COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

ADITYA SILVER OAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Course

Department Name: Civil Engineering (003)
Subject name: Concrete Technology
Subject code: 1010032316
Semester: 5th

Laboratory Manual

College Name: -

Enrollment No: -

Name Of Student: -

Branch: -

Semester: -

Division: -

1
Aditya Silver Oak Institute of TechnologyVision and Mission

Vision
⮚ To be the premier technological institution that fosters excellence in
education, research and values towards inspiring and developing future
leaders.

Mission
⮚ To impart quality education that encourages new ideas and fosters ability
to identify analyses various technical and social problems and provide
innovative solutions.
⮚ To promote collaboration with other research and academic institutions
globally to strengthen the research ecosystems.
⮚ To provide professional services to industries and communities through
educational, technical and professional activities.
⮚ To nurture and foster young minds with entrepreneurship skills.

2
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriateconsideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmentalconsiderations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
andsynthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilitiesrelevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, andneed for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and giveand receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological.

3
PREFACE

The rapid changes in all areas of Civil Engineering in the recent past are making the subject
more versatile nowadays. The main purpose of this course is to provide basic knowledge and
understanding of the subject in practical way.
This will help the undergraduates to enhance their abilities to understand the field solutions in
depth. The laboratory work comprises of various tests to understand the various properties and
behavior of materials under the parameters or standards governed by Bureau of Indian
Standards.

Prepared by: Rashi Raval

Assistant Professor,
Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology, Silver Oak University

4
 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Attend the lab hours regularly, because ultimately the practical work is a great resource to knowledge.
2. Each and every student must have separate laboratory manuals with them. Students without the laboratory
manuals would not be allowed in the laboratories.
3. Maintain the utmost discipline within the laboratories.
4. Handle the instruments with utmost care as they are very delicate and sensitive.
5. Any losses and damage to laboratory belongings has to be borne by the respective student/s.
6. Use the laboratory equipment and instruments as per the instructions given to assure the safety of
equipment as well as students and faculties.
7. Submit the lab manuals punctually in stipulated time. Late submissions would not be entertained.

5
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. ………………………………… Enrollment

no ………………………. Of 5th Semester. Diploma course in Civil

Engineering has satisfactorily completed his/her term work in

CONCRETE TECHNOLOG (10100332316) within four walls of the

laboratory of this college as well a field during the year …………. to

…………

Staff In charge Head of Department

Date of Submission: …………………………

Signature of Faculty: ………………………….

6
 INDEX
Sr Experiment Name Page Performance Evaluated Sign of Remarks
No No Date Date faculty

1 Fineness of cement

2 Normal consistency of
cement

3 Initial and final setting

time of cement

4 Compressive strength of
cement

5 Fineness modules of fine

aggregate and coarse
aggregate

6 Flakiness Index and

Elongation Index

7 Aggregate impact test,

crushing test, abrasion
test

8 Workability of concrete
by slump test,
compaction factor test,
vee-bee flow test
9 Compressive strength of
cubic concrete

7
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 1
Fineness of Cement by dry sieving

OBJECTIVE: To determine fineness of cement by dry sieving.

REFERANCE: IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1988

THEORY:
METHODS OF FINDING FINENESS OF CEMENT:

A. By method of dry sieving.

B. By specific surface method: - finding fineness of cement using, Blanine’s air
permeability apparatus.
Though method B is more accurate it is rarely used except for specific purpose. Method A
is quite good for field work.

METHOD [A]

To find fineness of cement by dry sieving method. In this method the cement sample is
dry on a IS sieve no. 9. The residue left is expressed as present of weight of sample, and in an
indirect measure of fineness of cement.

APPARATUS:

i) 90 micron IS sieve.
ii) Weighing balance [2kg] accurate to 0.1 gram, with weights.
iii) Bristle brushes 25mm size.

MATERIAL:

Cement sample weighing about 100 gms.

PROCEDURE:

i) Weigh cement sample accurately, and record weight [W1]. Place the sample on IS
sieve NO.9 [It is preferable to take W1 = 100 gms for simplifying calculations].
ii) Break air set lumps in the sample with fingers.
8
iii) Hold the sieve in both hands and sieve with a gentle wrist motion without spilling the
cement and keeping cement well spread on the screen. Carry out continuous circular
motion of the sieve for a period of 15 minutes.
iv) Collect the residue left on the sieve, using brush if necessary, and weigh and residue.
Let the weight of residue be W2.

OBSERVATION:

i) Wt. Of cement sample W2 = 100 gms.

ii) Wt. Of residue on sieve W2 =

CALCULATION:

Percentage residue = P = W2/W1× 100 = %.

RESULT:

Percentage of residue of cement sample by dry sieving = P = %. It is less

than/more than 10%.

REQUIREMENTS:

As per IS 269-1976, the residue by weight on 90 micron IS sieve by dry sieving, should not
exceed 10% by weight in case of ordinary Portland cement. Coarser material more than
10% signifies less fine cement and vice versa.

CONCLUSION:

The given sample of cement contains less than/ more than 10% by weight of material
coarser than 90-micron sieve. Therefore, it satisfies / does not satisfy the criteria as
specified by L.S.

9
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 2
Consistency of standard Cement Paste

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement.

