GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11

MODULE 1 - FUNCTIONS (Quarter 1 – Week 1)

Grade Level Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.
Most Essential Learning Competency:
- The learner represents real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions.
- Evaluates a function.
- Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions
- Solves problems involving functions.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to accurately construct mathematical models to represent
real-life situations using functions.

INTRODUCTION
Function is defined as “a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one
element of the range.” In this chapter, we will represent real life situations using functions, evaluate functions,
perform operations on functions, determines the inverse of a function, find the domain and range of inverse function
and graphs inverse functions.

DISCUSSION

LESSON 1 REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTION

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The
range is the set of second coordinates.
The set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is paired with a number:
LETTER NUMBER
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
F 6

{(A, 1), (B, 2), (C, 3), (D, 4), (E, 5), (F, 6)

The domain is {A, B, C, D, E, F} and the range is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Note that for each letter there corresponds
exactly one number. This is a special kind of relation called function.

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly

one element of the range.

The members of the domain can be called inputs and the members of the range can be called outputs. Arrows can be
used to describe correspondence in the function.
LETTER NUMBER
A 6
B 5
C 4
D 3
E 2
F 1

{(A, 1), (B, 2), (C, 3), (D, 4), (E, 5), (F, 6)
Example:

Determine if the given relations below are a function:

A. {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
Answer: The relation is a function.
B. {(1, -1), (1, -2), (1, -3)}
Answer: The relation is not a function. Because one domain corresponds to different element of range.

A Vertical Line Test is a graph represents a function if and only if no vertical line
intersects the graph in more than one point.
 Example:
Tell whether the graph shown below represents a function using a vertical line test.

Answer:
A. Using a vertical line test (red line), the graph
is a function. The vertical line intersected the
point once.

Answer:
B. Using a vertical line test, the graph is not a f
unction. The vertical line intersected the poi
nt more than once.

What’s More!
Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values, mapping diagram and rule or equations.
Determine which of the following represents functions.
1. Ordered Pairs
Example: Which of the following relations are functions?
𝑓 = (1,3), (4,1), (2,0), (7,2)
𝑔 = (3,2), (4,4), (3,3), (8,9)
ℎ = (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)

The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values .
Solution:

Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (3,2) and (3,3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different values.
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are mappe
d to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all the con
nections represented by the arrows.

2. Table of values

Example 1:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer: Function. This is a many-to- one correspondence.

Example 2: x 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer: Not a Function. This is a one-to-many correspondence.

 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
o Linear Function
- A function f is a linear function if f ( x )=mx+b , where m and b are real numbers, and m
and f(x) are not both equal to zero.
o Quadratic Function
- A quadratic function is any equation of the form f ( x )=ax 2+ bx+ c where a, b, and c are
real numbers and a ≠ 0.
o Constant Function
- A linear function f is a constant function if f ( x )=mx+b , where m = 0 and b is any real
numbers and a ≠ 0.
o Identity Function
- A linear function f is an identity function if f ( x )=mx+b , where m = 1 and b = 0. Thus,
f ( x )=x .
o Absolute Value Function
- The function f is an absolute value function if for all real numbers x,
x , for x ≥ 0
f ( x )=
−x , for x ≤0
o One-to-one Function
- A one-to-one function in which for each value of y in the range of f, there is just one val
ue x in the domain of f such that y=f ( x ) . In other words, f is one-to-one function if
f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 ) implies x 1=x 2
 Piecewise Function
- A piecewise function or a compound function is a function defined by multiple sub-fun
ctions, where each sub-function applies to a certain interval of the main function’s dom

The function below is an example of piecewise functions.

x +2 , if x ≥ 0
A. f ( x )={ 2 }
− x +2 , if x< 0
Solution:
To the right of the y axis, the graph is a line that has a slope of 1 and y-intercept of 2. To the left of the y-axi
s, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward and whose vertex is (0,2). To sketch the graph of the
function, you can lightly draw both graphs.
- Then darken the portion of the graph that represents the function.
- To find the value of the function when x = -4, use the second equa ti
on
2
f (−4 )=−(−4) +2
¿−16+2
¿−¿14

- To find the value of the function when x = 2, use the first equation.
f ( 2 )=2+2
=4

END OF THE LESSON

MODULE 1 - ACTIVITY 1
NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND: _________________________________

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Give the domain and range of each relation.

__________ 1. {(1,3), (3, 4), (5, 6)}

__________ 2. {(2, 5), (2, 6), (6, 6), (5, 6)}
__________ 3. {(1, 2), (2, 1), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
__________ 4. {(9, 3), (9, 4), (9, 5)}
__________ 5. {(-1, 3), (1, 3 (3, -1)}

State whether or not each relation is a function.

