Prelim – Industrial Plant Lecture c) color

Industrial Plant The industrial plant should be designed only after the following
are completely determined so that the building exactly fits the
- a combination of land, land improvements, production needs of the plant.
improvements and machinery that have been
organized into a functioning unit. a) Production plan
- any plant, mill, or factory engaged in the business of b) Plant layout
manufacturing. c) Equipment sequences

Manufacturing Some of the important factors in planning company

buildings are as follows:
- Backbone of any industrial nation.
- Derived from the Latin word “manufactus”, which 1. Nature of Manufacturing Process
means made by hand.
- In modern context, it volves making products from raw - The type of construction process is the main
materials by using various processes, by making use determinant of plant buildings.
of hand tools, machinery or even computers. - The flat load, headspace, bay size etc., depended on
- It is therefore, a study of the processes required to the type of instruments or machines and equipment to
make parts and to assemble them in machines. be used.

2. Plant Layout
 The study of manufacturing reveals those parameters
which can be most efficiently being influenced to increase - The form of instruments, help centers, and office
production and raise its accuracy. practice significant control on the design and
construction development of plant buildings.
Industrial Design
- In case, labor pattern should be defined first and the
- The industrial design process is primarily comprised building should be only a shell nearby this design.
of the conception of a design for a product and the - However, preparation for versatility should be made to
various stages involved in bringing the design to meet the ultimate requirements.
completion. - However, provision for flexibility should be made to
- There are no limits to the types of products that can meet the future needs.
be created by the application of the industrial design
3. Space Requirements
process, as it all depends on what the project
designers are trying to achieve. - The area of factory buildings depends upon space
requirements for the current flow and accommodation
 First Stage of materials, for the location of tools or machines, for
- The first stage in the industrial design process is the service centers and for movement of employees.
planning stage, which may involve input from the - The height of the dome or ceiling depends upon the
client. type of machine used.
- When the client tells the designer the aim of the - Use of overhead conveyors and tall accessories or
company in relation to the product, the designer will equipment may need high roofs.
apply this information and any other feasible - But specific structures and additional costs may be
specifications to the designing of the product. involved.
- Assuming the aim of the client is to create a product - Pits may be dug, if possible, to provide all equipment.
that stands out from that of the competitors, the
designer will use this information as a foundation for 4. Material Handling
creating the concept for the product.
- Simplify in stock handling assists in the conversion of
Schematic for Plant Construction manufacturing cycle time avoids production
bottlenecks and decreases material handling cost.
- Conveyor belts hoists, Cranes, etc., are frequently
used for simple handling of materials.
- A modification in the number of columns and the
maintenance of the ceiling at a desirable height are
important to the use of material handling equipment.
- It is obvious that the requirements of efficient material
handling equipment affect the building design.
Conversely, the components of the factory building
affect a firm’s ability to use this machine efficiently.

5. Plant Protection

- The building should be so designed that there is

sufficient stability of plant from an explosion, fraud, etc.
- Sprinkler system policy, fire rescue exits, automated
alarms, outside hydrant, protection lights etc., may be
used
- for this purpose.

