Great summary of industrial communication protocols!

You’ve covered the key aspects of each

protocol and made it really clear. Here’s a quick recap and a few additional thoughts:

Key Takeaways:

1. IEC 101 vs. IEC 104:

o IEC 101 is ideal for legacy SCADA systems using serial communication (RS-232/RS-
485).

o IEC 104 is an Ethernet-based upgrade, making it more suitable for modern SCADA
systems with TCP/IP.

2. IEC 61850:

o Primarily used for substation automation.

o Combines high-speed messaging (like GOOSE and SV) with real-time

communication, making it the go-to for smart grids and digital substations.

o Offers interoperability between devices from different manufacturers.

3. Modbus RTU vs. Modbus TCP/IP:

o Modbus RTU is reliable for local, point-to-point communication over serial lines.

o Modbus TCP/IP is designed for modern, networked environments and can handle
multiple simultaneous connections.

When to Use Which Protocol:

 Use IEC 101/104 when working with SCADA systems, especially in power utilities.

 Opt for IEC 61850 when focusing on substation automation and high-speed data exchange.

 Choose Modbus RTU for legacy devices or small-scale systems.

 Go for Modbus TCP/IP when needing seamless integration with IT networks and modern
industrial setups.

If you’re looking for more details on protocol implementation or real-world applications, let me
know! 😄

4o

You said:

how i implement this all protocols in esp32

ChatGPT said:

Implementing industrial communication protocols like IEC 101, IEC 104, IEC 61850, Modbus RTU, and
Modbus TCP/IP on an ESP32 can be quite challenging, mainly due to the protocol complexity and the
hardware limitations of ESP32. However, it’s doable for some of them, especially Modbus RTU and
Modbus TCP/IP. Here’s a breakdown of each protocol and how to approach them:

💡 1. Modbus RTU (Serial Communication) on ESP32

Modbus RTU is relatively easy to implement on ESP32 using serial interfaces (like UART).

Required Libraries:

 ESPModbus: A lightweight library for Modbus RTU and TCP.

 ModbusMaster: Another library for RTU Master functionality.

🚀 Implementation Steps:

1. Install Libraries:
Use the Arduino IDE Library Manager to install ModbusMaster or ESPModbus.

2. Connect RS-485 Transceiver:

ESP32 → RS-485 Module (like MAX485)

o TXD → DI

o RXD → RO

o DE & RE → GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO 4)

3. Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <ModbusMaster.h>

// Create Modbus instance

ModbusMaster node;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Serial port for debug

Serial2.begin(9600, SERIAL_8N1, 16, 17); // UART2 for Modbus

 node.begin(1, Serial2); // Slave ID 1, using Serial2

void loop() {

uint8_t result;

result = node.readHoldingRegisters(0x0000, 10); // Read 10 registers

if (result == node.ku8MBSuccess) {

Serial.println("Read successful");

for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

Serial.println(node.getResponseBuffer(i));

} else {

Serial.println("Read failed");

delay(1000);

🌐 2. Modbus TCP/IP (Ethernet Communication) on ESP32

Modbus TCP/IP leverages the built-in Wi-Fi of the ESP32.

Required Libraries:

 ESPModbus for TCP/IP

 WiFi.h for network connectivity

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <ESPModbusTCP.h>
const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";

const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

ModbusTCPServer modbusTCPServer;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");

if (modbusTCPServer.begin(502)) {

Serial.println("Modbus TCP server started");

} else {

Serial.println("Modbus TCP server failed to start");

void loop() {

modbusTCPServer.poll();

modbusTCPServer.holdingRegisterWrite(0, 123); // Example register write

delay(1000);

}
⚡ 3. IEC 60870-5-104 (SCADA Protocol over TCP/IP)

Implementing IEC 104 on ESP32 is tricky due to protocol complexity and real-time requirements.

Libraries and Tools:

 No direct IEC 104 library for Arduino/ESP32.

 Use TCP sockets (WiFiClient and WiFiServer) to implement basic IEC 104 messaging.

🚀 Implementation Tips:

1. Establish a TCP connection over port 2404.

2. Manually encode and decode IEC 104 APDUs.

3. Use WiFiServer and WiFiClient to send and receive data.

📡 4. IEC 61850 (Substation Automation)

IEC 61850 is too heavy for ESP32 due to its complex data modeling and real-time requirements.
Typically, it requires dedicated hardware or industrial-grade controllers. Instead, you may consider
Raspberry Pi or PLCs for this purpose.

📝 5. IEC 60870-5-101 (Serial Communication)

Similar to IEC 104, but it uses serial communication (RS-232/RS-485).

