Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational and Methodical Union of Universities of the Republic of Belarus in Natural

Sciences Education

First Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Belarus.

/Signature/ A.I. Zhuk
12.01.2008
Registration number TD-G156/type
Seal: Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Higher Mathematics
The standard curriculum for higher education institutions for the specialty 1-31 05 01
Chemistry (by directions)

Approved Approved

Chairperson of the Academic and Head of the Department of Higher and

Methodological Association of Higher Secondary Specialized Education of the
Education Institutions of the Republic of Republic of Belarus.
Belarus for Natural Science Education /Signature/ Y.I. Miksuk
12.01.2008
/Signature/ V.V. Samohval

First Vice-Rector of the State Educational

Institution “Republican Institute of Higher
Education’’.
/Signature/ I.V. Kazakova
12.01.2008

Expert-standards supervisor
/Signature/ N.P. Masherova
11.05.2008

Minsk 2008
COMPILERS:
V. G. Skateckiy — Professor of the Department of General Mathematics and Informatics at
Belarusian State University, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Doctor of
Pedagogical Sciences, Professor;

V. I. Yashkin — Associate Professor of the Department of General Mathematics and Informatics

at Belarusian State University, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate
Professor;

V. A. Prokasheva — Associate Professor of the Department of General Mathematics and

Informatics at Belarusian State University, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Associate Professor

REVIEWERS:
Department of Mathematical Analysis and Differential Equations at the Educational
Institution "Brest State University named after A. S. Pushkin";
Department of Geometry and Mathematical Analysis at the Educational Institution "Vitebsk
State University named after P. M. Masherov";
I. V. Belko — Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Economic Cybernetics at the
Educational Institution "Belarusian State Economic University", Doctor of Physical and
Mathematical Sciences, Professor.

RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL AS A TYPICAL COURSE:

By the Department of General Mathematics and Informatics of the Mechanics and Mathematics
Faculty at Belarusian State University (Protocol No. 2 of 15.02.2008);
By the Scientific and Methodological Council of Belarusian State University (Protocol No. 24 of
22.05.2008);
By the Scientific and Methodological Council on Chemistry of the Educational and
Methodological Association of Universities of the Republic of Belarus for Natural Science
Education (Protocol No. 24 of 23.06.2008).
Responsible for the publication: Yashkin V.I.
 1. EXPLANATORY NOTE
The discipline "Higher Mathematics" forms the foundation of the physical and mathematical
training of specialists in chemistry at the university level.
The goal of the course is to study the main methods of mathematics that are in demand when
studying related and specialized disciplines for chemical specialties, as well as to prepare
students for independent study of mathematical sections that may be needed in practical and
research work. Along with other disciplines, the study of the mathematics course should
contribute to the development of students' scientific thinking.
The program takes into account the modern needs of related and specialized disciplines in the
mathematical education of students and consists of four sections: analytical geometry and basic
algebra; mathematical analysis; differential equations; probability theory and mathematical
statistics.
As a result of studying the discipline "Higher Mathematics," the student should:
Know
 methods of number theory and elements of mathematical logic,
 methods of analytical geometry, linear and vector algebra,
 methods of mathematical analysis, methods for solving differential equations and
boundary value problems of mathematical physics,
 methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics;
Be able to
 perform operations with real and complex numbers,
 conduct logical reasoning using formal mathematical notations,
 construct graphs of functional dependencies on the plane and in space,
 find the relationship between variables from graphs,
 conduct mathematical processing and analysis of chemical experiment results,
 apply mathematical methods to build and solve mathematical models of chemical and
environmental processes.
When presenting the mathematics course for chemical specialties, it is important to maintain
sufficient moderation in the completeness and mathematical rigor of the material offered for
study. Therefore, some sections of the program, which can be presented at a conceptual level, are
given in square brackets.
The program reflects the professional orientation of the mathematics course and takes into
account the modern needs of mathematical education for chemistry students. The program
highlights in italics the tasks related to chemistry and environmental content; topics are given in
square brackets that may be presented in the required detail for each specific course, depending
on the needs of related and specialized disciplines.
The program is generally comprehensive. Depending on the specialization of the audience and
their preparedness, certain sections of the discipline may be allocated a different number of hours
than those indicated in this program. The arrangement of material in each of the sections that
make up the course content is conditional and may be modified as needed.
To organize independent work for students in this discipline, it is recommended to place a set of
educational and instructional materials online, including the program, a list of recommended
main and additional literature, exam questions, a brief lecture course, individual tasks for
independent work, guidelines and recommendations for completing practical assignments, test-
based control tasks, and topics for term papers.
The program is designed for 390 hours, including 204 hours of in-class instruction: 90 hours of
lectures, and 114 hours of practical sessions, including time for monitoring independent student
work.