6. Lighting

- Brightness and Illumination system at intervals the

- Sometimes the industrial design process is the
plant uses a very important management on
initiative of the designers who may look for openings
employees’ productivity and exhaustion. Therefore,
in the various industries where their creativity can be
lighting standards ought to be unbroken insight
applied toward the creation of a product.
whereas plant coming up with.
 Such a product could fill a need in the industry
 it could be an improvement on already existing 7. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
products.
- It is completely common for large plants to provide
Alternatively,the product could merely stand out from the separate
other ones due to the constructions for providing high-forceful boilers. Their
area
a) style
will depend on melting conditions for production.
b) shape
 - Proper air-conditioning is necessary to provide the emancipated water has become necessary.
sufficient fresh air. Some production processes need Hence a company building has to be designed for a
significant ventilation or managed temperature and profluent distribution system.
moisture.
- Air conditioning is expressly common in the factory 17. Contractors, consultants, and collaborators
and other offices.
- It is pleasing that the construction work is trusted to
- Developing costs of power or energy have driven to
wellknown consultants, undergone in constructing
new trends in warming, lighting and air conditioning.
industrial buildings.
- The rightful requirements of the Factories Act should
- The plan of the factory and its layout also depends on
also be met.
the direction of contributors.
8. Service Facilities
18. Cost-economics
- Dexterities recounting to cooling towers, emergency
- This is an essential aspect of a building.
power, compressed air, sewage treatment, etc.,
- Excellent management preparation and efficient
should also be considered in plant building. Waste
monitoring by use of modern managerial aids can
control should be such that regulations regarding air
take down the cost of production considerably.
and water decomposition, etc., are not disrupted.
- Usually, the cost of production goes up due to delay in
9. Accessibility accomplishment, changes in the design, delay of work
during construction, deletions of the initial design.
- The factory building should be designed to ensure
free movement of workers in the plant.
The importance of Industrial Equipment Design & Layout
10. Aesthetic Considerations
Attention to detail ensures:
- Forces should be made to establish the building
acomfortable place to work for the employees. Their a) Quality products
encouragement should receive top preference as they b) Optimal operations
consume a lot of their entire working hours in the c) Personnel’s well-being
industry.
- The structure should have an elegant impression as 1. Installation of industrial equipment in process industries
this adds to the pride and influence of the employees depends
and the management. Any charming, well-designed on the size and overall equipment design.
plant promotes area goodwill. It also has an impact on 2. If the equipment is too large, it will lead to a large footprint
employees’ confidence. while smaller equipment will lead to early failure as it must
- Such a plant proposes the progressive outlook of the produce more work.
organization. It is heartening to note that some 3. The productivity, efficiency and safety of process plants
management has spent special consideration to this hinge
factor at present demand. on proper equipment functionality.
4. The optimal placement of the equipment is important to
11. Appearance maintain
efficiency.
- The developmental style and construction materials
should be designed to give an engaging surface to
plant buildings.
A pleasant appearance, good garden setting, and PLANT LAYOUT
clean surroundings are important to the local district.
Plant Layout
12. Future Expansion
- a systematic and efficient functional arrangement of
- Ultimate development needs should be examined in various departments, machines, tools, equipment and
planning a factory structure. If multi-storied structures other supports services of an industrial organization
are to be expanded with additional stages, it must be that will facilitate the smooth processing of the
planned in advance so that the primary structure has proposed or undertaken product in the most effective,
the adequate footing to bear the additional pressure. most efficient and most economical manner in the
minimum possible time.
13. Fire Protection - a plan for effective utilization of facilities for the
manufacture of products; involving a most efficient
- Necessity and concern for a fire security system and economical arrangement of machines, materials,
should be taken into account while planning for a personnel, storage space and all supporting services,
factory building. This has become necessary at today. within available floor space.
- Fire security systems differ from the traditional fire - It is the optimum arrangement or housing of all the
extinguishers to automated heat indicators and fire activities inside the plant.
security devices in industries
 A well planned factory, which makes the best use of
14. Air supply floor space and machine location can help maximize
- While creating a plan for a factory building, needed both cost efficiency and overall production of the
care has to be taken for satisfactory Air supply. This machinery.
can be achieved through sufficient air compressors.
- The layout of process units in a plant and the
15. Environmental Protection equipment within these process unit must be planned.
This layout can play an important part in determining
- Need to protect the environment has to be considered construction and manufacturing cost.
while planning a plant layout. This is being vigorously
advocated all over the world now. It has become
statutory in India too. Proper Layout includes arrangement of:
- This involves assuring greenbelt all around the
industry, floriculture and profluent disposal and a) processing areas
water/air handling plant and wastage control systems, b) storage areas
etc. c) handling areas