REFERANCE: IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976,

THEORY: Standard consistency is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat‟s
plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicar mould when the cement
is tested.

APPARATUS:
i) Vicat‟s apparatus, Mould, Plunger.
ii) Standard trowel
iii) Stop watch.
iv) Stop watch.

MATERIAL:
i) Cement 3 to 4 kg.
ii) Water.

10
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:

i) Take a sample of cement 300 gm. Weight it correctly.

ii) Add water 25% by weight, i.e., 75gm [75ml] to the cement and mix it thoroughly, to
make a cement paste.

iii) Place the Vicat mould on non-porous plate; fill the mould with cement paste, smooth
off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. To expel air shake
the make mould slightly. The care that the gauging time is between 3 to 5 minutes.
While filling the mould use of operator’s hand and blade of trowel only should be use.

iv) Place the test block in the mould together with the non-porous plate, under the rod
bearing the 10mm diameter plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and
quickly release, allowing it to sink into the cement paste. Carry this operation
immediately after filling the mould. Note the penetration of the needle from the bottom
of mould indicate on the scale.

v) Prepare trial pastes with varying percentage of water, increasing water percentage by
1% each time, until the amount of water necessary for making standard consistency
[which permits plunger to penetrate to a point 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mould]
is determined.

11
 OBSERVATION:

Position of Vicat
Sr. Wt. Of water gms Wt. Of cement gms. Needle point after
[W2/W1] ×10
No. W1 W2 Penetration from
Bottom.
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT:

The percentage by weight of water with respect to cement to produce standard

consistency in Pn = %.

REQUIREMENT:

As per IS 4031 [1968] the standard consistency is obtained when the Vacant plunger
perpetrates to a point 5 to 7 mm bottom of Vicat mould. [This is generally 30%].

CONCLUSION:

For the given sample of cement, the standard consistency is archived with water percentage
equal to %.

12
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 3
Initial and Final Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste

OBJECTIVE: To determine the initial and final setting time of a given sample of cement.

REFERENCE: IS: 4031 (Part 4) -1988, IS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976,

THEORY:
For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moments that
the water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. The final
setting time is the time elapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement, and the
time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to
resist certain definite pressure.

APPARATUS:
The Vicat‟s apparatus, Needle, Annular ring, Trays, Balance and Weigh.

FIGURE:

13
PROCEDURE:

i) Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the
cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.
Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.

ii) Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat
mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous
plate. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it
level with the top of the mould.

iii) Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room
and allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being
made.

iv) Determination of Initial Setting Time - Place the test block confined in the mould
and resting on then on-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle (C); lower
the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and
quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block

v) Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block
and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm
measured from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.

vi) Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat
apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment (F).

vii) The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle
gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon,
while the attachment fails to do so.

viii) The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the
time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while
the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.

OBSERVATION:

1. Wt. Of sample = gm.

2. Wt. Of water 0.85 X Pn, Pn = percentage water for standard consistency
gm.
3. Initial setting time t1 = min.
14
 4. Final setting time t2 = min.

RESULTS:
i) Initial setting time = min.
ii) Final setting = min.

REQUIREMENTS:
As per IS: 269 for Ordinary Portland Cement, the initial setting time shall be not less
than 30 minutes and final setting time shall be not more than 600 minutes. Thus, if t1≥
30 min, and t2 ≤ 600 min. Then the criteria are satisfied.

CONCLUSION:

i) The given sample of cement satisfied/does not satisfy criterion for initial
setting time.
ii) The given sample of cement satisfies/does not satisfy criterion for final setting
time.

15
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 4
Compressive Strength of Cement

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compressive strength of a given sample of cement.

REFERANCE: IS: 4031 (Part 6)-1988, IS: 10080-1982 IS: 650-1966, IS: 269-1976

THEORY:
The compressive strength of hardened cement is the most important of all the properties.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the cement is always tested for its strength at the
laboratory before the cement is used in important works. Strength tests are not made
neat cement paste because of difficulties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent
cracking of neat cement.

APPARATUS:
i) Standard mould of size 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm
ii) Vibrating machine to vibrate above molds.
iii) Weighing Balance
iv) Trowel.
v) Compression Testing Machine 50 T capacity.

MATERIALS: Cement 2Kg, Standard sand 6 Kg, Water

16
 Size of Cube: 70.7 mm X 70.7 mm X 70.7 mm

PROCEDURE:
i) Take cement of 1.5 kg and weight it correctly, take standard sand three times weight of
cement, i.e., 4.5 kg, mix thoroughly the cement and sand in dry condition.
ii) Add the following quantity of water to mixture of cement and sand (Pn/4 + 3) % by
weight of total weight of cement and sand together where Pn is the water percentage
for standard consistency. Mix thoroughly for 3 to 4 minutes.
iii) Fill minimum 6 cube molds (3 for 3 days test and 3 for 7 days test). Take care to oil the
inner surfaces of the mould before placing mortar. Fix the molds in a standard vibrating
machine.
iv) Vibrate the cubes in the standard vibrating machine for 2 minutes.
v) Remove the cubes from the molds and submerge in clean water for curing.
vi) Test the cubes for crushing in a compression testing machine immediately after age of
3 days and after age of 7 days. Minimum 3 cubes should be tested for each curing
period. Age is calculated from the time of addition of water to dry cement sand.
vii) Note the load at failure of the 3 cubes. Average strength of 3 cubes is to be taken for
considering compressive strength.

