INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, AL_JUBAIL ‫المدرسة العالمية الهندية _ الجبيل‬

Eastern Province – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

‫المنطقة الشرقية – المملكة العربية السعودية‬

CLASS VIII MATHEMATICS TERM II - (Part-8)

1 January 2021

INSTRUCTIONS:-

1) Learn the lesson and write the given notes neatly in your notebook.
2) Do practice thouroughly including the examples given in textbook.

L#14
12 FACTORISATION

• FACTOR
When an expression is the product of two or more expressions, then each of the
expressions is called a FACTOR of the given expression.

(Prime factor form) (Algebraic factor form)

• FACTORISATION
The process of writing a given expression as the product of two or more factors is
called FACTORISATION.

Methods of factorization:
✓ Method of common factors:
✓ Factorization by regrouping
✓ Factorization using identities
✓ Factorization in the form (x+a)(x+b).

❖ METHOD OF COMMON FACTORS

Eg: Factorise 2a + 4.

Step 1: Find the greatest common factors of the terms.

2a = 2 x a and 4 = 2 x 2, we get HCF = 2

 Step 2: Use the distributive law of multiplication to express the given
expression

2a + 4 = (2 x a) + (2 x 2) = 2(a+2)

❖ FACTORISATION BY REGROUPING
Sometimes it so happens that all the terms in a given algebraic expression do not
have a common factor; but the terms can be grouped in such a manner that all the
terms in each group have a common factor.

Eg 1: Factorise xy + x + y + 1.

Step 1: Arrange the terms in such a way so that we take (xy + x) as one
group and (y + 1) as another such that these groups have something in
common
(xy + x) = (x × y) + (x × 1) = x (y + 1)
(y + 1) = (y × 1) + (1 × 1) = (y + 1)

Step 2: Combine the two groups

(xy + x) +(y + 1) = x (y + 1) + (y + 1)

Step 3: Take common (y + 1) from both the term, we get,

x (y + 1) + (y + 1)= (x + 1) (y + 1)

Eg 2: Factorise 3x2 + 12x + 2x + 8

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:
 EXERCISE 12
14.1
Question 1: Find the common factors of the terms

(i) 12x, 36 (iv) 2x, 3x2, 4 (vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp

(ii) 2y, 22xy (v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b (viii) 3x2y3, 10x3y2, 6x2y2z

(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2 (vi) 16x3, −4x2, 32x

ANSWER:

(i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

The common factors are 2, 2, 3.

And, 2 × 2 × 3 = 12

(ii) 2y = 2 × y

22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y

The common factors are 2, y.

And, 2 × y = 2y

(iii) 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q

28p2q2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q

The common factors are 2, 7, p, q.

And, 2 × 7 × p × q = 14pq

(iv) 2x = 2 × x

3x2 = 3 × x × x

4=2×2

The common factor is 1.

(v) 6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c

24ab2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b

12a2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b

The common factors are 2, 3, a, b.

And, 2 × 3 × a × b = 6ab

(vi) 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x

−4x2 = −1 × 2 × 2 × x × x

32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x

The common factors are 2, 2, x.

And, 2 × 2 × x = 4x

(vii) 10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q

20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r

30rp = 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p

The common factors are 2, 5.

And, 2 × 5 = 10

(viii) 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y

10x3y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y

6x2y2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z

The common factors are x, x, y, y.

And,

x × x × y × y = x2y2
Question 2: Factorise the following expressions

(i) 7x – 42 (vi) 5x2y − 15xy2

(ii) 6p − 12q (vii) 10a2 − 15b2 + 20c2

(iii) 7a2 + 14a (viii) −4a2 + 4ab − 4 ca

(iv) −16z + 20z3 (ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

(v) 20l2m + 30 alm (x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

ANSWER:

(i) 7x = 7 × x

42 = 2 × 3 × 7

The common factor is 7.