Again, this protocol is complex and usually requires specialized libraries, which are not commonly
available for ESP32. You can:

1. Implement basic frame handling with UART.

2. Encode/decode ASDU (Application Service Data Unit) manually.

💡 Summary:

1. Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP/IP: Practical and achievable on ESP32.

2. IEC 104: Complex but possible with manual encoding over TCP.

3. IEC 101: Complex, feasible only with custom implementation over UART.

4. IEC 61850: Not recommended on ESP32; use industrial-grade devices instead.

Let me know if you want more code examples or guidance on any specific protocol! 😊

4o
You said:

how other protocols we demonstrate

ChatGPT said:

Apart from the protocols we discussed earlier (Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP/IP, IEC 101, IEC 104, and
IEC 61850), there are several other protocols commonly used in industrial automation and IoT
systems. Let's explore a few more protocols that can be demonstrated using ESP32:

🌐 1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

Purpose: Lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol for IoT and SCADA.

Medium: Ethernet/Wi-Fi (TCP/IP)
Use Case: Remote monitoring, data acquisition.

Required Libraries:

 PubSubClient: For MQTT communication.

 WiFi.h: To establish Wi-Fi connectivity.

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <PubSubClient.h>

const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";

const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

const char* mqttServer = "broker.hivemq.com";

const int mqttPort = 1883;

WiFiClient espClient;

PubSubClient client(espClient);

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");

client.setServer(mqttServer, mqttPort);

if (client.connect("ESP32Client")) {

Serial.println("Connected to MQTT Broker");

client.publish("test/topic", "Hello from ESP32");

} else {

Serial.println("MQTT connection failed");

void loop() {

client.loop();

💡 2. HTTP/HTTPS (RESTful Communication)

Purpose: Web-based communication using REST APIs.

Medium: Ethernet/Wi-Fi (TCP/IP)
Use Case: Sending data to cloud servers or receiving commands.

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp
CopyEdit

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <HTTPClient.h>

const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";

const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");

HTTPClient http;

http.begin("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts");

int httpResponseCode = http.GET();

if (httpResponseCode > 0) {

String response = http.getString();

Serial.println(response);

} else {

Serial.println("Error on HTTP request");

http.end();
}

void loop() {

delay(10000);

🔗 3. CAN Bus (Controller Area Network)

Purpose: Communication between microcontrollers in automotive and industrial automation.

Medium: CAN transceivers (like MCP2515)
Use Case: Real-time communication in vehicles and industrial machinery.

Required Libraries:

 ESP32CAN: For CAN bus support.

 mcp2515: For interfacing with the MCP2515 transceiver.

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <ESP32CAN.h>

#include <CAN_config.h>

CAN_device_t CAN_cfg;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

CAN_cfg.speed = CAN_SPEED_500KBPS;

CAN_cfg.tx_pin_id = GPIO_NUM_21;

CAN_cfg.rx_pin_id = GPIO_NUM_22;

if (ESP32Can.CANInit() == 0) {
 Serial.println("CAN bus initialized");

} else {

Serial.println("CAN bus initialization failed");

void loop() {

CAN_frame_t frame;

frame.FIR.B.FF = CAN_frame_std;

frame.MsgID = 0x123;

frame.FIR.B.DLC = 8;

for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) frame.data.u8[i] = i;

ESP32Can.CANWriteFrame(&frame);

Serial.println("CAN message sent");

delay(1000);

🖧 4. WebSocket Communication

Purpose: Real-time, bi-directional communication between client and server.

Medium: Ethernet/Wi-Fi (TCP/IP)
Use Case: Real-time dashboards and remote control.

Required Libraries:

 ESPAsyncWebServer and AsyncTCP

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <ESPAsyncWebServer.h>
#include <AsyncTCP.h>

#include <WebSocketsServer.h>

const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";

const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

AsyncWebServer server(80);

WebSocketsServer webSocket = WebSocketsServer(81);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");

webSocket.begin();

webSocket.onEvent([](uint8_t num, WStype_t type, uint8_t * payload, size_t length) {

if (type == WStype_TEXT) {

Serial.printf("Received: %s\n", payload);

webSocket.sendTXT(num, "Hello from ESP32!");

});

server.begin();
 Serial.println("WebSocket server started");

void loop() {

webSocket.loop();

📊 5. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

Purpose: Lightweight protocol for IoT and M2M communication.

Medium: Ethernet/Wi-Fi (UDP/IP)
Use Case: Resource-constrained devices.

Required Libraries:

 CoAP-simple: Lightweight library for CoAP.