16. Effluent disposal in efficient coordination and with regard to such factors as:

- Wheresoever chemical processes are used in 1. New site development or addition to previously
electroplating, tanneries, etc., profluent treatment of developed site
 2. Type and quantity of products to be produced.
3. Type of process and product control.
4. Operational convenience and accessibility. Applications
5. Economic distribution of utilities and services.
This type of layout is mostly adopted for extremely large items
6. Type of building and building-code requirement.
manufactured in very small quantity such as;
7. Health and safety considerations.
- Ships
Objectives of Good Plant Layout - aero planes
- aircraft
1) Streamline flow of materials through the plant - locomotive
2) Minimize material handling - ship assembly shops
3) Facilitate manufacturing progress by maintaining - shipyards
balance in the processes - boilers
4) Maintain flexibility of arrangements and of operation - Reactors, etc.
5) Maintaining high turnover of in-process inventory
6) Effective utilization of men, equipment and space 2) Process or Functional Layout
7) Increase employee morale - In this type of layout arrangements of similar
8) Minimize interference (i.e. interruption) from machines machines, production facilities and manufacturing
9) Reduce hazards affecting employees operations are grouped together according to their
10) Hold down investment (i.e. keep investment at a lower functions.
level) in equipment - Machine tools of one kind are positioned together so
that all the similar operations are performed always at
Types of Plant Layout the same place e.g. all the lathes may be grouped
together for all kinds of turning and threading
Plant layouts are classified into four major categories operations, all drilling machines in one area for
namely; carrying out drilling work, all tapping machines in one
1. Fixed or position layout area for carrying out tapping work, all milling
2. Line or product layout machines in one area for carrying out milling work all
3. Process or functional layout buffing and polishing machines at one place for
4. Combination or group layout carrying out surface finishing work, and so on.
- Normally preferred for the industries involved in job
1) Fixed or position layout order type of production and manufacturing and/or
- Fixed or position layout is also known as project maintenance activities of non- repetitive type.
layout. - Needs not to have to be changed every time of the
- Major part of an assembly or material remains at a product or component changes.
fixed position. All its accessories, auxiliary material, - Breakdown of any machine does not affect the
machinery, equipment needed, tools required and the production.
labor are brought to the fixed site to work - Highly suitable for batch production.
- Suitable when one or a few pieces of an item are to
be manufactured and material forming or treating
operation requires only tools or simple machines.
- Highly preferable when the cost of moving the major
piece of material is high and the responsibility of
product quality by one skilled workman or group of
skilled workers is expected. Advantages
- mainly adopted for extremely large items
manufactured in very small quantity such as ships,  Workers in one section are not affected by the nature
aero planes, boilers, reactors etc. of the operations carried out in another section. For
- It main merit of this layout is the minimum movement example, a lathe operator is not affected by the rays
of men, material, and tooling during manufacturing of the welding as the two sections are quite separate.
process.  There exists a wide flexibility regarding allotment of
- High flexible as the type of product and the related work to equipment and workers.
processes can be easily changed without any change  Varieties of jobs coming as different job orders thus
in the layout. make the work more interesting for the workers.
 There is an improved product quality, because the
supervisors and workers attend to one type of
machines and operations.
 There is a better utilization of the available equipment.
 Comparatively less numbers of machines are needed
in this layout and hence thus reducing capital
investment.

Disadvantages
Advantages
 This layout requires more space in comparison to line
 Layout is highly flexible for varieties of products or product layout for the same amount of production.
having intermittent demand as the type of product and
the related processes can be easily altered without  Production control becomes relatively difficult in this
any change in the layout. layout.
 There is a minimum movement of men, material, and  Raw material has to travel more which increases
tooling during manufacturing process. material handling and the associated costs.
 The material is drastically reduced.  This layout requires more efficient co-ordination and
 Highly skilled operators are required to complete the inspections.
work at one point and responsibility for quality is fixed
 Increased material handling cost due to more
on one person or the assembly crew.
 Every personnel of manufacturing team is responsible movement of process raw material to various paths.
for quality work for manufacturing the product.  More material in process remains in queue for further
operations.
Disadvantages
 Requires large in process inventory.
 The cost of equipment handling is very high.  Completion of same product takes more time.
 Labors and equipment are difficult to utilize fully.
 It is limited to large items only. Applications
  This layout is used for batch or moderate production. - In this type of layout, a set of machinery or equipment
 It specify path for group technology. is grouped together in a section, and so on, so that
each set or group of machines or equipment is used
to perform similar operation s to produce a family of
3) Line or Product Layout components.
- This layout implies that various operations on raw - A combination layout is possible where an item is
material are performed in a sequence and the being made in different types and sizes. In such cases,
machines are placed along the product flow line, i.e., machinery and manufacturing equipment are
machines are arranged in the sequence in which the arranged in a process layout but a group of number of
raw material will be operated upon. similar machines is then arranged in a sequence to
manufacture various types and sizes of products.
- In this type of layout all the machines are placed in a
- In this layout, it is noted that, no matter the product
line according to the sequence of operations, i.e., varies in size and type, the sequence of operations
each following machine or section is arranged to remain same or similar. This layout is suitable when
perform the next operation to that performed by its similar activities are performed together thereby
preceding machine or section. avoiding wasteful time in changing from one unrelated
- In this layout raw material starts from one end of activity to the next.
- It focuses on avoiding unnecessary duplication of an
production lines and moves from one machine to next
effort.
along a sequential path. - It is preferable for storing and retrieving information
- Line layout is advantages in the continuous- changing related to recurring problems thereby
production system where the number of end products reducing the search tin understanding information and
is small and the parts are highly standardized and eliminating the need to solve the problem again.
interchangeable. - It is also useful when a number of items are produced
- It is suitable for products having steady demand. in same sequence but none of the items are to be
produced in bulk and thus no item justifies for an
- This layout is used for mass production and ensures individual and independent production line.
smooth flow of materials and reduced material
handling.
- Breakdown of any machine in the line in this layout
may result in even stoppage of production.