No
. Course Title Lectures, hr Practice, hr Total, hr

Analytical Geometry and Basics

1 of Algebra 20 24 44

2 Mathematical Analysis 30 42 72

3 Differential Equations 16 18 34

Probability Theory and

4 Mathematical Statistics 24 30 54

Total 90 114 204

3. CONTENT OF THE STUDY MATERIAL

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ALGEBRA

Coordinate method. Real numbers as coordinates of points on a line. Rectangular coordinates

on the plane and in space. Transformation of coordinates in the plane: parallel translation and
rotation of coordinate axes. [Division of a segment in a given ratio]. Coordinates of the center of
mass. Polar coordinates in the plane. Cylindrical and spherical coordinates in space. [Affine
coordinate system]. Problems related to the crystal lattice.
Line on the plane. Equation of a line on the plane. The slope of a line. The angle between two
lines; conditions for parallelism and perpendicularity of lines. Distance from a point to a line.
Second-order curves. Ellipse, hyperbola, parabola; their equations and basic properties. Circle.
Matrices and determinants. Basic definitions. Matrix algebra. Determinants of order n and
their properties. Inverse matrix. [Theorem of existence and uniqueness of the inverse matrix].
The rank of a matrix.
Systems of linear equations. Forms of writing linear systems. Consistent and inconsistent,
determined and indeterminate systems. Gaussian elimination method. Cramer's rule. Criteria for
consistency and determinacy of linear systems. Homogeneous system of linear equations.
Problems of preparing complex mixtures. Environmental safety problems.
Vector algebra. Definition of a vector. Conditions of collinearity and coplanarity of two vectors.
Position vector of a point. Unit vectors. Direction cosines of a vector. Linear dependence and
independence of vectors.
Scalar product of two vectors and its properties; expression through the coordinates of the
factors. The angle between vectors; conditions for parallelism and orthogonality of vectors.
Vector product of two vectors and its properties; expression through the coordinates of the
factors. Moment of a vector.
Mixed product of three vectors, its geometric meaning, properties, expression through the
coordinates of the factors (as a determinant), condition of coplanarity of three vectors.
Plane and line in space. Equation of a plane. Equations of a line: canonical, parametric, vector.
The angle between two planes, between lines, between a line and a plane. Distance from a point
to a plane. The relative position of two planes, two lines, a line, and a plane.
Surface geometry. Concept of the equation of a surface. Cylindrical surfaces. Second-order
surfaces of revolution. Sphere. Ellipsoid. Hyperboloids. Paraboloids. Canonical equations of
surfaces.
Complex numbers. Algebraic, trigonometric, and exponential forms of complex numbers.
Operations with complex numbers. Moivre's formula.
Linear spaces. Linear (vector) space. Subspaces. Linear dependence and independence of
elements in a linear space. Basis and dimension. [Isomorphism of linear spaces. Sum and
intersection of subspaces]. Linear spaces of atomic and molecular components (construction of
the atomic matrix).
Linear transformation (linear operator) and its matrix. The rank of a linear operator.
Characteristic equation and eigenvectors of a linear operator. [Invariant subspaces]. Euclidean
spaces. Orthogonal, unitary, Hermitian operators. [Quadratic forms].
Groups. Definition of a group, examples of groups. Subgroup. Group of linear transformations:
rotation group, group of symmetric transformations. Symmetry group of formaldehyde and
ammonia molecules. [Isomorphism and homomorphism of groups]. Linear representations of
finite groups. [Isomorphic representations]. Direct sum of representations. Reducible and
irreducible representations. Characters of representations and their properties. [Decomposition of
a reducible representation into irreducible ones]. Solutions are formed by two polar components.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Functions and limits. Definition of a function. Sequences as an example of a function. Limit of
a sequence. Convergent and monotonic sequences. The number e. Limit of a function. One-sided
and infinite limits. Infinitesimally small, infinitely large, bounded, and unbounded functions.
Comparison of infinitesimally small and infinitely large functions.
Composite functions. Continuous functions and their properties, continuity of composite
functions. Classification of discontinuity points.
Derivatives and differentials. Derivatives of elementary functions. Equations of the tangent and
normal to a plane curve. Rate of reaction. Differentiation of composite functions, implicit
functions, parametrically defined functions, vector functions, etc. The differential of a function.
Equation of the balance of components.
Higher-order derivatives and differentials. Fundamental theorems of differential calculus.
Lagrange's and Cauchy's mean value theorems. L'Hôpital's rule. Resolving indeterminate forms.