∴ 7x − 42

= (7 × x) − (2 × 3 × 7)

= 7 (x − 6)

(ii) 6p = 2 × 3 × p

12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q

The common factors are 2 and 3.

∴ 6p − 12q

= (2 × 3 × p) − (2 × 2 × 3 × q)

= 2 × 3 [p − (2 × q)]

= 6 (p − 2q)

(iii) 7a2 = 7 × a × a

14a = 2 × 7 × a
The common factors are 7 and a.

∴ 7a2 + 14a

= (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a)

= 7 × a [a + 2]

= 7a (a + 2)

(iv) 16z = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z

20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z

The common factors are 2, 2, and z.

∴ −16z + 20z3

= − (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z) + (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)

= (2 × 2 × z) [− (2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]

= 4z (− 4 + 5z2)

(v) 20l2m = 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m

30alm = 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m

The common factors are 2, 5, l, and m.

∴ 20l2m + 30alm

= (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m) + (2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m)

= (2 × 5 × l × m) [(2 × l) + (3 × a)]

= 10lm (2l + 3a)

(vi) 5x2y = 5 × x × x × y

15xy2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y

The common factors are 5, x, and y.

∴ 5x2y − 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y) − (3 × 5 × x × y × y)

= 5 × x × y [x − (3 × y)]

= 5xy (x − 3y)

(vii) 10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a

15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b

20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c

The common factor is 5.

10a2 − 15b2 + 20c2

= (2 × 5 × a × a) − (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)

= 5 [(2 × a × a) − (3 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × c × c)]

= 5 (2a2 − 3b2 + 4c2)

(viii) 4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a

4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b

4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a

The common factors are 2, 2, and a.

∴ −4a2 + 4ab − 4ca

= − (2 × 2 × a × a) + (2 × 2 × a × b) − (2 × 2 × c × a)

= 2 × 2 × a [− (a) + b − c]

= 4a (−a + b − c)

(ix) x2yz = x × x × y × z

xy2z = x × y × y × z

xyz2 = x × y × z × z
The common factors are x, y, and z.

∴ x2yz + xy2z + xyz2

= (x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)

= x × y × z [x + y + z]

= xyz (x + y + z)

(x) ax2y = a × x × x × y

bxy2 = b × x × y × y

cxyz = c × x × y × z

The common factors are x and y.

ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz

= (a × x × x × y) + (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)

= (x × y) [(a × x) + (b × y) + (c × z)]

= xy (ax + by + cz)

Question 3: Factorise

(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y (iii) ax + bx − ay – by (v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz

(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y – 2 (iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p

ANSWER:

(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y

=x×x+x×y+8×x+8×y

= x (x + y) + 8 (x + y)

= (x + y) (x + 8)
(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y − 2

=3×5×x×y−3×2×x+5×y−2

= 3x (5y − 2) + 1 (5y − 2)

=(5y−2)(3x+1)

(iii) ax + bx − ay − by

=a×x+b×x−a×y−b×y

= x (a + b) − y (a + b)

= (a + b) (x − y)

(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p

= 15pq + 9q + 25p + 15

=3×5×p×q+3×3×q+5×5×p+3×5

= 3q (5p + 3) + 5 (5p + 3)

= (5p + 3) (3q + 5)

(v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz

=z−x×y×z−7+7×x×y

= z (1 − xy) − 7 (1 − xy)

= (1 − xy) (z − 7)
❖ FACTORISATION USING IDENTITIES

Example 1: Factorise x2 + 10x + 25.