OBSERVATIONS:
a) Proportion: cement to sand, 1:3
For casting 6 cubes:

i) Weight of cement = 1.5 kg

ii) Weight of standard sand = 4.5 kg
iii) Total weight of cement and sand = 6 kg
iv) Percentage of water = p‟ = (Pn/4+3) %
v) Weight of water =

b) Area of cubes = 70.7× 70.7 mm. sq

17
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Date of Date of Compressive

Age Days
No. Casting Testing Strength

RESULTS:

The compressive strength of the cement mortar at age of 3 days is N/ mm.sq

and at the age of 7 days is N/ mm sq.

REQUIREMENT:

As per IS 269 (1976) for ordinary Portland cement, the compressive strength at 3 days should
be less than 16.3 N/mm. Sq. and at 7 days should not be less 22.4 N/mm Sq.

CONCLUSION:

The compressive strength of cement mortar 1:3 of the given cement at 3 days is N/
mm. sq and at 7 days N/mm. sq it satisfies / not satisfies the IS specification

18
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 5
Fineness Modula’s of fine and Coarse Aggregates

FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the F.M. test knows the character of the aggregate to be used,
as to whether. It is fine, medium or coarse. It serves the purpose of comparing one aggregate
with another in respect of fineness or coarseness.

THEORY:

FINE AGGREGATE:
iv) Aggregate is the inert material such as sand, gravel, broken stones etc. Used in concrete
or mortar, wherein the cement paste binds the aggregate to form concrete or mortar.
v) Fine aggregate: Aggregate (natural sand or crushed stone) which passes through 4.75
mm I.S.
vi) Sieve is called fine aggregate.

FINENESS MODULUS:
iv) F.M. is an empirical factor which is one hundredth of sum of cumulative percentage
of a sample retained when sieved successfully through the following I.S.S.
Sieves is that order.
v) For fine aggregate: 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600-micron, 300-micron, 150
microns.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TESTS: This test gives an idea as to whether the aggregate is
coarse or fine. If not, what corrective action has to be taken is decided upon.

APPARATUS:
i) A set of I.S. sieves for fineness modulus .75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600-micron,
300 microns.
ii) Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1 gm.
iii) Quartering shovel, trough, soft brush etc.

MATERIAL: Fine aggregate, 5 kg.

19
 FIGURE:

IS 80 mm

IS 40 mm

IS 20 mm

IS 16 mm

IS 10 mm

IS 4.75 mm

SET OF SIEVES FOR FINESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATES

PROCEDURE:

i) Take the required quantity of representative sample from stock piles.

ii) Bring the sample to air-dry condition before weighing and sieving, by allowing it to dry
at room temperature or by heating.
iii) For Sieving use clean sieves and use sieves starting fm largest size to successively
smaller and smaller sizes as mentioned above.
iv) Shake each sieve separately over a clean tray for a period of not less than 2 minutes,
move the sieve backwards and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and
anticlockwise with frequent jarring, so as to keep the material moving over the sieve
surface. Avoid spilling of aggregate during above operations.
v) Weigh the material retained on each sieve.
vi) Record the weights retained on each sieve in the table.

20
 OBSERVATIONS:

I.S. Sieve Weight Individual Cumulative Percent

Retained Percent Percent Passing
gms. retained Retained (100 –
col.4)
1 2 3 4 5
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 microns
300 microns
150 microns
Total

CALCULATIONS:
Fineness modulus = Total of col. 4 / 100

RESULTS:
F.M. of fine aggregate

REQUIREMENT:
The sand is classified as follows.

Sand F.M
classification
Vary fine 0.5 to 2.20
Fine 2.0 to 2.60
Medium 2.60 to 2.90
Coarse 2.90 to 3.5

21
CONCLUSION:

22
 FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the F.M. test knows the character of the aggregate to be used,
as to whether. It is fine, medium or coarse. It serves the purpose of comparing on aggregate
with another in respect of fineness or coarseness.

THEORY:

COARSE AGGREGATE:

i) Aggregate is the inert material such as sand, gravel, broken stones etc. Used in concrete
or mortar, wherein the cement paste binds the aggregate to form concrete or mortar.
ii) Coarse aggregate: Aggregate (natural sand or crushed stone) which retained on 4.75
mm IS.
iii) Sieve is called coarse aggregate.

FINENESS MODULUS:

i) F.M. is an empirical factor which is one hundredth of sum of cumulative percentage

of a sample retained when sieved successfully through the following IS.
Sieves is that order.
ii) For coarse aggregate: 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 m.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TESTS:

This test gives an idea as to whether the aggregate is coarse or fine. If not what corrective
action has to be taken is decided upon.

APPARATUS:

i) A set of I.S. sieves for fineness modulus 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm.
ii) Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1 gm.
iii) Quartering shovel, though, soft brush etc.