Taylor’s formula.
Local extrema of a function. Investigating local extrema using first and second derivatives.
[Global extrema]. Direction of concavity of the graph of a function, inflection points.
Asymptotes. Investigating functions and constructing their graphs. Problem of maximum
concentration of an intermediate substance in a two-stage and autocatalytic reaction.
Approximate solutions of finite equations: separation of roots, directed search method, chord
method, tangent method, [iterative method].
Indefinite integral. Antiderivative, indefinite integral, and its properties. Table of basic
indefinite integrals. Integration by parts, substitution method. Integration of rational functions,
simple irrational and transcendental expressions.
Definite integral. Integral sums, definite integral, and its geometric interpretation. Basic
properties. The mean value theorem, Newton-Leibniz formula. Applications: calculation of area,
arc length, surface area of rotation, work; static moments, moments of inertia, center of mass
coordinates. Mathematical description of the distillation process. Algorithms for numerical
integration.
Improper integrals. Integrals with infinite integration limits. Integrals of unbounded functions.
Absolute convergence of improper integrals. Comparison tests. Euler-Poisson integral
(convergence, value calculation).
Differential calculus of functions of several variables. [Sets in n-dimensional space, closed
and open sets, regions, compact sets]. Functions of n variables (n=2, 3). Limit and continuity of
functions of n variables. Partial derivatives and differentials of first and higher orders. [Theorem
on the independence of mixed derivatives from the order of differentiation].
Extrema of functions of two variables. Description of the process of sequential extraction.
Interpolation and approximation of functions. Least squares method (LSM). Conditional
extremum, method of Lagrange multipliers. Determining the rate constant of reactions.
Tangent to a spatial curve, tangent plane, normal to a surface. [Theorem on the existence of an
implicit function].
Scalar and vector fields. Directional derivative. The gradient of a scalar field, physicochemical
applications.
Integral calculus of functions of several variables. Double integral: definition, properties,
computation, substitution, applications. Triple integral: definition, properties, computation,
substitution, applications.
Curvilinear integrals along the arc length and coordinates, computation, and applications.
Circulation of a vector field. Green’s theorem. The criterion of independence of the curvilinear
integral from the path of integration.
Surface integrals. The flux of a vector field through a surface. Divergence. Curl of a vector
field. Ostrogradsky and Stokes’ formulas. The criterion for the potentiality of a vector field.
Laplace and Hamilton operators.
Series. Convergence of numerical series. Necessary condition for convergence. The remainder of
a series. Convergence tests for series with positive terms: comparison test, limit comparison test,
Cauchy’s criterion, D’Alembert’s test, integral test. Harmonic series, geometric series.
Description of desorption processes. Alternating series, Leibniz criterion. Leibniz series.
Alternating series. Absolute and conditional convergence. Operations on series.
Power series. Abel’s theorem. Radius and interval of convergence. Term-by-term differentiation
and integration of power series. Taylor series. Expansion of basic elementary functions into
power series. Euler’s formula.
Fourier series. Formulas for computing coefficients. Fourier series for even and odd periodic
functions. [Theorem on the convergence of Fourier series]. Fourier series in complex form.
Fourier integral. Fourier transforms.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Ordinary differential equations. Basic definitions. Existence and uniqueness of solutions.
First-order differential equations: separable variables, homogeneous, linear, and in exact
differentials. Definition of the reaction order, radioactive decay. Solving differential equations
using series. Numerical solution of differential equations; generalization of Euler's method in
Runge-Kutta methods.
Second-order differential equations: cases of reducing order. Systems of independent
functions. Functional determinant of Wronski. Linear second-order differential equations:
structure of solutions of homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations. Kinetic equations.
Linear second-order differential equations with constant coefficients: construction of the
general solution. Cauchy’s problem. Equations of oscillations.
Some differential equations of the n-order that allow integration: equations with right-hand parts
of special forms. Concept of systems of linear differential equations. [Existence and uniqueness
of the solution].
Partial differential equations. Basic concepts. Linear first-order partial differential equations.