__________ 6. __________ 7.
1

2 0

3 -1

__________8. __________ 9.

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 6 5 4 3 2 1
__________ 10.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
y 1 2 3 3 2 1
__________ 11.
x 1 2 3 3 2 1
__________ y 3 6 9 12 15 18 12.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
__________ y 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 13.
x 5 6 5 6 5 6
__________ y 6 5 6 5 6 5 14.

__________ 15.
x 2 3 4 4 5 6
y 1 2 3 3 4 5

GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11-Module 2

LESSON 2 EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

Starting point!

Law of Substitution
- If a + x = b and x = c, then
a+c=b

To find the value of each expression in the what I know test, the Law of Substitution can be applied
as follows:
- To find the value of n + 2 when n = 2:
Substitute 2 in the place of n to get 2 + 2 or 4

- To find the value of (3n + 2)2 when n = 2:

Substitute 2 in the place of n to get {3(2) + 2)2 or (8)2 or 64

PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:
You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words Grouping symbols, Exponents,
Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When asked to simplify two or more operations in one
algebraic/numerical expression, the order of the letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third and
so on, until a simplified expression is achieved.

EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS
- To evaluate a function is to find f(x) for a given value of x by substituting the
value of x into the equation.
Examples: Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5:

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 – 2
B. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
C. ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
D. 𝑟(𝑥) = (2𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)

a) f(x) = 3𝑥 − 2
Solution:

f (1.5) = 3(1.5) – 2
Given
Replace x with 1.5
= 4.5 − 2 Simplify

b) g (x) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
= 2.5
Given
g (1.5) = 3(1.5)2 − 4(1.5) Replace x with 1.5
= 3(2.25) – 6 Apply GEMDAS
= 6.75 – 6 Simplify
= 0.75

c) h (x) = √𝑥 + 4 Given
h (1.5) = √1.5 + 4 Replace x with 1.5
 = √5.5 Simplify
= 2.34

d) r (x) = (2𝑥+1) (𝑥−1) Given

= {2(1.5) + 1)} (1.5−1) Replace x with 1.5
= (3+1) (0.5) Apply GEMDAS
= (4) (0.5) Simplify
=8

END OF THE LESSON

References:
Division of City Schools – Manila - DepEd. (2016). General Mathematics - Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc .
Banigon Jr, R. et al. (2016). General Mathematics for Senior High School.
Educational Resources Corporation. Cubao, Quezon City.
Orines, F. B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics 11 General Mathematics. Phoenix Publishing House.
Stewart, J., Redlin, L., & Watson, S., (2002). Precalculus Mathematics for Calculus 4th. Brooks/Cole.
General Mathematics Book by Orlando A. Oronce (pages 1-30)
My Skill Builder General Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce (9-16)

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(-1) b. h(2)

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(4) b. h(2)

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(3) b. h(-2)

NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND/BLOCK: _________________________________

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

Evaluate each function at the indicated values of the independent variable. Simplify the result.

1. g(x) = 9 – 6x a. g(-1) b. g(2)

2. g(x) = x2 – 4x a. g(2) b. g(-3)

3. h(x) = 2x4 + 4x2 a. h(3) b. h(5)

3x
4. f(x) = a. f(2) b. f(5)
x
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11-Module 3

LESSON 3 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

R To add two polynomials, write the sum and simplify by combining like terms.
U To subtract an expression from another expression, add its negative. That is:
L a – b = a = (-b)
E

Example:
1. To add (4x + 3) + (3x – 2), we have:
(4x + 3) + (3x – 2) = (4x + 3x) + (3 – 2)
= {(4 + 3)x} + (1)
=7x+1
Or

4x + 3
+ 3x – 2
7x + 1

2. To subtract (2x2 – 3x – 2) – (4x2 + 5x + 3), we have:

(2x2 – 3x – 2) – (4x2 + 5x + 3) = (2x2 – 3x – 2) + (-4x2 - 5x -3) then,
= (2x2 - 4x2) + (-3x – 5x) + (-2 - 3)
= -2x2 -8x – 5

Or

2x2 – 3x – 2
- ( 4x2 + 5x + 3) -- 2x2 – 3x – 2
- 4x2 - 5x - 3
-2x2 -8x – 5

 MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
- When multiplying monomials, you will often use the following laws of exponents.