23
MATERIAL: Coarse aggregate, 50 kg.

FIGURE:

IS 80 mm

IS 40 mm

IS 20 mm

IS 16 mm

IS 10 mm

IS 4.75 mm

SET OF SIEVES FOR FINESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATES

PROCEDURE:

i) Take the required quantity of representative sample from stock piles.

ii) Bring the sample to air-dry condition before weighing and sieving, by allowing it to dry
at room temperature or by heating.
iii) For Sieving use clean sieves and use sieves starting from largest size to successively
smaller and smaller sizes as mentioned above.
iv) Shake each sieve separately over a clean tray for a period of not less than 2 minutes,
move the sieve backwards and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and
anticlockwise with frequent jarring, so as to keep the material moving over the sieve
surface. Avoid spilling of aggregate during above operations.
v) Weigh the material retained on each sieve.
vi) Record the weights retained on each sieve in the table.

24
OBSERVATIONS:

Weight Individual Cumulative Percent

I.S. Retained Percent Percent Passing
Sieve gms. retained Retained (100 –
col.4)
1 2 3 4 5
80 mm
40 mm
20 mm
16 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
Total

CALCULATIONS:
Fineness modulus = Total of col. 4 / 100

RESULTS:
F.M. of Course Aggregate

REQUIREMENT:
The sand is classified as follows.
Sand F.M
classification
Vary fine 0.5 to 2.20
Fine 2.0 to 2.60
Medium 2.60 to 2.90
Coarse 2.90 to 3.5

25
CONCLUSION:

26
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 6
Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course

OBJECTIVE: To determine Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course Aggregates.

REFERANCE: IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS: 460-1962.

THEORY:
Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete more than
the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require
more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate.
Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-cement ratio.
Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15 % by weight of
the total aggregate.

APPARATUS:
Metal Thickness gauge, Metal length gauge, Weighing balance, weights.

MATERIALS: Aggregate samples.

FIGURE: -

27
PROCEDURE:

A. FLAKINESS INDEX:

i) Take a sufficient quantity of aggregate such that a minimum number of 200 pieces
of any fraction can be tested. Weigh it accurately.
ii) Gauge each fraction in turn for thickness on the metal thickness gauge as shown in
the figure.
iii) Weigh the total fraction passing in the gauge to an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight
of the samples taken.
iv) The flakiness index is then total weigh of the material passing the various
thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample
taken.

B. ELONGATION INDEX:

i) Take a sufficient quantity of aggregate such that a minimum number of 200 pieces
of any fraction can be tested. Weigh it accurately.
28
 ii) Gauge each fraction in turn for thickness on the metal length gauge as shown in
iii) Weigh the total fraction retained in the gauge to an accuracy of 0.1 % the weight
of the samples taken.
iv) The elongation index is then equal to the weight of the material retained on the
various length gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample
taken.

OBSERVATIONS:

i) Total weight of the aggregate sample taken (W1 gms) =

ii) Total weight of the material passing in the various thickness gauge (W2 gms)=
iii) Total weight of the material retained on the various length gauge (W3 gms) =

CALCULATIONS:

i) Flakiness index = (W2 / W1) × 100%

ii) Elongation index = (W3 / W1) × 100%

29
RESULTS:

i) The flakiness index of the given aggregate sample is found to be %.

ii) The elongation index of the given aggregate sample is found to be %.

CONCLUSION:

30
s
Date:

EXPERIMENT: 7
Aggregate Impact Value Test, Aggregate crushing test, Aggregate abrasion test

Experiment: - 7.1
OBJECTIVE: This method of test covers the procedure for determining the aggregate impact
value of coarse aggregate.

REFERENCE: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970

THEORY:

The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden
shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive
load.

APPARATUS:

i) An impact testing machine for aggregate. This machine consists of following:

ii) A metal cup of internal dia 102 mm and depth 50 mm, rigidly fixed to a heavy base
plate.
iii) A cylindrical hammer weighing 14 kg, 100 mm dia, With 2 mm champher at the
bottom.
iv) Guides through which the hammer can be raised and allowed to fall, concentric with
the metal cup.
v) An arrangement for locking and releasing the hammer.

1) I. S. sieves 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36 mm.

2) A cylindrical metal measure 75 mm dia and 50 mm deep for measuring aggregate.
3) Balance 500 gm, weighing to 0.1 gm.
4) Tamping rod.
5) Oven capable of maintaining constant temperature between 100 °C to 110 °C.

MATERIALS: Aggregate, containing considerable size larger than 10mm

31
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:

i) Prepare test sample, by sieving the given aggregate. The sample shall pass through
12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve.
ii) Dry the sample in an oven at a temperature between 100 °C to 110 °C, for four hours.
Then allow it to cool.
iii) Fill the cylindrical measure in layers taking care to tamp each layer y a tamping rod.
Strike off the top with rod. Find out weight of this sample [W1].
iv) Remove the sample from the measure and fill it in the metal cup fixed to base plate.
Tamp it with 25 strokes.
v) Raise the hammer till its lower face is 380 mm above upper surface of the sample and
allow it to fall freely on the sample. Give similar 15 blows at an interval of not less than
one second.
vi) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.3 6 mm sieve.
vii) Weigh the fraction passing the 2.36 mm sieve [W2].

OBSERVATIONS:

i) Wt. of the dry sample = W1 = gm.

ii) Wt. of the fraction through 2.36 mm sieve = W2 = gm.