We will use the identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 here.
Therefore, x2 + 10x + 25 = x2 + 2 × 5 × x + 52
= (x + 5)2

Example 2: Factorise 4y2 – 12y + 9

We will use the identity (a - b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Therefore, 4y2– 12y + 9
= (2y)2 - 2 × 3 × (2y) + (3)2
= (2y – 3)2

Example 3: Factorise 49p2 – 36

There are two terms; both are squares and the second is
negative.
The expression is of the form (a2 – b2). We will use the identity
(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2

49p2 – 36 = (7p) 2 – 6 2
= (7p – 6) (7p + 6)
❖FACTORISATION IN THE FORM (x+a)(x+b)
In expressions which have factors of the type (x + a) (x + b), remember the
numerical term gives ‘ab’. Its factors, a and b, should be so chosen that
their sum, with signs taken care of, is the coefficient of x.
Example: Factorise x2 + 5x + 6
If we compare the R.H.S. of Identity (IV) with x2 + 5x + 6, we
find ab = 6, and a + b = 5.

From this, we must obtain a and b.

The factors then will be (x + a) and (x + b).
If a b = 6, it means that a and b are factors of 6.
Let us try a = 6, b = 1. For these values a + b = 7, and not 5.
So this choice is not right.
Let us try a = 2, b = 3. For this a + b = 5 exactly as required.
The factorised form of this given expression is then
(x +2) (x + 3).

EXERCISE 12
14.2
Question 1: Factorise the following expressions

(i) a2 + 8a + 16 (v) 4x2 − 8x + 4

(ii) p2 − 10p + 25 (vi) 121b2 − 88bc + 16c2

(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9 (vii) (l + m)2 − 4lm (Hint: Expand (l + m)2 first)

(iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2 (viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

ANSWER:

(i) a2 + 8a + 16

= (a)2 + 2 × a × 4 + (4)2

= (a + 4)2 [(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2]

(ii) p2 − 10p + 25

= (p)2 − 2 × p × 5 + (5)2

= (p − 5)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9

= (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3)2

= (5m + 3)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

(iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2

= (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2

= (7y + 6z)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]

(v) 4x2 − 8x + 4

= (2x)2 − 2 (2x) (2) + (2)2

= (2x − 2)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

= [(2) (x − 1)]2 = 4(x − 1)2

(vi) 121b2 − 88bc + 16c2

= (11b)2 − 2 (11b) (4c) + (4c)2

= (11b − 4c)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

(vii) (l + m)2 − 4lm

= l2 + 2lm + m2 − 4lm

= l2 − 2lm + m2

= (l − m)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 + 2 (a2) (b2) + (b2)2 = (a2 + b2)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
Question 2: Factorise

(i) 4p2 − 9q2 (v) (l + m)2 − (l − m)2

(ii) 63a2 − 112b2 (vi) 9x2y2 − 16

(iii) 49x2 – 36 (vii) (x2 − 2xy + y2) − z2

(iv) 16x5 − 144x3 (viii) 25a2 − 4b2 + 28bc − 49c2

ANSWER:

(i) 4p2 − 9q2

= (2p)2 − (3q)2

= (2p + 3q) (2p − 3q) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(ii) 63a2 − 112b2

= 7(9a2 − 16b2)

= 7[(3a)2 − (4b)2]

= 7(3a + 4b) (3a − 4b) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(iii) 49x2 − 36

= (7x)2 − (6)2

= (7x − 6) (7x + 6) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(iv) 16x5 − 144x3

= 16x3(x2 − 9)

= 16 x3 [(x)2 − (3)2]

= 16 x3(x − 3) (x + 3) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(v) (l + m)2 − (l − m)2

= [(l + m) − (l − m)] [(l + m) + (l − m)] [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

= (l + m − l + m) (l + m + l − m)

= 2m × 2l

= 4ml = 4lm

(vi) 9x2y2 − 16

= (3xy)2 − (4)2

= (3xy − 4) (3xy + 4) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(vii) (x2 − 2xy + y2) − z2

= (x − y)2 − (z)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

= (x − y − z) (x − y + z) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

(viii) 25a2 − 4b2 + 28bc − 49c2

= 25a2 − (4b2 − 28bc + 49c2)

= (5a)2 − [(2b)2 − 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c)2]

= (5a)2 − [(2b − 7c)2] [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]

= [5a + (2b − 7c)] [5a − (2b − 7c)] [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