Equations of motion for an ideal fluid. Basic differential equations of mathematical physics.
Linear second-order equations: wave equation, heat conduction equation. Diffusion problems.
Fourier method. Cauchy’s problem and boundary problems for parabolic-type equations.
Problems of environmental pollution. Cauchy’s problem and boundary problems for hyperbolic-
type equations. Laplace’s equation. Dirichlet’s problem. Dirichlet’s problem for a circle.
Boundary problems for stationary equations. Maxwell’s system of equations. Schrödinger’s
equation. Calculation of energy levels and wave functions of a particle.
THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS
Fundamentals of Probability Theory. Mathematical models of random processes in chemical
experiments and ecological project construction. Probability spaces. The classical definition of
probability. Bernoulli scheme. [Axioms of A. A. Kolmogorov]. Properties of probability.
Addition and multiplication theorems of probability. Independence of events. Conditional
probability. The law of total probability. Bayes' formula.
Random Variables. Distribution functions of random variables and their properties. Discrete
random variables. Continuous (absolutely continuous) random variables. Probability density
function. Probability of a random variable falling within a given interval.
Functions of random variables. The problem of random walk of a particle.
Joint Distribution of Random Variables. Conditional probability. Discrete bivariate random
variables. Continuous bivariate random variables. Probability density distribution of bivariate
random variables. Multiplication formulas for densities. Probability of random variables falling
within a given interval. n-dimensional random variables.
Numerical Characteristics of Random Variables and Their Properties. Measures of location:
mathematical expectation, mode, median, quantiles, critical points. Measures of dispersion:
variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation. Initial and central moments of the k-th
order. Numerical characteristics and their properties for bivariate random variables. Correlation
moment, correlation coefficient. [Covariance matrix]. Problems related to the average impurity
content and deviations in substances.
Main Distributions. Normal distribution. Laplace function. Investigation of the normal
probability density function. Uniform distribution. Exponential distribution. Characteristic
function of a random variable. Laws of addition of random variable distributions. Main statistical
distributions: Gamma distribution, Student's t-distribution, Pearson's chi-squared distribution,
chi-distribution, Fisher-Snedecor F-distribution. Calculation of quantiles and critical points. The
problem of impurity distribution in samples. Probability model of mixing kinetics.
Laws of Large Numbers, Limit Theorems. Markov and Chebyshev inequalities. Chebyshev's
law of large numbers. Bernoulli's law of large numbers. Central limit theorem. Integral and local
Moivre-Laplace theorems. Examples of ecological models.
Elements of Mathematical Statistics. Subject and problems of mathematical statistics.
Sampling method. Probability model of sampling. Variational series. Statistical distribution and
its numerical characteristics. Statistical (empirical) distribution function. Numerical
characteristics of discrete and interval variational series. Graphical representation of variational
series: histogram, frequency polygon (relative frequencies), cumulative frequency, ogive.
Statistical Estimation. Point estimation. Properties of estimators. Method of moments.
Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Constructing confidence intervals for the mathematical
expectation of normally distributed random variables. Constructing confidence intervals for the
variance of normally distributed random variables. Problems of rejecting chemical analysis
results.
Statistical Hypothesis Testing. Testing Statistical Hypotheses. General scheme for constructing
statistical criteria. Significance criteria for parameters of normally distributed populations. Power
of the test. Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Methods of constructing optimal criteria. Goodness-of-fit
tests. Chi-squared criterion (χ²). Construction of optimal criteria. Goodness-of-fit tests. Pearson's
χ² test. Kolmogorov's λ-test. Smirnov's test.
Elements of Regression and Correlation Analysis. Linear Regression and the Least Squares
Method. [The relationship between the least squares method and the maximum likelihood
method]. Properties of least squares estimators. Empirical regression function. Sample
correlation coefficient. Properties and significance testing of the sample correlation coefficient.
The task of determining the hydration number in the extraction of a carboxylic acid. Multiple
Linear Regression. The general form of a regression model. Construction of confidence intervals
for regression curves in statistical data analysis. Mathematical processing of observational results
using modern computer programs.