CALCULATION:

Aggregate impact value = W2/W1× 100 = %.

32
RESULT:

The aggregate impact value of the given aggregate is %.

REQUIREMENTS:

i) The aggregate impact value should not access 45 percent. That means any aggregate
with A.I.V more than 45 % is not suitable for any concrete work. Below 45 % up to 30
% it can be used for concrete not used for wearing surfaces.
ii) For concrete used for wearing surfaces such as road work or run ways or air ports.
A.I.V. less than 10 % is considered exceptionally strong.
iii) Aggregate with A.I.V. 10 % to 20 %is considered as strong.
iv) As per IS 2386 part IV two tests are to be conducted and mean value is to be adopted.

CONCLUSION:

i) The aggregate impact value of the given aggregate is %.

ii) It is suitable for any/ road/ other than road concrete work.

33
 Experiment: - 7.2
OBJECTIVE: This method of test covers the procedure for determining the aggregate
crushing value of coarse aggregate.

REFERANCE: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970

THEORY:

The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. With aggregate of aggregate crushing
value 30 or higher, the result may be anomalous, and in such cases the ten percent fines value
should be determined instead.

APPARATUS:

i) A steel cylinder 152 mm diameter with open ends a square base plate with 252 mm
sides , plunger with a piston of dia. 150 mm. Plunger should have a hole 20 mm dia.
Across it. Little distance below top to insert a rod to lift or lower the plunger.
ii) A cylinder measures 115 mm dia. And 180 mm high.
iii) I.S. sieves 12.5 mm, 10mm and 2.36 mm.
iv) Tamping rod 16 mm dia. 45 to 60 cm long.
v) Balance 3 kg weighing up to 1 gm.
vi) A 50 T or 100 T compression testing machine.
vii) An oven capable of maintaining a constant temperature between 100 °C 110 °C.

MATERIALS: Aggregate containing considerable size larger than 10mm.

FIGURE:

34
PROCEDURE:

i) Prepare test sample by sieving the given aggregate. The sample shall pass through 12.5
m sieve and be retrained on 10 mm size.
ii) Dry the sample by hearting it in an oven at a temperature 100 °C to 110 °C for 24
hours. Then allow it to cool.
iii) Fill the cylindrical measure in three equal layers, taking care to tamp each layer 25
times by a tamping rod. Strike off the top with the rod.
iv) Find out weight of this sample [W1].
v) Place the cylinder of the test apparatus on the base plate. Fill it with aggregate in 3 layers
each layer being tamped 3 times. Fill the cylinder maximum up to 100 mm depth. Level
the surface of the aggregate.
vi) Place the plunger on the aggregate, place the whole assembly between plates of a
compression testing machine.
vii) Apply load to the sample of aggregate through the plunger at a rate of 4 tons per minute
up to 40 tons.
viii) Release the load. Sieve the material from the cylinder through 2.36 mm sieve.
ix) Weigh the fraction passing the 2.36 mm sieve [W2].

OBSERVATION:

i) Weight of the dry sample = W1 = gm.

ii) Weight of the fraction passing through 2.36 mm sieve = W2 = gm.

CALCULATIONS:
Aggregate crushing value = W1 / W2 × 100 %.

35
RESULT:
The aggregate crushing value of the given aggregate is %.

REQUIREMENTS:
i) The aggregate crushing value should not be more than 45 % for any concrete work.
ii) The aggregate crushing value should not be more than 30% for concrete for wearing
surfaces such as roads, run-ways, pavements, etc.
iii) The aggregate with ACV between 30% to 45% can be used for concrete of other than
roadwork.

CONCLUSION:

i) The aggregate crushing value of the given aggregate is %.

ii) It is suitable for any/ road/ other than road concrete work.

36
 Experiment: - 7.3
OBJECTIVE: This method of test methods of determining the abrasion value of coarse
aggregate by the use of Los Angeles machine.

REFERENCE: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383 – 1970

THEORY:

Abrasive Charge-The abrasive charge shall consist of cast iron spheres or steel spheres
approximately 48 mm in. diameter and each weight between 390 and 445 g.

37
The test sample consist of clean aggregate which has been dried in an oven at 105°C to
110°C and it should conform to one of the grading shown in above tables.

APPARATUS: Los Angeles abrasion testing machine, abrasive charges, trowel, weighing
balance, weights,1.7 mm, 12.5 mm,10 mm, I.S sieves.

MATERIAL: Aggregate sample

FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:

i) Place the test sample and the abrasive charge in the Los Angeles Abrasion testing
machine and rotate the machine at speed of 20 to 33 rpm. For grading A, B, C, D the
machine is rotated for 500 revolutions and for grading E, F, and G it is rotated for
1000 revolutions.
ii) After completing the revolutions, take out the material and separate sample ion the
sieve coarser than1.7 mm IS sieve.
iii) Wash the material coarser than 1.7 mm IS sieve, dry in an oven at 105 C to 110 C,
and weigh accurately to nearest gram.
iv) The aggregate abrasion value is then the difference between the original weight and
the final weight of the test sample expressed as the percentage of the original weight
of the test sample.