Advantages

 It involves smooth and continuous work flow. Advantages

 Overall processing time of product is very less.
 It helps in reducing inventory.  Reduction in cost of machine set-up time and material
handling of metals.
 Better coordination, simple production planning and  Elimination of excess work-in process inventory which
control are achieved in this layout. subsequently allows the reduction in lot size.
 Production time is reduced in this layout.  Simplification of production planning functions, etc.
 For the same amount of production, less space
Disadvantages
requirements for this layout.
 It may require less skilled workers.  Change of the existing layout is time consuming and
 This layout involves automatic material handling, costly.
lesser material movements and hence leads to  Inclusion of new components in the existing
minimum possible cost of manufacturing. component requires thorough analysis.
 Change of input component mix may likely to change
Disadvantages complete layout structure.
 Change of batch size may change number of
 The rate or pace rate of working depends upon the machines.
output rate of the slowest machine and hence leading
to excessive idle time for other machines if the Applications
production line is not adequately balanced.
 Manufacturing circular metal saws, hacksaw, wooden
 Machines being put up along the line, more machines
saw, files and crank shaft.
of each type have to be installed for keeping a few as
stand by, because if on machine in the line fails, it
may lead to shut down of the complete production line. Principles of Plant Layout
That is why the line or product layout involves heavy
capital investments. a) Principle of Minimum Movement
 It is very difficult to increase production beyond the - Materials and labour should be moved over minimum
capacities of the production lines. distances; saving cost and time of transportation and
 When single inspector has to look after many material handling.
machines, inspection becomes difficult. b) Principle of Space Utilization
 This layout is very less flexible for product change. - All available cubic space should be effectively utilized
– both horizontally and vertically.
Applications c) Principle of Flexibility
- Layout should be flexible enough to be adaptable to
 It is used in assembly work. changes required by expansion or technological
development.
d) Principle of Interdependence
4) Combination Layout - Interdependent operations and processes should be
- A combination of process and product layouts located in close proximity to each other; to minimize
combines the advantages of both types of layouts. product travel.
- Most of the manufacturing sections are arranged in e) Principle of Overall Integration
process layout with manufacturing lines occurring
here and there scattered wherever the conditions
permit.
 - All the plant facilities and services should be fully  When the process in improvement is frequent.
integrated into a single operating unit; to minimize  When layout rearrangement is also frequent.
cost of production.  When restrictions on materials or saving is desired.
f) Principle of Safety
- There should be in-built provision in the design of SITE SELECTION & PLANT LOCATION
layout, to provide for comfort and safety of workers.
- The geographical location of the final plant can have
g) Principle of Smooth Flow strong influence on the success of an industrial
- The layout should be so designed as to reduce work venture. Primarily the plant should be located where
bottlenecks and facilitate uninterrupted flow of work the minimum cost of production and distribution can
throughout the plant. be obtained. Other factors such as room for
h) Principle of Economy expansion, safe living condition for plant operation as
- The layout should aim at effecting economy in terms well as the surrounding community are also important.
of investment in fixed assets.
Site Selection
i) Principle of Supervision
- A good layout should facilitate effective supervision - is the initial step prior to the layout and construction of
over workers industrial building. But in most cases, the
j) Principle of Satisfaction management select the plant site, then hire
- A good layout should boost up employee morale, by consultants to design for it.
providing them with maximum work satisfaction.
Site Selection Includes the Following Information:

Scale drawing, complete with elevation indications can be 1. Physical

used for determining the best location for equipment and 2. Economic
facilities. 3. Legal Aspect
4. Source of Materials
STEPS: 5. Climate
6. Land topography
 Elementary layouts are developed showing the
7. Soil conditions
fundamental relationship between storage space and
8. Source of raw materials
operating equipment.
9. Accessible & Transport
 Consider the safe operational sequence and gives a
10. Labor supply and union history
primary layout based on the flow of materials, unit
11. Public utilities and water
operations, storage and future expansion.
12. Freight and transportation
 Detailed recommendation can be presented and drawing
13. Protection; fire, police, legal
and elevations, including isometric drawings of the piping
14. Local politics and attitude
system, can be prepared.
15. Local industrial mix
Industrial Plant Layout includes the following: 16. Local living facilities
17. Local educational facilities
a) Special or general purpose building 18. Local recreational facilities
b) Single or multi-story construction 19. Free from natural disasters
c) Shape of the building 20. Population mix growth and projection
d) Basement or balcony
e) Types of window
f) Kinds of floor
The following factors should be considered in selecting a
g) Types of roof and ceiling
plant site:
h) Wall and columns
1. Raw materials availability
Advantages of a General Purpose Building
2. Markets
1. Less initial cost 3. Energy Availability
2. Can be sold later for profit 4. Climate
3. Frequently changing products, materials, machinery 5. Transportation Facilities
and equipment process or method can be 6. Water Supply
accommodated 7. Waste disposal
4. Fast of getting the layout into production 8. Labor Supply
9. Taxation and Legal Restriction
10. Site Characteristics
A single storey construction is used under the following 11. Flood and Fire Protection
conditions: 12. Community Factor

 When the products are large heavy or relatively not  The consultant must be well informed of the kind of
very expensive per item. products to be manufactured, the volume produced, and
 When weight of equipment impose greater load on other information relative to the production and manner of
floor. processing.
 Large item that requires unobstructed space.  Management considers the need on a long range plan, not
 Lower cost of land. just for immediate needs only. The entire plant site are laid
 Land is available for expansions. out for at least 20 to 25 years duration with particular
 Construction time is limited. building structures built to serve only the needs for the
 Frequent changes in layout are anticipated. next 5 years.

Production Process

Shape of Building - It is the process followed in a plant for converting

semifinished products or raw materials into finished
- Industrial building today are generally square or products or raw materials into finished products. The
rectangular and not obstructed by walls. Expansion is art of converting raw Introduction 3 material into
done at the side or end portion. Those that are dirty, finished goods with application of different types of
odorous, noisy or producing vibrations are segregated tools, equipment, machine tools, manufacturing set
in separate building. Hazardous operations with fine ups and manufacturing processes, is known as
or explosion possibilities are also isolated. production.

Building Shape is governed by the following conditions; Generally there are three basic types of production system;

 When changes in production design is frequent. a) Job production

 b) Batch production b) Quantify Outputs
c) Mass production - Make an accounting of waste water, gaseous
emissions, solid waste and energy consumption.
c) Select a Time Compound
- Suitable and representative time compounds should
A. Job Production
be selected for preparing the material balance.
- comprises of an operator or group of operators to
d) Prepare a Preliminary Material Balance
work upon a single job and complete it before
- Based on the inputs and outputs a preliminary
proceeding to the next similar or different job. The
balance should be constructed. Discrepancies should
production requirement in the job production system is
be calculated and wherever in doubts, measurements
extremely low. It requires fixed type of layout for
or analysis should be repeated to refine material
developing same products.
balance.
B. Batch Production
e) Evaluate and Refining Material Balance
- Manufacturing of products (less in number say 200 to
- The material balance should be improved by verifying
800) with variety of similar parts with very little
the collected data during site inspection and by
variation in size and shape.
brainstorming.
- Same manufacturing facility is used for production of
other batch product or items.
 A DISCREPANCY between inputs and outputs can be an
- May be for once or of periodical type or of repeated
indication of loss.
kinds after some irregular interval.
C. Mass Production
- Involves production of large number of identical
products (say more than 50,000) that needs line Equipment Design and Specification
layout type of plant layout which is highly rigid type
and involves automation and huge amount of - If the final plant is to be successful, each piece of
investment in special purpose machines to increase equipment must be capable of performing it
the production. necessary function. The design equipment is an
essential part of a plant design.
- The engineer developing a process design must
Flow Diagram accept the responsibility of preparing the
specifications for individual process of equipment and
 To show the sequence of equipment and unit shall be acquainted with methods of fabrication.
operation in the overall process.
 To simply visualization of the manufacturing Design Data
procedures.
 To indicate the quantities of materials and energy  Sizes
transfer.  operating conditions
 number and location of openings
3 General Types  types of flange and heads
 codes
1. Qualitative Flow Diagram
- indicates the flow of materials unit operation involved  variation allowances
equipment necessary and other information Scale-up in Design
necessary
2. Quantitative Flow Diagram - When accurate data are not available in the literature,
- Shows the quantities of material required for the pilot-plant test may be necessary in order to design
process operation. effective plant equipment.
3. Combined-Detail Flow Diagram
- Shows the location of each equipment as well as the
critical control point and investment and identifying
data such as temperature and pressure. FACTORS IN EQUIPMENT SCALE-UP DESIGN