NOTE
1. Practical sessions are conducted for all sections of the higher mathematics course. The
list of practical exercises is approved by the department responsible for delivering the
mathematics course.
2. In consultation with chemical departments, the list of tasks related to the application of
mathematical objects in chemistry, ecology, and chemical technology is approved.

4. INFORMATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SECTION

4.1 Recommended Test Topics
1. Basic concepts and methods of the high school core curriculum.
2. Elements of combinatorics and mathematical logic.
3. Matrix algebra problems.
4. Vectors. Coordinate systems.
5. Differentiation of a function of one real variable.
6. Indefinite integral of a function of one real variable.
7. Application of derivatives and definite integrals in chemistry and ecology.
8. Differentiation of functions of several real variables.
9. Integration of functions of several real variables.
10. Ordinary differential equations and their systems.
11. Convergence of series.
12. Linear spaces. Basics of group theory.
13. Partial differential equations.
14. Probability theory.
15. Methods of mathematical statistics.
4.2 Recommended Topics for Coursework and Colloquiums
Coursework
1. Fundamentals of algebra (matrices, determinants, systems of linear algebraic equations).
2. Analytical geometry (in the plane and in space).
3. Differential and integral calculus of functions of one real variable.
4. Differential and integral calculus of functions of several real variables.
5. Ordinary differential equations and series.
6. Partial differential equations. Elements of field theory.
7. Probability theory (random events, random variables, law of large numbers, limit
theorems).
8. Mathematical statistics (sampling method, statistical estimation, hypothesis testing,
elements of regression, and correlation analysis).
Colloquiums
1. Complex numbers.
2. Basic concepts and theorems of matrix algebra.
3. Key formulas and theorems of analytical geometry.
4. Key theorems of differential calculus of functions of one real variable.
5. Series and their applications.
6. Basic concepts and theorems of field theory.
7. Boundary problems for partial differential equations.
8. Law of large numbers and limit theorems.
9. Basic theorems of event probability theory.
10. Key concepts of group theory.
11. Numerical methods.
4.3 Recommended Topics for Theses
1. Mathematics and chemical constants.
2. Elements of error theory in experiments.
3. Functions of matrices.
4. Major laws of distribution of random variables and their applications in chemistry and
ecology.
5. The Beer-Lambert-Bouguer Law.
6. Sedimentation of particles in liquids.
7. Groundwater purification models.
8. Arrhenius equation and the least squares method.
9. Mathematical methods for solving the inverse kinetic problem.
10. Liquid crystals: mathematical description of physicochemical properties.
11. Construction and investigation of working concentration lines.
12. Numerical methods in chemistry.
13. Mathematical models of crystal lattices.
14. Kinetics of sequential-parallel reactions of the second and third order.
15. Research of adequacy: experience and theory.
16. Application of the law of large numbers and limit theorems in ecology.
17. Gibbs' stoichiometric rule.
18. Mathematical study of vibrations in multi-atom molecules.
19. Kinetics of chemical reactions in diffusion conditions.
20. Mathematical methods in computational chemistry.
21. Statistical processing of chemical experiment results.
4.4 Recommended Literature
Main
1. Skatetsky, V. G. Lectures on Mathematics for Students of Chemical Specialties. Minsk:
BSU, 2003. 387 p.
2. Gusak, A. A. Higher Mathematics: [in 2 volumes]. Vol. 1, 2. Minsk, TetraSystems, 1998.
Vol. 1: 544 p., Vol. 2: 448 p.
 3. Gusak, A. A. Problems and Exercises in Higher Mathematics. [in 2 parts]. Part 1 and 2.
2nd ed., revised. Minsk: Higher School, 1988. Part 1: 256 p., Part 2: 229 p.
4. Pismenny, D. T. Course Notes on Higher Mathematics: [in 2 parts]. Part 1 and 2. 4th ed.
Moscow: Iris-Press, 2006. Part 1: 256 p., Part 2: 256 p.
5. Gmurman, V. E. Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. 6th ed., stereotype.
Moscow: Higher School, 2002. 479 p.
6. Gmurman, V. E. Guidelines for Solving Problems in Probability Theory and
Mathematical Statistics. 4th ed., stereotype. Moscow: Higher School, 2003. 400 p.
Additional
7. Kudryavtsev, L. D. Mathematical Analysis: [in 2 volumes]. Vol. 1 and 2. Moscow: Higher
School, 2004. 424 p.
8. Skatetsky, V. G. Mathematical Modeling of Physicochemical Processes / Skatetsky, V. G.,
Sviridov, D. V., Yashkin, V. I. Minsk: BSU, 2003. 393 p.: ill.
9. Batuner, L. M. Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering / Batuner, L. M., Pozin, M. E.
Leningrad: Chemistry, 1971. 823 p.
10. Gusak, A. A. Series and Multiple Integrals / A. A. Gusak. Minsk: BSU Publishing, 1970. 384
p.
11. Pismenny, D. T. Course Notes on Probability Theory, Mathematical Statistics, and Stochastic
Processes / D. T. Pismenny. Moscow: Iris-Press, 2006. 288 p.