38
OBSERVATION:

i) Grading of the material:

ii) Initial weight of the sample:
iii) Abrasive charge used:
iv) Speed of the machine:
v) Number of revolutions:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Initial Weigh of the Loss of % wear

No. Weight Sample after Weight due (W1-W2)×
of the test Coarser to Wear 100
sample than 1.7 mm (W1 – W2) W
(W1 gms) IS sieve Gms. 1
(W2 gms)
1
2
3

CALCULATION:

Abrasion value: [W2/W1 × 100] =

RESULT:

Aggregate abrasion value of given sample of aggregate is found to be %

hence it can be used for construction work.

REQUIREMENTS:

As per IS specifications the aggregate value shall not exceed 16%.

39
CONCLUSION:

The given sample of aggregate is satisfies/does not satisfies I.S. requirement.

40
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 8
Workability of Fresh Concrete by Slump Cone Test, Compaction Factor Test,
Vee-Bee Test, Flow Test

Experiment: - 8.1
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative consistency of freshly mixed concrete by the use of
Slump Test.

REFERANCE: IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

THEORY:

The word workability or workable concrete signifies much wider and deeper meaning than the
other terminology consistency often used loosely for workability. Consistency is a general term
to indicate the degree of fluidity or the degree of mobility.

The factors helping concrete to have more lubricating effect to reduce internal friction for
helping easy compaction are given below:

(a) Water Content (b) Mix Proportions (c) Size of Aggregates (d) Shape of Aggregates (e)
Surface Texture of Aggregate (f) Grading of Aggregate (g) Use of Admixtures.

Measurement of Workability

The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability.

(a) Slump Test (b) Compacting Factor Test (c) Flow Test (d) Kelly Ball Test (e) Vee Bee
Consisto meter Test.

Slump Test: Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of
concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not a suitable
method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors contributing to
workability, nor is it always representative of the place-ability of the concrete.

The pattern of slump is shown in Fig. It indicates the characteristic of concrete in addition to
the slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half of the cone

41
slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump value is measured as
the difference in height between the height of the mould and the average value of the
subsidence.

AAPARATUS:

i) Slump cone metal mould in the form of a frustum of a cone open on both ends. Made
of sheet metal 1.6 mm thick, with foot pieces and handles. Inside surface should be
smooth.
Bottom diameter 200 mm.
Top diameter 100 m.
Height 300 mm.
ii) A tamping rod of steel 16 mm dia 600 mm long and rounded on one end.
iii) A steel rule.
iv) Tray for keeping concrete.
v) Weighing balance.

MATERIALS: Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water.

FIGURE:

42
PROCEDURE:

i) Clean the internal surface of the mould thoroughly and place it on a smooth horizontal,
rigid and non-absorbent surface, such as of a metal plate.
ii) Consider a W/ C ratio of 0.5 to 0.6 and design mix of proportion about 1:2:4 (it is
presumed that a mix designed already for the (test)). Weigh the quantity of cement,
sand, aggregate and water correctly. Mix thoroughly. Use this fresh prepared concrete
for the test.
iii) Fill the mould about one fourth of its height with concrete. While filling, hold the mould
firmly in position.
iv) Tamp the layer with the round end of the tamping rod with 25 strokes describing the
strokes uniformly over the cross section.
v) Fill the mould further in 3 layers each time by 1/4th height and tamping evenly each
layer as above.
vi) After completion of rodding of the topmost layer strike of the concrete with a trowel or
tamping bar, level with the top of mould.
vii) Lift the mould vertically slowly and remove it.
viii) The concrete will subside. Measure the height of the specimen of concrete after
subsidence.
ix) The slump of concrete is the subsidence, i.e., difference in original height and height
up to the topmost point of the subsided concrete in millimeters.

OBSERVATIONS:
i) Height of mould = 300 mm
ii) Height of subsided concrete = x mm
iii) Slump of concrete = y = (300-x) mm

43
RESULT:
Slump of concrete = y = (300 - x) mm.

CONCLUSION:

44
 Experiment: - 8.2

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative consistency of freshly mixed concrete by the use of
Compacting Factor Test.

REFERENCE: IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

THEORY:

Compacting Factor Test: The compacting factor test is designed primarily for use in the
laboratory but it can also be used in the field. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump
test and is particularly useful for concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used
when concrete is to be compacted by vibration. The method applies to plain and air-entrained
concrete, made with lightweight, normal weight or heavy aggregates having a nominal
maximum size of 40 mm or less but not to aerated concrete or no-fines concrete.

APPARATUS:

i) Compaction factor apparatus, the apparatus has two hoppers one below the other and
a cylinder below the lower hopper.
The distance between the bottom of the upper and the top of the top lower hopper is
the same as the bottom of the hopper and top of the cylinder and is equal to 203 mm.
ii) Both the hopper has a trap door at the bottom
iii) Tamping rod.
iv) Weighing balance.

MATERIALS: Cement, sand, coarse, aggregate, water.

45
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:

i) Prepare a concrete mix for testing workability.

ii) Place the concrete into the upper hopper up to its brim.
iii) Open the trapdoor of the upper hopper. The concrete will fall into lower hopper.
iv) Open the trapdoor of the lower hopper, so that concretes falls into cylinder below.
v) Remove the excess concrete above the level of the top of the cylinder. Clean the outside
of the cylinder.
vi) Weigh the concrete in the cylinder. This weight of concrete is the “weigh of partially
compacted concrete”, (W1).
vii) Empty the cylinder and refill with concrete in layers, compacting each layer well (or
the same may be vibrated for full compaction). Top surface may be struck off level.
Find out weight of the concrete in the fully compacted test. This weight is the “weight
of fully compacted concrete” (W2).

