d2s) as Therefore, the air contents from two properly conducted testes
described in Practice C670. The precision statements are based on the by different laboratories on the same material are not expected
variations in tests on three different concretes, each tested by eleven to differ from each other by more than 0.75 %.5
different operators.4 11.2.2.2 Air Content in the Range of 3 to 8 %—The
11.2 Precision, Type B Meter: multilaboratory standard deviation was found to increase with
11.2.1 Single-Operator Precision: air content as shown in Table 1. Therefore, results of two
11.2.1.1 Air Content Less Than 3 %—The maximum single- properly conducted tests by different laboratories on the same
operator standard deviation was found to be 0.18 %. Therefore, material are not expected to differ from each other by more
the air contents from two properly conducted tests by the same than the value shown in the last column of the lower half of
operator on the same material are not expected to differ from Table 1.
each other by more than 0.5 %.5
NOTE 14—These precision statements are based on an interlaboratory
11.2.1.2 Air Content in the Range of 3 to 8 %—The study that involved 16 operators, six values of air content ranging from 1.3
single-operator standard deviation was found to increase with to 7.6 %, and three replicate tests per operator. The results showed
air content as shown in Table 1. Therefore, results of two different precision performance for the two air contents less than 3 %, than
properly conducted tests by the same operator on the same for the 4 air contents above 3 %. Supporting data have been filed at ASTM
material are not expected to differ from each other by more International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research
Report RR:C09-1049. Contact ASTM Customer Service at
than the value shown in the last column of the upper half of [email protected].
Table 1.
11.3 Bias—This test method has no bias because the air
4
content of freshly mixed concrete can only be defined in terms
Reidenour, D. R., and Howe, R. H., “Air Content of Plastic and Hardened
of the test methods.
Concrete,” presented at the 2nd International Conference on“ Durability of Building
Materials and Components” Sept. 14–16, 1981. Reprints compiled by: G. Frohns-
dorff and B. Horner, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 12. Keywords
MD 20899, formerly National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234.
5
These numbers represent the difference limits (d2s) as described in Practice 12.1 air content; calibration; concrete; correction factor;
C670. measuring bowl; meter; pressure; pump; unit weight
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 C231/C231M − 17a
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS

A1.1 Calibration tests shall be performed in accordance operating pressure, P, determined by the calibration test
with the following procedures as applicable to the meter type described in A1.7. The amount the water column lowers will be
being employed. the equivalent expansion factor, D, for that particular apparatus
and pressure (Note A1.5).
A1.2 Calibration of the Calibration Vessel—Determine ac-
curately the weight of water, w, required to fill the calibration NOTE A1.2—Although the measuring bowl, cover, and clamping
vessel, using a scale accurate to 0.1 % of the weight of the mechanism of the apparatus must of necessity be sturdily constructed so
that it will be pressure-tight, the application of internal pressure will result
vessel filled with water. This step shall be performed for Type in a small increase in volume. This expansion will not affect the test results
A and B meters. because, with the procedure described in Sections 6 and 8, the amount of
expansion is the same for the test for air in concrete as for the test for
A1.3 Calibration of the Measuring Bowl—Determine the aggregate correction factor on combined fine and coarse aggregates, and
weight of water, W, required to fill the measuring bowl, using is thereby automatically cancelled. However, it does enter into the
a scale accurate to 0.1 % of the weight of the measuring bowl calibration test to determine the air pressure to be used in testing fresh
filled with water. Slide a glass plate carefully over the flange of concrete.
the measuring bowl in a manner to ensure that the measuring NOTE A1.3—The water columns on some meters of Type-A design are
marked with an initial water level and a zero mark, the difference between
bowl is completely filled with water. A thin film of cup grease the two marks being the allowance for the expansion factor. This
smeared on the flange of the measuring bowl will make a allowance should be checked in the same manner as for meters not so
watertight joint between the glass plate and the top of the marked and in such a case, the expansion factor should be omitted in
measuring bowl. This step shall be performed for Type A and computing the calibration readings in A1.7.
B meters. NOTE A1.4—It will be sufficiently accurate for this purpose to use an
approximate value for P determined by making a preliminary calibration
A1.4 Effective Volume of the Calibration Vessel, R—The test as described in A1.7 except that an approximate value for the
calibration factor, K, should be used. For this test K = 0.98R which is the
constant R represents the effective volume of the calibration same as Eq A1.2 except that the expansion reading, D, as yet unknown, is
vessel expressed as a percentage of the volume of the measur- assumed to be zero.
ing bowl.
A1.5.2 For meters of Type B design, the allowance for the
A1.4.1 For meter Types A, calculate R as follows (Note expansion factor, D, is included in the difference between the
A1.1): initial pressure indicated on the pressure gauge and the zero
R 5 0.98 w/W (A1.1) percent mark on the air-content scale on the pressure gauge.
This allowance shall be checked by filling the apparatus with
where:
water (making certain that all entrapped air has been removed),
w = weight of water required to fill the calibration vessel, pumping air into the air chamber until the gauge hand is
and stabilized at the indicated initial pressure line, and then
W = weight of water required to fill the measuring bowl. releasing the air to the measuring bowl (Note A1.5). If the
NOTE A1.1—The factor 0.98 is used to correct for the reduction in the initial pressure line is correctly positioned, the gauge should
volume of air in the calibration vessel when it is compressed by a depth
of water equal to the depth of the measuring bowl. This factor is read zero percent. The initial pressure line shall be adjusted if
approximately 0.98 for a 200-mm [8-in.] deep measuring bowl at sea two or more determinations show the same variation from zero
level. Its value decreases to approximately 0.975 at 1500 m [5000 ft] percent and the test repeated to check the adjusted initial
above sea level and 0.970 at 4000 m [13 000 ft] above sea level. The pressure line.
value of this constant will decrease by about 0.01 for each 100-mm [4-in.]
increase in measuring bowl depth. The depth of the measuring bowl and NOTE A1.5—This procedure may be accomplished in conjunction with
atmospheric pressure do not affect the effective volume of the calibration the calibration test described in Section A1.9.
vessel for meter Types B.
A1.4.2 For meter Types B calculate R as follows (Note A1.6 Calibration Reading, K—The calibration reading, K,
A1.1): is the final meter reading to be obtained when the meter is
operated at the correct calibration pressure.
R 5 w/W (A1.2)
A1.6.1 For meter Types A, the calibration reading, K, is as
A1.5 Determination of, or Check of, Allowance for Expan- follows:
sion Factor, D:
K 5 R1D (A1.3)
A1.5.1 For meter assemblies of Type A determine the
where:
expansion factor, D (Note A1.2) by filling the apparatus with
water only (making certain that all entrapped air has been R = effective volume of the calibration vessel (A1.4.1), and
removed and the water level is exactly on the zero mark (Note
A1.3) and applying an air pressure approximately equal to the D = expansion factor (A1.5.1, Note A1.6).
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 C231/C231M − 17a
A1.6.2 For meter Types B the calibration reading, K, equals force water about one third of the way up into the calibration
the effective volume of the calibration vessel (A1.4.2) as cylinder. Any loss of air from this cylinder will nullify the
follows: calibration.
K5R (A1.4)
A1.8 Calibration Test to Determine Alternative Operating
NOTE A1.6—If the water column indicator is graduated to include an
initial water level and a zero mark, the difference between the two marks
Pressure P1—Meter Type A—The range of air contents which
being equivalent to the expansion factor, the term D shall be omitted from can be measured with a given meter can be doubled by
Eq A1.3. determining an alternative operating pressure P1 such that the
meter reads half of the calibration reading, K, (Eq A1.3). Exact
A1.7 Calibration Test to Determine Operating Pressure, P, calibration will require determination of the expansion factor at
on Pressure Gauge, Type A Meter—If the rim of the calibration the reduced pressure in Section A1.5. For most purposes the
cylinder contains no recesses or projections, fit it with three or change in expansion factor can be disregarded and the alter-
more spacers equally spaced around the circumference. Invert native operating pressure determined during the determination
the cylinder and place it at the center of the dry bottom of the of the regular operating pressure in Section A1.7.
measuring bowl. The spacers will provide an opening for flow
of water into the calibration cylinder when pressure is applied. A1.9 Calibration Test to Check the Air Content Graduations
Secure the inverted cylinder against displacement and carefully on the Pressure Gauge, Type B Meter—Fill the measuring
lower the cover assembly. After the cover is clamped in place, bowl with water as described in A1.3. Screw the short piece of
carefully adjust the apparatus assembly to a vertical position tubing or pipe furnished with the apparatus into the threaded
and add water at air temperature, by means of the tube and petcock hole on the underside of the cover assembly. Assemble
funnel, until it rises above the zero mark on the standpipe. the apparatus. Close the main air valve between the air
Close the vent and pump air into the apparatus to the chamber and the measuring bowl and open the two petcocks on
approximate operating pressure. Incline the assembly about 0.5 holes through the cover assembly. Add water through the
rad [30°] from vertical and, using the bottom of the measuring petcock on the cover assembly having the extension below
bowl as a pivot, describe several complete circles with the until all air is expelled from the second petcock. Pump air into
upper end of the standpipe, simultaneously tapping the cover the air chamber until the pressure reaches the indicated initial
and sides of the measuring bowl lightly to remove any pressure line. Allow a few seconds for the compressed air to
entrapped air adhering to the inner surfaces of the apparatus. cool to normal temperature. Stabilize the gauge hand at the
Return the apparatus to a vertical position, gradually release initial pressure line by pumping or bleeding off air as
the pressure (to avoid loss of air from the calibration vessel), necessary, tapping the gauge lightly. Close the petcock not
and open the vent. Bring the water level exactly to the zero provided with the tube or pipe extension on the under side of
mark by bleeding water through the petcock in the top of the the cover. Remove water from the assembly to the calibrating
conical cover. After closing the vent, apply pressure until the vessel controlling the flow, depending on the particular meter
water level has dropped an amount equivalent to about 0.1 to design, by opening the petcock provided with the tube or pipe
0.2 % of air more than the value of the calibration reading, K, extension and cracking the main air valve between the air
determined as described in Section A1.6. To relieve local chamber and the measuring bowl, or by opening the main air
restraints, lightly tap the sides of the measuring bowl, and valve and using the petcock to control flow. Perform the
when the water level is exactly at the value of the calibration calibration at an air content which is within the normal range
reading, K, read the pressure, P, indicated by the gauge and of use. If the calibration vessel (Section A1.2) has a capacity
record to the nearest 700 Pa [0.1 psi]. Gradually release the within the normal range of use, remove exactly that amount of
pressure and open the vent to determine whether the water water. With some meters the calibrating vessel is quite small
level returns to the zero mark when the sides of the measuring and it will be necessary to remove several times that volume to
bowl are tapped lightly (failure to do so indicates loss of air obtain an air content within the normal range of use. In this
from the calibration vessel or loss of water due to a leak in the
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instance, carefully collect the water in an auxiliary container
assembly). If the water levels fails to return to within 0.05 % and determine the amount removed by weighing to the nearest
air of the zero mark and no leakage beyond a few drops of 0.1 %. Calculate the correct air content, R, by using Eq A1.2.
water is found, some air probably was lost from the calibration Release the air from the apparatus at the petcock not used for
cylinder. In this case, repeat the calibration procedure step by filling the calibration vessel and if the apparatus employs an
step from the beginning of this paragraph. If the leakage is auxiliary tube for filling the calibration container, open the
more than a few drops of water, tighten the leaking joint before petcock to which the tube is connected to drain the tube back
repeating the calibration procedure. Check the indicated pres- into the measuring bowl (see A1.7.1). At this point of proce-
sure reading promptly by bringing the water level exactly to the dure the measuring bowl contains the percentage of air
zero mark, closing the vent, and applying the pressure, P, just determined by the calibration test of the calibrating vessel.
determined. Tap the gauge lightly with a finger. When the
Pump air into the air chamber until the pressure reaches the
gauge indicates the exact pressure, P, the water column should
initial pressure line marked on the pressure gauge, close both
read the value of the calibration factor, K, used in the first
petcocks in the cover assembly, and then open the main air
pressure application within about 0.05 % of air.
valve between the air chamber and the measuring bowl. The
A1.7.1 The apparatus assembly must not be moved from the indicated air content on the pressure gauge dial should corre-
vertical position until pressure has been applied, which will spond to the percentage of air determined to be in the