- Is pilot plant necessary

- Major variables for operational design other than
Material and Energy Balance flowrate
a) Solubility –temperature relationship
- A material balance quantifies the inputs and outputs to b) Reaction Rate
a process to determine the conversion efficiency of c) Discharge Head
the process and its wastage potential. d) Air humidity –temp
- An energy balance is a specific material balance e) Particle Size
where the compound under study is energy. An f) Latent heat of vaporization temp.
energy balance highlights the consumption and loss g) Size reduction
of energy in a process. h) Mechanism of Operation
i) Viscosities

MAJOR VARIABLES CHARACTERIZING SIZE OR

CAPACITY

a) Flow rate/heat transfer area

b) volume residence time
c) flow rate / power input
d) impeller diameter
e) flow rate diameter
f) piston displacement
g) drive horsepower
h) filtration area

 Maximum Scale-up ratio based on indicated characterizing

variables.
Steps in Developing Material Balance:
Ex. > 100:1 3: 1
a) Determine Inputs
- Record raw materials procurement water, and energy > 10:1 20: 1
usage.
 Approximate recommended safety or over design factor. make building more subject to change due to outside
temperature.
10% - Plant with products or processing that are subject to
change in temperature, light, or humidity, disregard
15%
window. Other plants reject windows because of dust.
20%

SPECIFICATIONS
Factors where windows may affect the layout
- Standard equipment should be selected whenever
a) Brightness or glares
possible. If the equipment is standard, the
b) Orientation of the sun
manufacturer may have the desired size in stock. The
c) Effect of sunlight to personnel or materials.
manufacturer can usually quote a lower price and give
d) Windows not resistant to wind, shock, fire, acids, and
better guarantee for standard equipment.
rust.
Preliminary Specification for Equipment should show the e) Access for repair, washing and cleaning.
following:

 Identification
FLOORING, WALL AND COLUMNS
 Function
 Operation - Floor level and strength are the most important
 Materials handled consideration in layout. One floor level of the building
 Basic design data for ease of movement of personnel and efficient
 Essential control handling of finished products Concrete floor is
 Insulation requirement preferred for economy and durability.
 Allowable tolerance - Walls serve to keep out the elements of weather.
 Special information and details - Columns for roof supports.
Examples: Floor Characteristics Desired in a Plant
 material construction  Have the same level for various building.
 gasket  Strong enough to sustain machineries and equipment.
 installation  Made from inexpensive materials.
 supports  Lesser cost of installation
 Not slippery under any condition.
Examples:
 Noiseless, sound absorbing and nice to look at
Item: condenser Date: 1-1-21  Available in various colors.
 Not affected by temperature changes and humidity by
Item No. 11-5 by: ABC oils, acids, alkali, salt solvent or water.
 Odorless, sanitary and easily cleaned.
no. required: 1
 Resilient
Function: condense overhead vapor from  Will dissipate static electricity and non-sparkling when
struck.
methanol functional column.  Easily removed in mass and replaced.

BASEMENT OR BALCONY

Basement floor is suited for

1. Heating plant
2. Compressors
3. Pumps and other auxiliary equipment.
4. Washrooms, locker rooms and toilets
5. Transportation aisles for materials handling.
6. Storage for moving parts and inactive tools.

Balcony

- Where sub assembly operation of large units are done

at the ground level.
- Assembly operations with heavy machinery below.
- Light machines with heavier machines below.
- Treating operations and assembly of bulky units on
the ground level.
- Operating and servicing upper parts of tall high
machinery.
- Materials storage and preparation area including bulk
materials blending or packing box and distributions.

The desired features of building with basement

a) Higher head room

b) Good Ventilation
c) Sufficient Lightning
d) Water Proofed Walls
e) Unfolded floor and free ground water seepage

WINDOWS

- Today, windows are generally cheaper than walls

because of large steel window frames. Windows