= (5a + 2b − 7c) (5a − 2b + 7c)

Question 3: Factorise the expressions

(i) ax2 + bx (vi) y(y + z) + 9(y + z)

(ii) 7p2 + 21q2 (vii) 5y2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz

(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2 (viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2 (ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x

(v) (lm + l) + m + 1
ANSWER:

(i) ax2 + bx

=a×x×x+b×x

= x(ax + b)

(ii) 7p2 + 21q2

=7×p×p+3×7×q×q

= 7(p2 + 3q2)

(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2

= 2x(x2 + y2 + z2)

(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2

= am2 + bm2 + an2 + bn2

= m2(a + b) + n2(a + b)

= (a + b) (m2 + n2)

(v) (lm + l) + m + 1

= lm + m + l + 1

= m(l + 1) + 1(l + 1)

= (l + l) (m + 1)

(vi) y (y + z) + 9 (y + z)

= (y + z) (y + 9)

(vii) 5y2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz

= 5y2 − 20y + 2yz − 8z

= 5y(y − 4) + 2z(y − 4)
= (y − 4) (5y + 2z)

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

= 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2

= 5b(2a + 1) + 2(2a + 1)

= (2a + 1) (5b + 2)

(ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x

= 6xy − 9x − 4y + 6

= 3x(2y − 3) − 2(2y − 3)

= (2y − 3) (3x − 2)

Question 4: Factorise

(i) a4 − b4 (iii) x4 − (y + z)4 (v) a4 − 2a2b2 + b4

(ii) p4 − 81 (iv) x4 − (x − z)4

ANSWER:

(i) a4 − b4

= (a2)2 − (b2)2

= (a2 − b2) (a2 + b2)

= (a − b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)

(ii) p4 − 81

= (p2)2 − (9)2

= (p2 − 9) (p2 + 9)

= [(p)2 − (3)2] (p2 + 9) = (p − 3) (p + 3) (p2 + 9)

(iii) x4 − (y + z)4

= (x2)2 − [(y +z)2]2

= [x2 − (y + z)2] [x2 + (y + z)2]

= [x − (y + z)][ x + (y + z)] [x2 + (y + z)2]

= (x − y − z) (x + y + z) [x2 + (y + z)2]

(iv) x4 − (x − z)4

= (x2)2 − [(x − z)2]2

= [x2 − (x − z)2] [x2 + (x − z)2]

= [x − (x − z)] [x + (x − z)] [x2 + (x − z)2]

= z(2x − z) [x2 + x2 − 2xz + z2]

= z(2x − z) (2x2 − 2xz + z2)

(v) a4 − 2a2b2 + b4

= (a2)2 − 2 (a2) (b2) + (b2)2

= (a2 − b2)2

= [(a − b) (a + b)]2

= (a − b)2 (a + b)2

Question 5: Factorise the following expressions

(i) p2 + 6p + 8 (ii) q2 − 10q + 21 (iii) p2 + 6p − 16

ANSWER:

(i) p2 + 6p + 8

It can be observed that, 8 = 4 × 2 and 4 + 2 = 6

∴ p2 + 6p + 8 = p2 + 2p + 4p + 8

= p (p + 2) + 4(p + 2)

= (p + 2) (p + 4)

(ii) q2 − 10q + 21

It can be observed that, 21 = (−7) × (−3) and (−7) + (−3) = − 10

∴ q2 − 10q + 21 = q2 − 7q − 3q + 21

= q(q − 7) − 3(q − 7)

= (q − 7) (q − 3)

(iii) p2 + 6p − 16

It can be observed that, 16 = (−2) × 8 and 8 + (−2) = 6

p2 + 6p − 16 = p2 + 8p − 2p − 16

= p(p + 8) − 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8) (p − 2)

NOTE: Refer Oaks Videos

Prepared by : Mrs. Sangita Mohapatra

Verified by : Mrs. Sareena Thahar

(Maths coordinator, Girls’ Section)