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 C231/C231M − 17a
measuring bowl. If two or more determinations show the same encountered in obtaining consistent readings, check for leaks,
variation from the correct air content, the dial hand shall be for the presence of water inside the air chamber (see Fig. 2), or
reset to the correct air content and the test repeated until the the presence of air bubbles clinging to the inside surfaces of the
gauge reading corresponds to the calibrated air content within meter from the use of cool aerated water. In this latter instance
0.1 % for readings up to and including 8.0 % and to 1⁄2 dial use deaerated water which can be obtained by cooling hot
scale division above 8.0 %. If the dial hand was reset to obtain water to room temperature.
the correct air content, recheck the initial pressure mark as in NOTE A1.7—If the calibrating vessel is an integral part of the cover
A1.5.2. If a new initial pressure reading is required, repeat the assembly, the petcock used in filling the vessel should be closed
calibration to check the accuracy of the graduation on the immediately after filling the calibration vessel and not opened until the test
pressure gauge described earlier in this section. If difficulty is is complete.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C231/C231M – 17) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 15, 2017.)

(1) Section 11.1.1 was revised. (3) Revised Note 14.

(2) Added new Section 11.2 to include precision information (4) Renumbered Section on Bias to 11.3.
on the Type B meter.

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C231/C231M – 14) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb. 1, 2017.)

(1) Revised 8.3.1 to remove bulb syringe. (2) Added new Note 11.

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