R LAWS OF EXPONENTS
U 1. Product Rule for Exponents
L - To multiply powers having the same base, keep the base and add the exponents.
E xm + xn = xm+n
2. Power Rule for Exponents
- to find the power of a power of a base, keep the base and multiply the exponents.
(xm)n = xmn
3. Power of a Product Rule
- To find the power of a product, find the power of each factor and then multiply the
resulting powers.
(xy)m = xm ym
Example:
a. a5 + a6 = a5+6 = a11 -- Product Rule
b. (a11)3 = a11(3) = a33 -- Power Rule
c. (25a)2 = (252) (a)2 = 625a2 -- Power of a Product Rule

R
U To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the
L monomial.
E
 Example:
To find the product of (2x) (x + 4), we have:
(2x) (x + 4) = 2x (x) + 2x (4)
= 2x2 + 8x
R THE FOIL METHOD (First, Out, In, Last)
U F O I L
L (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
E

Example:
- To find the product of x + 3 and x + 5 using the foil method, we have:

(x + 3) (x + 5) = x (x) + x (5) + 3 (x) + 3 (5)

= x2 + 5x + 3x + 15
= x2 + 8x + 15

 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

R Division of Exponents
U - For every positive integer m and n, and x ≠ 0:
L x
m
m −n x
m
1 x
m

E n
=x , when m > n; n = n−m , when m < n; n = x 0or 1, when m = n.
x x x x
Example:
5
X 5−2 3
1. 2
=x =x -- m > n
X
4
a 1 1
2. 6
= 6−4 = 2 -- m < n
a a a

3
m
3. 3
=1 -- m = n
m
SUM, DIFFERENCE, PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT OF FUNCTIONS
- Let f and g be any two functions.
f
The SUM f +g, DIFFERENCE f – g, PRODUCT (f)(g) and QUOTIENT are functions
g
whose domain are the set of all real numbers common to the domain of f and g, and defined
as follows:
1. SUM (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
2. DIFFERENCE (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
3. PRODUCT (fg)(x) = f(x) * g(x)
f f (x )
4. QUOTIENT (x) = , where g(x) ≠ 0
g g (x)
Example:
If f(x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = x – 2, find:

f
a. (f + g) (x) b. (f - g) (x) c. (fg) (x) d. (x)
g
Solution:

a. (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) Definition of sum of functions

= (5x + 1) + (x – 2) Add f(x) and g(x)
= (5x + x) + (1 – 2) Combine like terms
= 6x – 1
b. (f - g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) Definition of the difference of functions
= (5x + 1) - (x – 2) Subtract f(x) and g(x)
= 5x + 1 – x + 2 Perform the subtraction
= (5x – x) + (1 + 2) Combine like terms
= 4x + 3
 c. (fg) (x) = f(x) * g(x) Definition of product of functions
= (5x + 1) * (x – 2) Multiply f(x) and g(x)
= (5x)(x) + (5x)(-2) + (1)(x) + (1)(-2) Foil method
= 5x2 + (-10x) + (x) + (-2) Combine like terms
= 5x2 -9x -2
f f (x )
d. (x) = Definition of the quotient of functions
g g (x)
5 x +1
= Divide f(x) and g(x)
x−2
f
= the domain of is the set of all real numbers except 2: {x|x ≠ 2}
g
More Example:

If f(x) = 3x-2 and g(x)= +2x-3, find:

a. (f+g) (x) b. (f-g) (x) c. (f.g)(x) d.(f/g)(x)
SOLUTION
a. (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) Definition of sum of functions
= (3x-2) + (2+2x-3) Add f(x) and g(x)
= +5x-5 Combine like terms
b. (f-g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) Definition of the difference of functions
= (3x-2) – ( x 2 + 2x-3) Subtract g (x) from f(x)
= 2x-2- x 2-2x+3 Perform the subtraction
= - x 2+x+1 Combine like terms

c. (f.g)(x) = (3x-2) ( x 2+2x-3) Definition of product of functions

= 3x ( x 2+2x-3) – 2( x 2+2x-3) Apply distributive property
= 3 x 3+6 x 2-9x-2 x 2-4x+6 Apply distributive property
= 3 x 3+4 x 2-13x+6 Combine like terms

a. ( ) (x) =
f 3 x−2 3 x −2
2 =
g x +2 x−3 ( x +3)(x−3)
Simplify.
The domain of f/g is the set of all real numbers except -3 and 1

END OF THE LESSON

MODULE 3 -ACTIVITY
NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND/BLOCK: _________________________________

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

f
A. Find f + g, f – g, fg and
g
1. f(x) = 2x - 5, g(x) = 4x2

(f + g) (x) (f - g) (x)

(f * g) (x)
( fg )( x )