OBSERVATIONS:

i) Wt. Of partially compacted concrete = W1=

ii) Wt. of fully compacted concrete = W2=

46
 iii) Volume of concrete = V

CALCULATION:

Compaction factor = 𝖶1/𝑉 = 𝖶1

𝖶2/𝑉 𝖶2

RESULTS:

Compaction factor =

REQUIREMENTS:
Table
Workability Compaction Factor
Very low 0.75 to 0.80
Low 0.80 to 0.85
Medium 0.85 to .092
High Above 0.92

CONCLUSION:

As the compaction factor of the given sample of concrete is . It is considered as

very low/ low/ medium/ high.

47
 Experiment: - 8.3

OBJECTIVE: The determination of consistency of concrete using a Vee-Bee Consistometer,

which determines the time required for transforming, by vibration, a concrete specimen in the
shape of a conical frustum into a cylinder.

REFERENCE: IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982

THEORY:

Vee Bee Consistometer Test: This is a good laboratory test to measure indirectly the
workability of concrete. This test consists of a vibrating table, a metal pot, a sheet metal cone,
a standard iron rod.

The vibrator table (C) is 380 mm long and 260 mm wide and is supported on rubber shock
absorbers at a height of about 305 mm above floor level. The table is mounted on a base (K)
which rests on three rubber feet and is equipped with an electrically operated vibrometer
mounted under it, operating on either 65 or 220 volts three phase, 50 cycles alternating
current. A sheet metal cone (B) open at both ends is placed in the metal pot (A) and the metal
pot is fixed on to the vibrator table by means of two wing-nuts (H). The sheet metal cone is
30 cm high and its bottom diameter is 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. A swivel arm holder
(M) is fixed to the base and, into this is telescoped another swivel arm (N) with funnel (D)
and guide-sleeve (E). The swivel arm can be readily detached from the vibrator table. The
graduated rod (J) is fixed on to the swivel arm and at the end of the graduated arm ‗8. Glass
disc records the slump of concrete after rod is 20 mm in (C) is screwed. The division of the
scale on the rod of the concrete cone in centimeters and the volume vibration of the cone in
the pot. The standard iron diameter and 500 mm in length.

APPARATUS:

i) This is good laboratory test to measure indirectly the workability of concrete. The
latest IS 456 recommends values of workability in terms of vee-bee time in seconds.
This method is used for every dry concrete [low workability] whose slump value
cannot be measured by slump test.
ii) Tamping rod, trowel stop watch etc.

48
FIGURE:

Workability measurement
Workability
Vee – Bee time
Description
Slump, mm Compacting factor seconds

Extremely dry - - 32-18

Very stiff - 0.70 18-10

Stiff 0-25 0.75 10-5

Stiff plastic 25-50 0.85 5-3

Plastic 75-100 0.90 3-0

Flowing 150-175 0.95 -

49
PROCEDURE:

i) Put the slump cone in the cylindrical pot and fill it with concrete in there layers, each
layer being compacted 25 times by tamping rod.
ii) The slump cone is than removed.
iii) The cylindrical pot is then vibrated and stopwatch is started. The vibrated are continued
till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and concrete assumes a cylindrical
stopped.
iv) When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stopwatch is stopped.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. no. Initial reading t1 Final reading t2 Vee Bee degree in sec.
Sec. Sec. [t2-t1]
1
2
3
4

RESULT:

The workability of concrete is Vee Bee degrees.

CONCLUSION:

50
 Experiment: - 8.4

OBJECTIVE: This test is carried out on fresh concrete to find its workability by allowing it
to flow on a flow table and giving certain jolts in specified time. The resulting spread of
concrete indicates the fluidity of the mix, and also whether segregation can occur or not.
Percentage increase of the base diameter of the concrete is measure of workability. The test is
mainly used in laboratory.

APPARATUS:

i) Flow table per IS: 1199 – 1959. It is 760 mm in diameter, over which concentric
circles are marked.
ii) A mould in the form of a frustum of a cone open on both ends, with base diameter
250mm and top diameter 171 mm and height, 120 mm, with handles to lift the mould.
iii) Tamping rod.
iv) A scale.

MATERIALS: Cement, sand aggregate, water.

PROCEDURE:

i) Wipe the flow table clean and dry.

ii) Keep the mould on the centre of the table and fill it with concrete in tow layers. Tamp
each layer by tamping rod giving 25 strokes.
iii) Remove the excess concrete, lift the mould vertically and place aside.
iv) Raise the table vertically by 12.5 mm and drop it. Repeat this procedure 15 times in 15
seconds.
v) Measure the diameter of the spread of the concrete at the bottom in six directions (d1,
d2, d3, d4, d5, d6). Find average of these six values of diameter to get the spread
diameter.

51
FIGURE:

EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TEST

OBSERVATION:

i) Original dia. At the base = 250 mm.

ii) Six values of diameter = d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6.
iii) Spread diameter = 1/6 (d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6) = d.