🚀 Sample Code:

cpp

CopyEdit

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <coap-simple.h>

const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";

const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

WiFiUDP udp;

Coap coap(udp);

void callback(CoapPacket &packet, IPAddress ip, int port) {

Serial.println("CoAP message received");

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("\nWiFi connected");

coap.server(callback);

coap.start();

void loop() {

coap.loop();

🚀 Demonstration Tips:

1. Use a Laptop or Server: To simulate clients and servers, you can use tools like MQTT
Explorer, Postman, or ModScan.

2. Web Dashboards: Use Node-RED or Grafana to visualize data in real-time.

3. Protocols on Same Device: Implement multiple protocols on the same ESP32 to showcase
multi-protocol support.

✅ Summary:

 MQTT: Lightweight and efficient for IoT.

 HTTP/HTTPS: Great for RESTful APIs and cloud integration.

 CAN Bus: Ideal for real-time, low-level communication in vehicles.

 WebSocket: Enables real-time, bidirectional communication.

 CoAP: Resource-efficient for constrained IoT devices.

Let me know if you need more specific examples or assistance with any protocol! 😄

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Demonstrating IEC 101, IEC 104, and IEC 61850 protocols on a laptop involves setting up simulation
environments, communication stacks, and monitoring tools. Let’s go through each protocol and how
you can practically demonstrate them on a laptop.

1. IEC 60870-5-101 (IEC 101)

Overview:

 A protocol for telecontrol in electrical engineering and power systems.

 Uses serial communication (RS-232/RS-485).

 Suitable for SCADA and RTU communication over serial links.

Demonstration on Laptop:

Tools Required:

 Protocol simulators like FreyrSCADA IEC 101 Simulator, Triangle Microworks, or OpenMMS.

 COM port emulators (like COM0COM or Virtual Serial Port Driver) to simulate RS-232/RS-
485 communication.

Steps:

1. Install a COM Port Emulator:

o Create a pair of virtual COM ports (e.g., COM1 and COM2) for simulation.

2. Install IEC 101 Simulator:

o Set up the simulator to act as a Master on COM1 and Slave on COM2.

3. Configuration:

o Define data points, address configurations, and communication parameters (baud

rate, parity, data bits).

4. Test Communication:

o Send commands from the master and observe responses from the slave.

o Use a serial communication analyzer to monitor the data exchange.

2. IEC 60870-5-104 (IEC 104)

Overview:

 Similar to IEC 101 but uses TCP/IP instead of serial communication.

 Suitable for long-distance communication over LAN/WAN.

Demonstration on Laptop:

Tools Required:

 IEC 104 Server and Client simulators (like FreyrSCADA, ScadaBR, or QModMaster).

 Wireshark for packet analysis.

Steps:

1. Install IEC 104 Simulator:

o Set up a Server (Slave) and Client (Master) on the same or different machines.

o Assign IP addresses and ports (typically 2404).

2. Configure Server:

o Define data points and communication parameters.

3. Configure Client:

o Connect to the server using the configured IP and port.

4. Monitor Communication:

o Use Wireshark to capture and analyze IEC 104 packets.

3. IEC 61850

Overview:

 A modern protocol for substation automation.

 Uses GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event) and MMS (Manufacturing

Message Specification) over Ethernet.

 Supports data modeling and fast peer-to-peer communication.

Demonstration on Laptop:

Tools Required:

 IEC 61850 simulators (like Omicron IEDScout, Kalkitech SYNC 61850, or OpenIEC61850).

 Wireshark for capturing GOOSE and MMS messages.

  Virtual Ethernet adapters for simulating network interfaces.

Steps:

1. Install IEC 61850 Simulation Software:

o Set up Virtual IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices).

o Configure GOOSE messages and MMS data models.

2. Configuration:

o Define the Substation Configuration Language (SCL) files, including ICD, CID, and
SCD files.

3. Test Communication:

o Monitor GOOSE messages and MMS data exchange in Wireshark.

4. Analyze Data:

o Use Wireshark filters like mms or goose to view protocol-specific details.

Comparative Demonstration:

You can run multiple simulators on the same laptop to compare protocols:

1. Run IEC 101 and IEC 104 simulators simultaneously to compare serial and TCP/IP-based
SCADA.

2. Run IEC 61850 alongside to demonstrate the difference between traditional and modern
substation automation protocols.

Useful Tips:

 Use a Virtual Machine (VM) environment (like VirtualBox or VMware) to isolate each
protocol simulation.

 Always run Wireshark to capture and analyze traffic, providing insights into protocol
structure and performance.

 Use tools like Modscan or Modbus Poll for additional analysis.