CALCULATION:

Flow percent = d-250/250 ×100 percent.

52
RESULT:

Flow percent = %.

CONCLUSION:

53
 Date:

EXPERIMENT: 9
Compressive Strength of Cubic Concrete Specimens

OBJECTIVE: The test method covers determination of compressive strength of cubic

concrete specimens. It consists of applying a compressive axial load to melded cubes at a rate
which is within a prescribed range until failure occurs.

REFERENCE: IS: 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982, IS: 10086-1982

THEORY:

Age at Test - Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being
7 and 28 days. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strengths, tests may be made at
the ages of 24 hours ± ½ hour and 72 hours ± 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the
time of the addition of water to the 63 dry ingredients.

Number of Specimens - At least three specimens, preferably from different batches, shall be
made for testing at each selected age.

AAPARATUS:

i) Compression testing machine 100 T capacity.

ii) Causing moulds of metal with metal base plate, inner surface accurately machined size
150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, for cubes and 150 mm dia, 300 mm long for cylindrical
specimens.
iii) Tamping rod 16 mm in dia, 600 mm, long, bullet pointed at one end OR vibrator either
immersion vibrator or table vibrator.
iv) Trowels
v) Curing trays or curing tank.
vi) Miscellaneous: Trays for materials, stacks to cover specimens, etc.

MATERIALS:
Ordinary Portland cement, sand, coarse, aggregate (20 mm max size), water, mould oil,
cotton waste etc.

54
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:

i) Obtain representative sample of concrete to fill 8 nos. of 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm moulds,

from actual connecting job, about 0.027 cubic meters. OR prepare concrete sample by
mixing the materials in following proportions to make 1:2:3:4 mix with w/c ratio 0.6.
ii) Cement: 8.5 kg.
Sand: 17 kg.
Dry C.A.: 34 kg.
Water: 5.1 kg.
This mix will give sufficient concrete to fill 8 cubes.
Note: Minimum 6 cubes or 6 cylinders are required, 3 if or 7 days testing and 3 for 28
days testing. First mix cement, sand coarse aggregate in dry thoroughly. Then add water
and mix thoroughly to have concrete of uniform color, for a period of not less than 3
minutes.
iii) Oil lightly the interior surfaces of mould is 3 layers if compacted by tamping rod and
in 2 layers if compacted by a vibrator. When compacted by a rod, make 25 strokes well
disturbed. In case of vibrator, over vibration should be avoided. Top surface should be
levelled off.
55
 iv) Prepare minimum 6 cubes (or 6 cylinders) 3 for 7 days testing and 3 for 28 days testing.
v) Make identification marks: Thus, if your group is C group, mark the specimen with C1,
C2, C3, C4, C5, C6. If the compare is bought from outside job give some particular
identification. Date f casting should also be marked.
vi) Cover the moulds by damp sacked or gunny bags for 24 hours.
vii) Capping of specimens: Do not cap cube moulds. Cap cylindrical moulds two or our
after moulding if the top face is not plane within 0.05 mm as checked by a straight edge.
Prepare a stiff paste of net cement 2 to 4 hours earlier, and place cap of thin layer on
the specimen by a piece of plate glass 6 mm thick or a machined metal plate 13 mm
thick. Work the plate on the cement paste until its lower surface rests on the mould.
viii) Then remove the specimens from the moulds and place then immediately in clean
water for further curing. The temperature of water may be 24° C to 30° C.
ix) At the age of 7 days, remove 3 specimens for testing, from the curing tank and
immediately place the specimen in the compression- testing machine. Apply load
gradually at a rate 140 kg/cm2 per minute till maximum load is reached at which the
specimen fails. Note down the load. Test other specimens similarly. Note down the type
of failure.
x) At the age of 28 days, test 3 specimens in the same manner and note the loads and type
of failure.
xi) Find out strength of concrete for each specimen. Find out average of 3 results. State
whether the results satisfy the standards of acceptance.

OBSERVATIONS:

i) Mix proportions: 1:2:4 (By weight).

ii) W/C ratio: 0.6.
iii) Date of casting:
iv) Size of cube: 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm

CALCULATION:

A = Area for cubes = 150 mm x 150 mm = 22500 mm2

56
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Comp. Average
Max.
Date of Age Area(A) Type of Strength Comp.
Identifications Load
Testing Days Sq.mm Failure N/mm2 Strength
N (W)
(W/A) N/mm2
C1 7
C2 7
C3 7
C4 28
C5 28
C6 28

RESULTS:

i) The compressive strength of given concrete at 7 days is N/mm2 and at 28

days is N/mm2.
ii) The difference between the maximum and minimum values is less than/more than
15% of average value.

REQUIREMENTS:

Compressive Strength At 7 days Compressive Strength at 28 days

Grade of concrete
N/mm2 N/mm2
M10 7.0 10.0
M15 10.0 15.0
M20 13.5 20.0
M25 17.0 25.0
M30 20.0 30.0
M40 27.0 40.0

57
CONCLUSION:

i) The 28 days comp. Strength of given concrete is _ N/mm2.

ii) The concrete is of the grade M = .
iii) The test does/does not satisfy standard of acceptance.

58